Demonstrative Science, see Demonstration.
Demonstration, ultimately reducible to two first modes of First figure, 155; circular, 173, 215; subject of Analyt. Post. 207; how opposed to Dialectic, 209, 573; is teaching from præcognita assumed, 211, 214; undemonstrable principles of, 215; two doctrines of, opposed by Aristotle, 215, 228; necessary premisses of, 216; conclusion of, must be necessary, 218; none, of nonessential concomitants, 219; the parts of, 219; premisses of, must be essential and appropriate, 220; requires admission of universal predicates, 221; premisses for, obtained only from Induction, 226, 258, 260, 576; implies some truths primary or ultimate, 227, 230; the unit in, 231; of the Universal better than of the Particular, 231; Affirmative better than Negative, 233; Direct better than Indirect, 234; is of the necessary or customary, not of the fortuitous, 235, 606; none, through sensible perception, 235; in default of direct observation, 230; relation of, to Definition, 240; principia of, not innate, 256; principia of, how developed upon sensible perception, 256, 575.
Demophilus, joined in indicting Aristotle for impiety, 12.
Demosthenes, reproached for conversing with the bearer of Alexander’s rescript to the Greek cities, 11; suicide of, 12.
Desire, see Appetite.
Dexippus, vindicated Aristotle’s Categories, 103, 563.
Dialectic, how related to Science or Philosophy, 47, 210, 272, 273; form of putting questions in, 125, 275; theses in, variously liable to attack and defence, 156, 285, 352; as conceived by Plato, 208, 263; by Aristotle placed with Rhetoric in the region of Opinion, 208, 266, 573; opposed to Demonstrative Science and Necessary Truth, 209, 573; concerned about the Common Axioms of all Science, 221, 272, 574, 584; Aristotle claims to be specially original in his theory of, 262, 418; as conceived and practised by Sokrates, 263, 436; opposed by Aristotle to Didactic, 264, 377; province of, 266, 573; essentially contentious, 266, 378, 397; uses of, 271, 574; propositions, how classified in, 276; procedure of, in contrast with that of Philosophy, 353, 584; conditions and aims of the practice of, 354, 361, 378; to be practised as a partnership for common intellectual profit, 355, 367; part of the questioner in, 355 seq.; part of the respondent in, 361 seq.; respondent at fault in, 366; questioner at fault in, 367; four kinds of false argument in, 370; outfit for practice of, 372; one of four species of debate, 377; when and why called eristic or sophistic by Aristotle, 379; Aristotle’s distinction of Sophistic from, contested, 382, 393 seq.
Dialogues of Aristotle lost, 30, 32, 49.
Diaphanous, action of the, in vision, 466.
Dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter, Fallacia a, 386; how to solve, 412.
Didactic, confounded by Plato with Dialectic, 264; distinguished from Dialectic by Aristotle, 264, 377; species of Debate, 377; scope and conditions of, 377; see also Demonstration.
Differences, study of, an organon of debate, 280.
Differentia, not in, but predicated of, a Subject, 68; ranked with Genus in Aristotle’s list of Predicables, 276; discriminated from Genus, 313; definition of Species through Genus and, 333, 601; is Form in the definition, 604; logically prior to the Species, 607.
Diogenes of Apollonia, his view of the soul, 449.
Diogenes Laertius, his catalogue of Aristotle’s works, 28, compared with that of Anonymus, 29; ignorant of the principal works of Aristotle known to us, 31; catalogue of, probably of Alexandrine origin, 34, 41.
Dionysius, younger of Syracuse, visited by Plato, 4; corresponded with Plato, 7.
Dionysodorus, the Sophist, 383.
Dioteles, friend of Aristotle, 17.
Διότι, Τό, the Why, knowledge of, 223, one of the four heads of Investigation, 238; in search for a middle term, 239; relation of, to the question Quid, 239; see Cause.
Disjunction, Fallacy of, 385; how to solve, 408.
Division Logical, weakness of, 163, 242; use of, to obtain a definition, 250.
E.
Ear, structure of the, 468.
Earth, opinions as to positions of, 648; opinions as to its state of motion or rest, figure, &c., 649 seq.; at rest in the centre of the Kosmos, 652; necessarily spherical, 652. 653; size of, 653.
Eclipse, lunar, illustration of Causation from, 254, 611.
Education of the citizen, 543.
Efficient Cause, 245.
Elenchus, of Sokrates, 263, 437; in general, 376; the Sophistical, 376, 404; directions for solving the Sophistical, 404.
Emotions, not systematically treated by Aristotle as part of Psychology, but in Ethics and Rhetoric, 492.
Empedokles, his disregard of experience, 436; his view of the soul, 449; criticized by Aristotle, 451; made intelligence dependent on sense, 588; got partial hold of the idea of Ens Potentiâ or Matter, 620; his principle of Friendship, 623, 628; held the Kosmos to be generated and destroyed alternately, 637; held the Heaven to be kept in its place by extreme velocity of rotation, 639, 650.
End, see Final Cause.
Endoxa, premisses of Dialectic, 269; not equivalent to the Probable, 270; collections to be made of, 275, as an organon of debate, 278.
Energy, see Entelechy.
Ens, four kinds of, viewed with reference to Proposition, and as introductory to the Categories, 59; quatenus Ens, subject of First Philosophy, 59, 422, 583; a homonymous, equivocal, or multivocal word, 60, 424, 594; not a Summum Genus, but a Summum Analogon, 60, 584; four main aspects of, in Ontology, 60, 424; (1) Per Accidens, 593; (2) in the sense of Truth, 108, 594, 618; (3) Potential and Actual, 614-18 (Metaph. Θ); (4) according to the Categories, 594 seq. (Metaph. Z, Η; relation among the various aspects of, 61, 424; aspects (1) and (2) lightly treated in Metaphysica, belonging more to Logic, 61; in aspect (4) Logic and Ontology blended, 62; in the fullest sense, 66, 67, 96; first analyzed in its logical aspect by Aristotle, 97; as conceived in earliest Greek thought, 97, 436; Plato’s doctrine of, 552 seq.; Aristotle’s doctrine of, 561.
Enstasis (Objection), 202.
Entelechy, Soul the first, of a natural organized body, 458; see Actuality.
Enthymeme, The, 202.
Enunciative speech, 109; see Proposition.
Epictetus, authority for Stoical creed, 654; his distinction of things in, and not in, our power, 661; his respect for dissenting conviction, 663.
Epikurus, doctrine of, imperfectly reported, 654; his standard of Virtue and Vice, 654; ethical theory of, anticipated, 654; subordinated bodily pain and pleasure to mental, 654; fragment of his last letter, 654; his views on Death and the Gods, 655, 657; founded Justice and Friendship upon Reciprocity, 655; specially inculcated Friendship, 656; duration and character of his sect, 656; his theory misnamed, and hence misunderstood, 656; modified atomic theory of Demokritus with an ethical purpose, 657; his writings, 657, 658; provided by atomic deflection (not for Freedom of Will but) for the unpredictable phenomena of nature, 658; his view of the nature of Truth, 658; disregarded logical theory, 658.
Equivocation, of terms, 57; detection of, an organon of debate, 279; Fallacy of, 385; how to solve Fallacy of, 407; perhaps most frequent of all fallacies, 414.
Eric, of Auxerre, followed Aristotle on Universals, 563.
Eristic, given as one of the four Species of Debate, 377; really a variety or aspect of Dialectic, 377, 379.
Error, liabilities to, in (the form of) Syllogism, 176; in the matter of premisses, 181; particular, within knowledge of the universal, 183; three modes of, 184, modes of, in regard to propositions as Immediate or Mediate, 225.
Esoteric doctrine, as opposed to Exoteric, 52.
Essence (Substance), degrees of, 63, 561; first and fundamental Category, 65, 67; First, or Hoc Aliquid, subject, never predicate, 67, 18, 561; Second, predicated of, not in, First, 68; Third, 68; has itself no contrary, but receives alternately contrary accidents, 69, 83; relativity of, as a subject for predicates, 83, 91 seq.; First, shades through Second into quality, 91; priority of, as subject over predicate, logical, not real, 93; treated in Metaphys. Z, 595 seq.
Essence (Quiddity), propositions declaring, attained only in First figure of Syllogism, 224; one of the four quæsita in Science, 238; nature of the question as to, 239; how related to the question Cur, 240; in all cases undemonstrable, but declared through syllogism, where it has an extraneous cause, 244; variously given in the Definition, 245; a variety of Cause (Formal) 245, 611; treated in Metaphys. Z, 595 seq.
Essential predication, how distinguished by Aristotle from Non-Essential, 65.
Est, double meaning of, 126.
Ethics, Aristotle’s treatise on, analyzed, 495 seq.; uncertainty and obscurity of the subject, 497; Ethical science the supreme good of the individual citizen, 500; fundamental defect in Aristotle’s theory, 514, 519; first principles how acquired in, 578.
Eubulides, wrote in reproach of Aristotle, 20.
‘Eudêmus,’ Dialogue of Aristotle’s, 52.
Eudêmus, disciple of Aristotle, knew logical works of his now lost, 56; wrote on logic, 56; followed Aristotle in treating Modals, 144; his proof of the convertibility of Universal Negative, 146; on the negative function of Dialectic, 284.
Eudoxus, anticipated ethical theory of Epikurus, 654.
Eumêlus, asserted that Aristotle took poison, 15.
Eurymedon, the Hierophant, indicted Aristotle for impiety, 12.
Euthydemus, the Sophist, 383.
Example, the Syllogism from, 191; Induction an exaltation of, 197; results in Experience, 198.
Excluded Middle, Maxim of, not self-evident, 144; among the præcognita of Demonstration, 212; supplement or correlative of Maxim of Contradiction, 426; enunciated both as a logical, and as an ontological, formula, 579; vindicated by Aristotle specially against Anaxagoras, 581, 590 seq.
Existence, one of the four heads of Investigation, 238.
Exoteric, the works so called, how understood by Cicero, 44; how by the critics, 45; “discourse,” meaning of in Aristotle himself, 46 seq.; opposed to Akroamatic, 50; doctrine, as opposed to Esoteric, 52.
Ἐξωτερικοὶ λόγοι, allusions to, in Aristotle, 46 seq.
Experience, inference from Example results in, 198; place of, in Mr. J. S. Mill’s theory of Ratiocination, 199; basis of science, 199; is of particular facts, 576.
Expetenda, dialectical Loci bearing on, 296 seq.
Eye, structure of the, 466.
F.
Fact, knowledge of, distinguished from knowledge of Cause, 223, 235; one of the four heads of Investigation, 238; nature of question as to, 239; assumed in question as to Cause, 239, 608.
Fallacies, subject of Sophistici Elenchi, 377; incidental to the human intellect, often hard to detect, not mere traps, 383, 395, 404; operated through language, 384; classified, 385; (1) Dictionis or In Dictione, 385; (2) Extra Dictionem 385 seq.; may all be brought to Ignoratio Elenchi, 390; current among Aristotle’s contemporaries, 391; In Dictione, how to solve, 409 seq. Extra Dictionem, how to solve, 410 seq.
Falsehood, Non-Ens in the sense of, 60; &c.; see Truth and Ens.
Favorinus, 35.
Figura Dictionis, Fallacy of, 385; how to solve, 408.
Figure of Syllogism, 148; First, 148; alternative ways of enunciating, 148; Modes of, 149; valid modes of First, 149; invalid modes of First, how set forth by Aristotle, 150; Second and its modes, 151; Third and its modes, 152; superiority of First, 152, 153, 224; indicated by the Conclusion, 153, 164, 167; all Demonstration ultimately reducible to two first modes of First, 154; Reduction of Second and Third, 168; in Second and Third, conclusion possible from contradictory premisses, 175; knowledge of Cause, also propositions declaring Essence and Definition, attained in the first, 224.
Final Cause, 246, 611.
Forchhammer, his view of “exoteric discourse,” 49.
Form, joint-factor with Matter, a variety of Cause, 245, 611; in the intellectual generation of the Individual, 445, 598 seq.; and Matter, distinction of, a capital feature in Aristotle’s First Philosophy, 454, 594 seq. (from Metaph. Book Z onwards); relation of, to Matter, 455; as the Actual, 455, 616; the Soul is, 457, 460; the Celestial Body, the region of, 480.
Fugienda, dialectical Loci bearing on, 296 seq.