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Architecture

Chapter 58: CHAPTER 25 - Notes
By Henry-Russell Hitchcock
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About This Book

This comprehensive survey traces architectural developments from the early nineteenth century through the mid twentieth, grouping the material into three chronological sections that examine Romantic classicism and Durand’s rational doctrines; Gothic revival, picturesque tendencies, and the advent of iron-and-glass construction; mid-century eclecticism, national schools, and the rise of commercial and domestic building types; and the emergence of Art Nouveau and modernist movements led by architects from several countries. It analyzes technological innovations, shifting stylistic vocabularies, regional variations, and debates between tradition and modernity, while offering plans, illustrations, and critical commentary on major architects and typologies.

528.  See Purdom, C. B., The Garden City, London, 1913; and Culpin, E. G., The Garden City Movement Up-to-Date, London, 1913.

529.  See Macfadyen, D., Sir Ebenezer Howard and the Town Planning Movement, London, 1933.

530.  See Unwin, R., Town Planning and Modern Architecture at the Hampstead Garden Suburb, London, 1909.

531.  Some of the other large buildings were the work of Sir Herbert Baker, who was also responsible for another dominion capital at Pretoria in South Africa. Of his rival’s intervention at New Delhi Lutyens remarked characteristically, ‘It was my Bakerloo’.

532.  See Drysdale, G., ‘The Work of Leonard Stokes’, Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects, XXXIV (1927), 163-77, and Roberts, H. V. M., ‘Leonard Aloysius Stokes’, Architectural Review, C (1946), 173-7.

533.  The New-Zealand-born Connell’s High-and-Over in Bucks of 1927 is very superior, however, to Tait’s Le Chateau at Silverend in Essex, and a year earlier.

CHAPTER 25 - Notes

534.  No sharp distinction has been made in this book between architects and engineers. Such engineers, from Telford to Candela, as have been responsible for work of architectural pretension deserve to be considered as architects, and monographic works on several of them will be found in the Bibliography.

535.  See San Francisco Museum of Art, Domestic Architecture of the San Francisco Bay Region, San Francisco, 1949.

536.  See Banham, P. R., ‘New Brutalism’, Architectural Review, CXVIII (1955), 355-61. See also Banham’s articles in the Architectural Review on ‘Neo-Liberty’, a term introduced by Paolo Portoghesi.

537.  Consideration of such topics of current controversial interest more properly belongs in periodicals or special critical works than in a general history, but see the Epilogue.

538.  There is something symptomatic in the fact that the younger men, whether architects or critical writers, are mostly content to revive early controversial attitudes of the preceding half century rather than to offer anything really new. (See Epilogue.)

539.  See Holford, W., ‘The Precincts of St Paul’s’, Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Lxiii (1956), 232-4.

540.  See Aarhus Universitet, Hovedbygningen, Aarhus [n.d.].

541.  The term skyscraper in this context is to be understood as meaning a very tall office building. Many European housing blocks, such as are discussed below, would have been considered skyscrapers a generation ago, and the same is true of much urban office building in central areas which often today rivals in height the German examples of the twenties mentioned in Chapter 20. However, the significant skyscrapers of the post-war period are much taller than this, and—perhaps equally important—they characteristically stand in their own space, rising sheer from some sort of plaza at their base.

542.  9 James Cubitt (b. 1913), Stephan Buzas (b. 1915), Fello Atkinson (b. 1919), and Richard Maitland (b. 1917).

543.  Osvaldo Luis Torro (b. 1914) and Miguel Ferrer (b. 1915).

544.  Architects designing for prefabrication and above all structural experimenters such as Buckminster Fuller were certainly far bolder and more revolutionary in their concepts of the house as ‘controlled environment’ than are most of those who have so far built airports.

545.  The death of Eero Saarinen in 1961 brought to a premature end the career of a typical, indeed a very leading, post-war architect whose mature production dated very largely from the years since the mid fifties when this book was originally written. (See Epilogue.)

Monographs on such different architects as Philip Johnson and the firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill should appear almost coincidentally with this second edition and others are already in preparation.