INDEX.
A.
Abduction (Apagoge), 202.
Abstract, and Concrete, appellatives not used by Aristotle, 64.
Abstraction, belongs to the Noëtic function, 486, 487, 492.
Absurdum, Reductio ad, see Reductio.
Accentuation, Fallacy of 385; rare, 408.
Accidens, Ens per &c., see Accident, Ens.
Accidentis Fallacia, 386; not understood among Aristotle’s scientific contemporaries, 390; how to solve, 410.
Accident, Ens by, 60, 424, 561, 593; modern definition of 62; an individual, allowed by Aristotle, 63; no science of, 98; one of the Predicables, 276; thesis of, easiest to defend, hardest to upset, 284, 353; thirty-seven dialectical Loci bearing on, 285 seq.; why no science of, 425, 593, 594; one, cannot be accident of another, 586; opposed to the constant and the usual, 594; Chance, principle or cause of, 594; see Concomitants.
Action (Agere), Category, 65, 73.
Actuality, as opposed to Potentiality, 128, 456, 615 seq.
Adoxa, opposed to Endoxa, 269.
Æon, of the Heaven, 636.
Æther, derivation of the name, 632.
Affirmation, conjunction of predicate with subject, 111; constituents of, 118; ἐκ μεταθέσεως (Theophrastus), 122, 169.
Akroamatic books, opposed to Exoteric, 50.
Alcuin, followed Aristotle on Universals, 563.
Alexander of Macedon, taught by Aristotle from boyhood, 5; came to the throne, and went on his first Persian expedition, 6; his action towards Athens, 8; correspondent, protector, patron, of Aristotle at Athens, 7, 8; later change in his character and alienation from Aristotle, 9; his order for the recall of exiles throughout Greece, 10; his death, 7, 12.
Alexandrine, literati, their knowledge of Aristotle, 34, 38, 40, 42.
Aliquid, Ad, see Relation; Hoc, or the definite individual, see Essence.
Alkmæon, his view of the soul, 449.
Ammonius, put Relation above all the Categories, 84; his opinion on last paragraph of De Interpretatione, 134.
Amphiboly, Fallacy of, 385; how to solve, 407.
Amyntas, king of Macedon, 2.
Analytica, referred to in Topica, 56; presuppose contents of Categoriæ and De Interpretatione, 56; terminology of, differs from that of De Interpretatione, 141; purpose of, 141.
Analytica Priora, different sections of Book I., 157, 163; relation of the two books of, 171.
Analytica Posteriora, applies Syllogism to Demonstration, 142, 207; relation of, to the Metaphysica, 422.
Anaxagoras, doctrine of, inconsistent with Maxim of Contradiction, 429, 592; disregarded data of experience, 436; his view of the soul, 449; Maxim of Excluded Middle defended by Aristotle specially against, 581; made intelligence dependent on sense, 588; doctrine of, makes all propositions false, 592; must yet admit an infinite number of true propositions, 592; meant by his Unum — Ens Potentiâ, and thus got partial hold of the idea of Matter, 620; in his doctrine of the Noûs, makes Actuality prior to Potentiality, 623; declares Good to be the principle as Movent, 628; called fire Æther, 632; his reason for the stationariness of the Earth, 649.
Anaximander, his reason for stationariness of the Earth, 650.
Anaximenes, his reason for stationariness of the Earth, 649.
Andronikus of Rhodes, source of our Aristotle, 35; sorted and corrected the Aristotelian MSS. at Rome, 37, 39; Peripatetic Scholarch, 39; difficulties of his task — the result appreciated, 43; placed theological treatises first, 55; put Relation above all the Categories, 84.
Animâ, Treatise de, referred to in the De Interpretatione, 109.
Anonymus, his catalogue of Aristotle’s works, compared with that of Diogenes and with the extant works, 29 seq.
Antipater, friend and correspondent of Aristotle, 7, 8; victor in the Lamian war, occupied Athens, 12; letter to, from Aristotle at Chalkis, 16; letter of, in praise of Aristotle, 16; executor under Aristotle’s Will, 17.
Antiphasis, pair of contradictory opposites, 111; rule of, as regards truth and falsity, 112, 113; made up of one affirmation and one negation corresponding, 113; does not hold for events particular and future, because of irregularity in the Kosmos, 113 seq.; quaternions exhibiting each two related cases of, 118 seq., 170; forms of, in Modals, 127; involves determination of quantity, 135; not understood before Aristotle, 136; the two members of, can neither be both true nor both false, argued at length by Aristotle in Metaph. Γ., ii. 586-92.
Antisthenes, declared contradiction impossible, 136, 137; allowed definition only of compounds, 611.
Antonius, Marcus, authority for Stoical creed, 654; on active beneficence, 662.
Apagoge (Abduction), 202.
Apellikon, of Teos, a Peripatetic, bought Aristotle’s MSS., &c., from heirs of Neleus, 36; exposed them at Athens and had copies taken, 36; wrote a biography of Aristotle, 37; library of, composite, 43.
Aplanês, exterior sphere of the Kosmos, 114, 623.
Ἀπόφανσις, Enunciation, name for Proposition in De Interpretatione, 141.
Appetite, the direct producing cause of movement in animals, 492.
Archytas, made Habere fifth Category, 80.
Arguments, how to find, for different theses, 157.
Arimnestus, brother of Aristotle, 19.
Aristippus, anticipated Epikurus, 654.
Aristomenes, friend of Aristotle, 17.
Aristophanes, of Byzantium, arranged dialogues of Plato, 34; on the style of Epikurus, 658.
‘Aristoteles Pseudepigraphus,’ work by V. Rose, 32.
Aristotle, birth and parentage, 1, 2; opportunities for physiological study, 2; an orphan in youth, became ward of Proxenus, 8; discrepant accounts as to his early life, 3; medical practice, 3; under Plato at Athens, 4; went to Atarneus, on Plato’s death, 4; married Pythias, 5; driven out to Mitylene, 5; invited by Philip of Macedon to become tutor to Alexander, 5; life in Macedon, 5; re-founded Stageira, 6; taught in the Nymphæum of Mieza, 6; returned to Athens, and set up his school in the Lykeium, 7; lecturing and writing, 7, 25; correspondence, 7; relation to Athenian polities, 8; protected and patronized at Athens by Alexander and Antipater, 8; in spite of estrangement between him and Alexander, regarded always as unfriendly to Athenian liberty, 9, 10; his relation to Nikanor, bearer of Alexander’s rescript to the Greek cities, 11; indicted for impiety in his doctrines and his commemoration of the eunuch Hermeias, 12, 13; retired to Chalkis, 14; died there, before he could return to Athens, 15; wrote a defence against the charge of impiety, 15; his judgment on Athens and Athenians, 16; his person, habits, manners, &c., 16; his second wife, son, and daughter, 17; last testament, 17-19; his character as therein exhibited, 19; reproaches against, 20; his opposition to Plato misrepresented by Platonists, 20, 21; a student and teacher of rhetoric, 22; attacked Isokrates, 24; assailed by three sets of enemies, 26; difficulty in determining the Canon of his works as compared with Plato’s, 27; extant works ascribed to, 27; ancient authorities for his works, 28; catalogue and extent of his works, according to Diogenes, 29; according to Anonymus, 29; the catalogues compared with each other, and with list of his extant works, 29, 30; ancient encomiums on his style, 30; his principal works unknown to Cicero and others, 31, 40; dialogues and other works of, lost to us, 31; works in the catalogue are declared by V. Rose not to belong to, 32; different opinion of E. Heitz, 32; allowance to be made for diversity of style, subject, &c., in the works of, 33; works in the catalogue to be held as really composed by, 34; extant works of, whence derived, 35; fate of his library and MSS. on his death, till brought to Rome and cared for by Andronikus, 35 seq.; through Andronikus, became known as we know him, 40; not thus known to the Alexandrine librarians, 42; so-called Exoteric works of, 44; his own use of the phrase “exoteric discourses,” 46 seq.; had not two doctrines — the Exoteric and Esoteric, 52; the order of his extant works uncertain, 54; his merit in noting equivocation of terms, 57; not free from fascination by particular numbers, 74; first made logical analysis of Ens, 97; first to treat Logic scientifically, 130; what he did for theory of Proposition, 136, 139; claimed the theory of Syllogism as his own work, 140, 153, 259, 420; his expository manner, novel and peculiar, 141; specialized the meaning of Syllogism, 143; first to ask if a proposition could be converted, 144; first used letters as symbols in exposition, 148; proceeded upon, but modified, Platonic antithesis of Science and Opinion, 207, 264; specially claimed to be original in his theory of Dialectic, 262, 418; attended to current opinion, drew up list of proverbs, 272, 440; started in his philosophy from the common habit of speech, 434, 440; continued the work of Sokrates, 439, 441; devised a First Philosophy conformable to the habits of common speech, starting from the definite individual or Hoc Aliquid, 445; psychology of, must be compared with that of his predecessors, 446; rejected all previous theories on Soul, 452; advance made in the Ontology of, 561; his view of pleasure, 660; ethical purpose of, 662.
Arithmetic, præcognita required in, 212; abstracted from material conditions, 234; simpler, and therefore more accurate, than geometry, 234.
Art, Generation from, 598, 620.
Asklepiads, traditional training of, 2.
Association of Ideas, principles of, 477; Aristotle’s account of, perplexed by his sharp distinction of Memory and Reminiscence, 478.
Astronomy, the mathematical science most akin to First Philosophy, 626.
Atarneus, Aristotle there, 4.
Attalid kings of Pergamus, Aristotle’s library at Skepsis buried, to be kept hidden from, 36.
Axioms, assumed in Demonstration, 212, 215, 220; a part of Demonstration, 219; not always formally enunciated, 221; those common to all sciences, scrutinized by Dialectic, 221, 575; and by First Philosophy, 221, 425, 575, 584; the common, not alone sufficient for Demonstration in the special sciences, 236; use of the word before, and by, Aristotle, 566, 575, 584.
B.
Bees, partake in Noûs, 483, 576.
Belief, at variance with Knowledge, 182; founded on evidence either syllogistic or inductive, 187.
Berlin edition of Aristotle, 27, 30.
Bernays, his view of “exoteric discourses,” 49, 52.
Body, animate and inanimate, 456; Matter with Aristotle may be, but is not necessarily, 456; thorough-going implication of Soul with, in animated subject, 458 seq.; has three and only three dimensions, 630; no infinite, 633.
Boëthius, translated Aristotle’s Categoriæ and defended its position, 563.
Boêthus the Sidonian, student of Aristotle, 38; his recommendation as to order of studying the works, 55.
Bonitz, his view of the canon of the Metaphysica, 583.
Brain, specially connected with the olfactory organ, 470; function of the, 480.
Brandis, refers catalogue of Diogenes to Alexandrine literati, 34, 40; his view of the canon of the Metaphysica, 583.
Bryson, his quadrature of the circle, 381.
C.
Canon, Aristotelian, see Aristotle.
Categoriæ, the treatise, not mentioned in Analytica or Topica, 56; subject of, how related to that of De Interpretatione, 57, 59, 108, 109; deals with Ens in a sense that blends Logic and Ontology, 62, 108; difference of Aristotle’s procedure in, compared with Physica and Metaphysica, 65, 103; probably an early composition, 80; remained known, when other works of Aristotle were unknown or neglected, 563.
Categories, Ten, assumed in Analytica and Topica, 56; led up to by a distinction of Entia (Enunciata), 59; blending together Logic and Ontology, 62; Ens according to the, 61, 425, 594 seq. (Metaph. Z., Η.); enumerated, 65; all embodied in First or Complete Ens, 66, 595; each a Summum Genus, and some wider still, 66; not all mutually exclusive, 66, 73, 81, 89; may be exemplified, not defined, 66; how arrived at, 66, 76 seq.; joined by later logicians with the Predicables, 73; stress laid by Aristotle upon the first four, 74; why Ten in number — might have been more, 74 seq.; obtained by logical, not metaphysical, analysis, 76; heads of information or answers respecting an individual, 77; inference as to true character of, from case of Habere and Jacere, 79; all, even the first, involve Relativity, 80 seq.; Mr. J. S. Mill on, 90 n.; capital distinction between the first and all the rest, 91 seq., 563, 594; Trendelenburg’s view of their origin, 99, likely and plausible, 99; compared with Categories of the Stoics, 100, 563, of Plotinus, 102, 563, of Galen, 103.
Cause, Knowledge of, distinguished from knowledge of Fact, 223; knowledge of, the perfection of cognition, 224, 235; one of the four heads of Investigation, 238; nature of the question as to, 239, 608; substantially the same enquiry with Cur, Quid, and the Middle Term, 240, 246; four varieties of, 245, 611, 621; relation among the varieties of, 246; how far reciprocal with the causatum, 247, 254; has an effect only one? 254; the General Notion viewed by Aristotle as a, 422.
Chance, source of irregularity in the Kosmos, 114, 206; affects the rule of Antiphasis, 115; Aristotle’s doctrine of, challenged, 116; objective correlate to the Problematical Proposition, 133, 205; principle or cause of Accidents, 594; Generations and Constructions proceeding from, 598, 620.
Change, four varieties of, 609.
Chrysippus, on the determination of will by motives, 661; his reverence for divination, &c., 662; a foreigner at Athens, without a sphere of political action, 662.
Cicero, his encomium on Aristotle’s style, 30, 41; how far he knew Aristotle’s works, 30, 31, 33, 40, 50; his use of the word “exoteric,” 44, 51.
Claudian, referred to, 13.
Cœlo, Treatise de, connected with what other works, 54, 653.
Colour, object of vision, action of, 466; varieties of, proceeding all from white and black, 467.
Common Sense, or Opinion, opposed to Science in Plato and Aristotle, 207; Sir W. Hamilton on, 565; legitimate meaning of, 567; authoritative character of, in one place allowed by Aristotle, 569; Aristotle’s conception of, as devoid of scientific authority, 573, 574.
Compound, The (τὸ σύνολον), of Form and Matter, or the Individual, 445, 456, 599 seq.
Concealment, how to be practised by dialectical questioner, 356.
Conclusion, of Syllogism, indicates Figure, 152, 164, 167; when more than one, 171; true, from false premisses, 172 use to demonstrate premisses, 173; reversed to refute premisses, 174; kinds of, in Demonstration, compared, 231.
Concomitants, non-essential, no demonstration of, 219; no definition of, 220; near to Non-Entia, 561; little more than a name, 593; see Accident.
Concrete, and Abstract, appellatives not used by Aristotle, 65; the, as compound of Form and Matter, 456 seq.; see Compound.
Conjunction, Fallacy of, 385; how to solve, 408.
Consequentis Fallacia, 388; not understood before Aristotle, 390; how to solve, 412.
Construction, kind of Generation, 598.
Contradiction, Maxim or Axiom of, depends upon knowledge of quantity and quality of propositions, 137, 441; not self-evident, 144; among the præcognita of Demonstration, 212, 427; not formally enunciated in any special science, 221; discussion of, belongs to First Philosophy, 422, 425, why, 426, 579; enunciated, as highest and firmest of all principles, 425, 585; controverted by Aristotle’s predecessors, Herakleitus, Anaxagoras, &c., 427, 429, 441; Aristotle’s indirect proof of, 427 seq., 585 seq.; applied in the Sokratic Elenchus, 441; remarks on Aristotle’s defence of, 442; can be supported only by an induction of particular instances, 443; enunciated both as a logical and as an ontological formula, 579; defended by Aristotle specially against Herakleitus, 579.
Contradictory Opposites, pair of, make Antiphasis, 111; distinguished from Contrary Opposites, 111, 124, 134; rule of, as to truth and falsity, 112; related pairs of, set forth in quaternions, 118 seq., 170; distinction of from Contrary, fundamental in Logic, 137; see Antiphasis.
Contrariorum, Petitio, in Dialectic, 372.
Contrary Opposites (terms), 104; Opposites (propositions), distinguished from Contradictory, 111, 124, 134; rule of as to truth and falsity, 112.
Conversion (1) of Propositions, import of, 144; rules for, with Aristotle’s defective proof thereof, 144 seq.; can be proved only by Induction, 146, 147; (2) of Syllogism, 174.
Courage, definition of, 525.
D.
Debate, four species of, 377.
Definition, among the præcognita assumed in Demonstration, 212, 214, 220, 221; propositions declaring, attained only in First figure, 224; of Essence that depends on extraneous cause, 240-44; of Essence without such middle Term, 245; three varieties of, 245; how to frame a, 249; as sought through logical Division, 250; to exclude equivocation, 251; one of the Predicates, according to Aristotle, 276; thesis of, easiest to attack, hardest to defend, 285, 353; dialectical Loci bearing on, 329 seq.; how open to attack or defence, 330; defects in the setting out of, 330; faults in the substance of, 332-48; the genuine and perfect, 333; general rule for dialectically testing, 349; is primarily of Essences, of the other Categories not directly, 597; none, of particular Concretes, 602, 606; is of the Universal or Form, 603; whence the unity of the, 604, 612; none, of eternal Essences, 607; analogy of, to Number, 611.
Delbœuf, Prof., on indemonstrable truths, 229 n.
Demades, with Phokion at the head of the Athenian administration under Alexander, 12.
Demochares, nephew of Demosthenes, accuser of Aristotle, 14.
Demokritus, disregarded experience, 436; his view of the soul, 449; made intelligence dependent on sense, which is ever varying, 588; recognized one primordial body with three differences — figure, position, arrangement, 609; got partial hold of the idea of Ens Potentiâ or Matter, 620; atomic doctrine of, 634; his reason for the stationariness of the Earth, 649; how followed by Epikurus, 656-58.