Speusippus, succeeded Plato in the Academy, 7, 21; books of, at his death, bought by Aristotle, 35; held it impossible to define anything without knowing everything, 249; his enumeration of Essences, 595, 629; ascribed beauty and perfection to results, not to their originating principles, 625.
Spinoza, his definition of Substance contrasted with Aristotle’s, 93.
Spontaneity, source of irregularity in the Kosmos, 115, 205; affects the rule of Antiphasis, 115; objective correlate to the Problematical Proposition, 133, 205; Generations and Constructions from, 598, 620.
Stageira, birthplace of Aristotle, 2; destroyed by Philip, restored by Aristotle, 6.
Stars, in their nature eternal Essences, 626; whence the heat and light of, 644; themselves at rest, are carried round in their circles, 644; spherical in figure, 645, 646; (not planets) twinkle, why, 645; rates of motion of (planets), as determined by their position, 646; irregular sequence of (planets), in respect of complexity of motions, 646; partakers of life and action, 647; why so many, in the one single First Current, 648.
Stilpon, merely disputed on Proposition, 136.
Stoics, Categories of the, 100, 563; their doctrine copiously reported, 654; points in which they agreed with the Epikureans, 655, 663; fatalism of, 657; held Self-preservation to be the first principle of Nature, 660; inculcated as primary officium, to keep in the State of Nature, 660; their idea of the Good, 660; their distinction of things in our power, and not in our power, 661; held the will to be always determined by motives, 661; their view of a free mind, 661; allowed an interposing Providence, 661; ethical purpose of, 662; urged to active life, 662; subordinated beneficence, put justice highest, 662, 663; their respect for individual conviction, 663.
Strabo, authority for story of the fate of Aristotle’s library, 35, 38.
Subject, to be predicated of a, distinguished from to be in a, 59, 62, 64; which is never employed as predicate, 63, 68, 157; which may also be predicate, 63, 157; called Term in Analytica, 141.
Substance, see Essence.
Substratum, 67, 595; see Essence.
Sun, ever at work, 617; whence the heat and light of, 644; why seen to move at rising and setting, 644; motions of, 646.
Sylla, carried library of Apellikon to Rome, 37.
Syllogism, principle of, indicated in Categoriæ, 65; theory of, claimed by Aristotle as his own work, 140, 153; defined, 143, 426; Perfect and Imperfect, 143; meaning of, in Plato, specialized in Aristotle, 143; conditions of valid, 148, 155; Premisses, Terms, Figures, &c, of, 148 seq.; Reduction of, 153; mediaeval abuse of, 153; Direct or Ostensive, and Indirect, 155; has two (even number of) propositions, and three (odd number of) terms, 156; how to construct a, 157; method of, superior to logical Division, 162; from an Hypothesis, 168; plurality of conclusions from, 171; inversion of, 173; conversion of, 174; liabilities to error in the use of, 176; cases of Reciprocation among terms of, 185; antithesis among terms of, 185 seq.; canons of, common to Demonstration, Dialectic, Rhetoric, 186, 210, 265; the, from Induction, 187; prior and more effective as to cognition, than Induction, 191; the, from Example, 191; relation of, to Induction, 192 seq.; varieties of Abduction, Objection, Enthymeme, &c, 202 seq.; Modal, 204; theory of, applicable both to Demonstration and Dialectic, 207, 265; the Demonstrative or Scientific, 215, 219, 265; of ὅτι, and of διότι, 223; the unit in, 231; scope and matter of the Dialectical, 265, 267; the Eristic, 268, 380; the Elenchus, or Refutative, 376; the Pseudographic, 380; inquiry into Axioms of, falls to First Philosophy, 426.
Synonymous things, 57.
T.
Taste, operates through contact, 469; a variety of Touch, 471; organ of, 471.
Tautology, sophistic charge of, 385; how to repel, 413.
Temperance, definition of, 531.
Τεκμήριον (Proof), distinguished from Sign, 203.
Terms, as such, subject of Categoriæ, 57; things denoted by, distinguished as Homonymous (Equivocal), Synonymous (Univocal), Paronymous — importance of the distinction, 57; viewed by Aristotle, as constituents of a Proposition, 59; distinguished from Proposition in signification, 109, 110; the word, used instead of Noun and Verb in Analytica, 141; Major, Middle, and Minor, in Syllogism, 148; in Syllogism, are often masked, 165; reciprocation of, in Syllogism, 185; equivocation of, to be attended to in Dialectic, 278.
Thales, character of his philosophy, 435; supposed the Earth to float at rest on water, 649.
Themison, correspondent of Aristotle, 7.
Themistius, speaks of an “army of assailants” of Aristotle, 26; on the order of the Quæsita in science, 238.
Theodoras, developed Rhetoric, 419.
Theology, alternative name for First Philosophy or Ontology, 59, 423.
Theophrastus, left in charge of Aristotle’s school and library, 15, 35; directions to, in Aristotle’s will, 17, 18; bought as well as composed books, 35; disposition of his library, 35, 42; wrote on Logic, 56; distinguished Affirmation ἐκ μεταθέσεως, 122, 169; followed Aristotle in treating of Modals, 144; assumed convertibility of Universal Negative, 146.
Theses, how to find arguments for, 157; art of impugning and defending, 180; in Dialectic, how open to be impugned, 284; chiefly Universal Affirmative, 281; comparison of, as subjects of attack and defence, 285, 352, 300.
Thrasyllus, canon of, 27, 41; tetralogies of, 44.
Thrasymachus, developed Rhetoric, 419.
Thomas Aquinas, his use of “exoteric,” 45.
Τί ἦν εἶναι, Τό, see Essence (Quiddity).
Timæus, Platonic, summary of the psychological doctrine in the, 446-9.
Timarchus, friend of Aristotle, 17.
Time, none, outside of the Heaven, 277.
Tisias, first writer on Rhetoric, 419.
Topica, referred to in Analytica, 56; presupposes contents of Categoriæ and De Interpretatione, 56; part of one scheme with Analytica, 142; design of, specially claimed by Aristotle as original, 262; subject of, 262, 265; First Book of, preliminary to the Loci, 283; distribution of, 284.
Torstrick, his view of “exoteric discourse,” 49.
Touch, most wisely diffused sense, 464; operated through contact, 468; i.e., apparently, 472; most developed in man, 471; an aggregate of several senses, 471; organ of, 471.
Trans-Olfacient, action of the, in Smell, 467.
Trans-Sonant, action of the, in Hearing, 467.
Trendelenburg, brings the Categories into relation with parts of speech, 99.
Truth, Ens in the sense of, 60, &c., see Ens; a mental conjunction or disjunction of terms in conformity with fact, 60, 111, 591, 594, 618; embodied in the Proposition or Enunciative Speech, 109, 130.
Tyrannion studied Aristotle’s MSS. At Rome, 37-39, 43.
U.
Universal, The, knowledge of, with error as to particulars, 183; knowledge of, better than of the Particular, 231; not perceivable by sense, 235; but cf. 258; reveals the Cause, 235; generated by a process of Induction from particulars, 260; controversy about, began with Sokrates and Plato, 551; questions as to, set out by Porphyry, 552; Plato’s statements as to, collected, 553 seq.; scholastic formulae of the different theories of, 555; Aristotle’s objection to Plato’s Realistic theory of, 558 seq.; Aristotle’s counter-theory as to, 560; is to Aristotle a predicate in or along with the Particular, 561, 605; later history of the question of, till launched in the schools of the Middle Age, 562-4; given as one of the varieties of Essence, 595; arguments against its being Essence, 605.
Universalia Prima, as premisses in Demonstrative Science, 216.
Universe, extends every way, 630.
Univocal terms, 57.
V.
Vacuum, exists potentially only, 615; none, outside of the Heaven, 636.
Verb, function of the, 109, 110, 130; the indefinite, 118, 124.
Virtue, Aristotle’s definition of, examined, 521 seq.; intellectual and ethical, 521; is a medium between two extremes. 524.
Vision, most perfect sense, 465; colours, the object of, 465; effected through media having diaphanous agency, 466.
Voice, The, 468.
Voluntary and Involuntary actions, 525.
W.
Waitz, prints Sophistici Elenchi as last Book of Topica, 56.
When, Quando, Category, 65, 73.
Words, subjective and objective aspects of, 109.
Works of Aristotle, dates of, uncertain, 54; in what order to be studied, 55; cross-references in the logical, 56.
Wyttenbach, started doubts as to Platonic Canon, 27.
X.
Xenokrates, fellow-pupil of Aristotle, accompanied him to Atarneus, 4; head of the Academy, 7; attached to Athenian democracy, 10; character of, 25; his view of the soul, 450.
Xenophanes, improved on by Parmenides, 551; his reason for the stationariness of the Earth, 649.
Z.
Zeller, his view of “exoteric discourse,” 49.
Zeno, the Eleatic, argument of, against Motion, paradoxical, 365; uses equivocal names as univocal, 414; defended the Parmenidean theory dialectically, 551.
Zeno, the Stoic, a foreigner at Athens, without a sphere of political action, 662.
Zoological Treatises, place of the, among the other works of Aristotle, 54.