Aspects of nature, in different lands and different climates (Vol. 2 of 2) / with scientific elucidations

• Adansonia digitata (monkey-bread tree), one of the largest and oldest trees of the globe, ii. 89.
• Allco, the native Peruvian dog, i. 108.
• Aloë, ii. 27, 180.
• Altai, one of the four parallel mountain chains in Central Asia, i. 86.
• American races, connection between the inhabitants of Western America and Eastern Asia probable, but its nature and period uncertain, i. 176.
• Andes, etymological considerations connected with the word Andes or Antis, ii. 303.
• Animal life, its universal diffusion, ii. 1.
• Asia, Central, general review of its mountain systems, i. 85.
• Atlas.—The position of the ancient Atlas discussed, i. 144.
• Atahuallpa, site of his ancient palace, ii. 289;
• his prison, 290;
• death, 291;
• descendants, 292;
• notice of the comet which appeared in the year on which the Inca was put to death, 313.
• Banks, slightly elevated portions of the Llanos, called “Banks” by the natives, i. 2, 33.
• Boa, swims in the South American rivers, and carries its head above water like a dog, i. 190.
• Bogota, the seat of an ancient civilisation of the Muyscas or Chibchas, ii. 309.
• Cactus, ii. 24, 147.
• Camel, i. 68;
• Ritter’s memoir on the diffusion of the camel, present existence in a wild state, i. 70;
• fossil in the Sewalik hills, i. 71.
• Casas grandes, ruins of an Aztec palace, i. 168.
• Casuarineæ, ii. 25, 152.
• Caxamarca, the ancient capital of the Incas, ii. 267, 287.
• Cereals.—Original country of the principal Cereals discussed, i. 169.
• Chibchas, ii. 309.
• Chimborazo, conjectures as to the origin of the name, ii. 37.
• Chota, silver mines of, ii. 282.
• Cinchona, fever-bark, or quina, ii. 267, 305.
• Climate of the eastern or flat portions of South America widely different from that of Africa in the same latitudes, causes of the difference, i. 8, 123;
• the southern hemisphere cooler and moister than the northern, 139.
• Climatic effects of extensive forests, i. 126.
• Cœlebogyne, produces perfect seeds without any trace of pollen having been discovered, ii. 51.
• Condor.—Discussion of the height in the atmosphere to which the condor ascends, ii. 40.
• Coniferæ, or needle trees, ii. 25, 175.
• Coral reefs, classified by Darwin, ii. 64;
• his hypothesis of the origin and growth of coral reefs, 76.
• Correo que nada, the “swimming post” in the upper waters of the Amazons river, ii. 277.
• Curare, plant from which the poison is obtained, i. 203.
• Current.—Great revolving current of the Atlantic Ocean discussed, i. 159.
• Dogs.—European dogs have become wild in South America, and live in troops in the Pampas, i. 107;
• native Peruvian dogs, 108;
• Tschudi’s remarks on the indigenous races of dogs in America, 111.
• Dragon-tree of Orotava, ii. 16, 85.
• Esquimaux, instances recorded of their having been carried across the Atlantic to the shores of Europe, i. 162.
• Ferns, ii. 28, 188.
• Figured rocks, i. e. figures engraven on rocks in an extensive district of South America, i. 196.
• Fresh-water springs in the ocean near Cuba, i. 233.
• Fournel, recent contributions to the physical geography of Northern Africa, i. 115.
• Frémont, Captain, importance of his geographical memoirs on our knowledge of the geography of North America, i. 37, and generally in Note[⁵], also i. 280.
• Geographical distribution of plants, laws of the, ii. 102.
• Gobi, the plateau of, i. 74, 79.
• Gramineæ, ii. 27, 183.
• Guaranis, a tribe inhabiting the sea-coast and rivers near the mouth of the Orinoco, i. 178.
• Granite, leaden-coloured rocks of, in the Orinoco, i. 188.
• Great basin, the elevated plain so called, between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada of California, i. 44;
• forms an inland closed river basin, 280.
• Gymnotus, description of its capture in South America by means of horses, i. 22.
• Heat in plants developed during inflorescence, ii. 175.
• Heaths, ii. 23, 145.
• Himalaya, one of the four parallel mountain chains of Central Asia, i. 92.
• Hiongnu, i. 101.
• Hooker, Dr. J., recent determination of the elevation of the Kinchinjinga, one of the highest peaks of the Himalaya, i. 93;
• on the production of perfect seeds by the Cœlebogyne, ii. 51;
• remarks on the geographical distribution of plants in Antarctic floras, ii. 122.
• Illimani and Sorata, their height above the sea recently corrected, i. 57, 96, 277.
• Kashmeer, valley of, i. 80.
• Kinchinjinga, one of the highest peaks of the Himalaya, its elevation recently determined, i. 92.
• Kuen-lün, one of the four parallel mountain chains in Central Asia, i. 72, 90.
• Lama, alpaca, and guanaco, three originally distinct species of animals, described, i. 166.
• Laurels as a characteristic form of vegetation, ii. 28, 200.
• Lianes, ii. 26, 178.
• Liliaceæ, ii. 28, 193.
• Llanos, their description, i. 7;
• climate strongly contrasted with that of the African plains, 8;
• animals which inhabit them, 15;
• their prevalent vegetation, 120.
• Luminosity of the ocean, ii. 53.
• Malvaceæ, ii. 22.
• Marañon, or Amazons, upper valley of, ii. 281.
• Mauritia palm, i. 16, 181.
• Melastomaceæ, ii. 28, 200.
• Mimoseæ, ii. 22, 145.
• Mississipi, river, its source correctly ascertained, i. 52.
• Moon, mountains of the, their existence, extent, distance from the Equator, and general direction, discussed, i. 149.
• Mountain chains in Asia, in the direction of parallels of latitude, i. 85;
• those coinciding nearly with meridians, i. 94.
• Muyscas, ancient civilisation of the, ii. 308.
• Myrtaceæ, ii. 28, 196.
• North America, general aspect of its natural features, and considerations on its physical geography, i. 39.
• Orchideæ, ii. 24, 151.
• Orinoco, i. 207;
• magnitude of the river compared with that of the rivers Plate and Amazons, 211;
• its sources yet unvisited, 213;
• general description of its course, 214;
• “black waters” of the Upper Orinoco, 215;
• cataracts of Atures and Maypures, 217;
• discussion of questions concerning its sources, 239;
• supposed origin in a lake, 243.
• Otomacs, a tribe on the Orinoco who use earth as food, i. 190.
• Pacific, the author’s gratification at first seeing the Pacific from the Alto de Guangamarca, ii. 300.
• Palms, ii. 20, 128.
• Panama.—Communication by canal or railroad across the Isthmus of Panama discussed, ii. 319.
• Paramo, a mountainous region in South America so called, i. 105;
• its climate and vegetation, i. 105, ii. 269.
• Pastoral life almost unknown to the original inhabitants of America, i. 13.
• Plants, physiognomy of, essentially distinct from a botanical arrangement, ii. 14, 17, 208;
• is the principal element in the characteristic aspect of different portions of the earth’s surface, 16;
• about sixteen different forms of plants enumerated, which are chiefly concerned in determining the aspect of Nature, 18;
• Palms, 20;
• Plantains or Bananas, 21;
• Malvaceæ and Bombaceæ, 22;
• Mimosas, 22;
• Heaths, 28;
• Cactuses, 24;
• Orchideæ, 24;
• Casuarineæ, 25;
• Coniferæ, 25;
• Pothos, 26;
• Lianes, 26;
• Aloes, 27;
• Grasses, 27;
• Ferns, 28;
• Liliaceæ, 28;
• Willows, 28;
• Myrtaceæ, Melastomaceæ, and Laurineæ, 29;
• number of species contained in herbariums, 97;
• points of view in which the laws of the geographical distribution of plants may be regarded, 102;
• conjectures as to the whole number of species on the globe, 119;
• more than half the number of species are probably yet unknown, 121;
• heat developed during inflorescence, 175;
• general remarks on a physiognomic classification, 205.
• Pothos, ii. 26, 175.
• Quina (or fever bark), ii. 267.
• Roads, old Peruvian, of the times of the Incas, ii. 270.
• Rotiferæ, their revivification, ii. 45.
• Sahara (African desert) composed of several detached basins, i. 114.
• Sand-spouts a phenomenon characteristic of the Peruvian Sand Desert, i. 183.
• Sargasso, Mar de; its geographical position discussed, i. 63;
• is the most remarkable assemblage of plants of a single species yet known on the globe, i. 64.
• Schomburgk.—Travels of the brothers Robert and Richard Schomburgk important in many respects in regard to the physical geography of Guiana and the bordering countries, i. 178, 197, 236, 250.
• Sleep, summer and winter, of animals, i. 18, 185; ii. 48.
• Snow, limit of perpetual; inequality of this limit on the northern and southern declivities of the Himalaya, i. 98.
• Sorata and Illimani; their heights above the sea recently corrected, i. 57, 96, 277.
• Steppes and Deserts, Characteristics of the European, i. 2;
• African, i. 3;
• Asiatic, i. 4;
• South American, i. 7;
• analogies and contrasts between the steppes and the ocean, i. 2, 35.
• Strato, his sluice theory, ii. 78.
• Sugar-cane; of Tahiti, of the West Indies, and of Guiana, i. 31.
• Tacarigua, Lake of, i. 1;
• its scenery and vegetation, i. 27.
• Temperature.—Contrast between the temperature of the east coast of America and the west coast of Europe in the same latitudes, i. 129;
• general remarks on the temperature of the United States of America, i. 131.
• Thian-schan, one of the four parallel mountain chains in Central Asia, i. 72, 82.
• Thibet, occupying the valley between the great chains of the Kuen-lün and Himalaya, divided into Upper, Middle, and Little Thibet; its mean elevation and description, i. 81.
• Tibbos, i. 67.
• Timpanogos, Laguna de, i. 44;
• is the Great Salt Lake of Frémont, 280.
• Traditions of Samothrace, ii. 78.
• Trees, age of, ii. 86;
• trees of highest growth, ii. 165.
• Trisetum subspicatum, an inhabitant both of the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, ii. 186.
• Tuaricks, i. 67.
• Urwald, or primeval forest, a name too lightly used, i. 261;
• true character of a primeval forest, 262;
• description of the nocturnal life of wild animals in the Urwald, 266.
• Vegetation, its propagation and extension over newly formed lands, ii. 8;
• the absence of trees erroneously supposed to characterise hot countries, 10;
• extensive arid tracts in countries otherwise of luxuriant vegetation a geological problem which has not been sufficiently considered, 12;
• characteristic aspect of vegetation in the tropics, 30;
• characteristic vegetation of the Alps and Andes at great elevations, 35.
• Vesuvius, measurements of height at different periods, ii. 225, 243;
• particulars of the eruption of 1822, 228.
• Vital force, the, or Rhodian Genius, ii. 251.
• Volcanos of the Thian-schan chain situated in the interior of Asia far distant from the sea, i. 88;
• structure and mode of action of, ii. 213;
• instances of extensive volcanic connection, 221;
• importance of repeating exact measurements of the heights of craters, 224.
• Willows, ii. 28, 193.

THE END.

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