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Authors and their public in ancient times

Chapter 20: FOOTNOTES:
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About This Book

The essay sketches literary conditions from the earliest times through the fall of the Roman Empire, using scattered references in classical authors to trace continuity of literary activity, methods of production and distribution, and the relations between writers and their readers. It considers how texts were produced, copied, and circulated and how authors reached and responded to their public, relying on citations drawn from contemporary scholarship. The author acknowledges limits of the evidence, explains editorial choices and corrections in successive editions, and offers a concise synthesis of ancient practices governing literary creation, dissemination, and audience engagement.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Story of Chaldea, 260.

[2] Revue Archæol., 1857.

[3] Rawnsley, Notes for the Nile. London and New York, 1892.

[4] Ancient Egypt, American edition, i., 106, 107.

[5] Karpeles, Gesch. der Litt. des Orient., i., 10.

[6] Karpeles, i., 11.

[7] Middle Kingdom, i., p. 603.

[8] Encyclopædia Britannica, article “China.”

[9] Karpeles, i., 12.

[10] Karpeles, i., 12.

[11] Middle Kingdom, i., 600.

[12] Middle Kingdom, i., 574.

[13] Middle Kingdom, i., 526.

[14] Karpeles, i., 23.

[15] Prof. J. P. Peters, Journal of the Exegetical Society, 1887, 116, 117.

[16] Renouard, Traité des Droits d’Auteurs, i., 15.

[17] Sanhedrim, c. xiv., 5.

[18] Étude sur la Propriété Littéraire chez les Grecs et chez les Romains, par Paul Clement, Grenoble, 1867.

[19] Du Droit de Perpétuité de la Propriété Intellectuelle, par Adolphe Breulier.

[20] Schriftsteller und Buchhändler in Athen, und im übrigen Griechenland, von Wilhelm Schmitz, Heidelberg, 1876.

[21] Essai sur les Livres dans l’Antiquité, par H. Géraud, Paris, 1840.

[22] Jevons, Hist. Greek Lit., 42 et seq.

[23] Evans found in Crete, in 1893, examples of script, believed to be the work of scribes of Greek stock, of a much earlier date.

[24] Herod., vi., 27.

[25] Jevons, Greek Lit., p. 45.

[26] Greek Literature, 51. The word is by some authorities derived from ῥάβδος a staff,—just as we have a stave in music. Rhapsodists would thus mean men of the stave; ῥάβδος also (according to Liddell and Scott, edited by Drisler) means grammatically a line or a verse and ῥαψῳδία would mean a division of a poem for recitation.

[27] Plato, Phædo.

[28] Ritschl. Philolog. Schriften, Bd. 1.

[29] Social Greece, 10.

[30] Social Greece, 14.

[31] Le Droit des Auteurs, 16.

[32] Rozoir, Dictionnaire de la Conversation, Art. “Plagiaire.”

[33] The Frogs, v. 939 et seq.

[34] Scholia ad Equites, v. 528 et 1291.

[35] Bayle, Dicty., Art. “Theopompus.”

[36] Attic Nights, Book iii., Chap. 17.

[37] Dict. de la Convers., art. “Plagiaire.”

[38] De Archit., liv. vii. Preface.

[39] Oeuvres, ii., Part 2, p. 518.

[40] From the Latin version of Breulier, Clement, II.

[41] Travels of Anacharsis the Younger, vi., 91.

[42] Pseudo-Plutarch, Vitæ dec. Orat.-Isocrates, c. viii.

[43] Phædrus, 274.

[44] Diogenes Laërtius, iii., 6, and Bergk. Griech. Literatur Gesch., 218.

[45] Ad Att., xiii., 21.

[46] Poet., xv., and Poli., viii., 541.

[47] Stahr, Aristotle, 67.

[48] Gellius, N. A., xx. 5. Plutarch, Alexander, c. vii.

[49] Zeller, Philos. d. Griechen, ii., 112, 119.

[50] Bruns, Die Testamente der Griech. Philos., cited by Birt, 437.

[51] Lucian, Herodotus, c. i. and ii.

[52] Plutarch, Herodotus, c. 26.

[53] D. Chrysost., op. xxxvii., t. ii., 103.

[54] Plutarch, i., c. 31.

[55] History of Federal Government, i., 37.

[56] Einleitung zu Herodot., 13 ff.

[57] Thucydides, I, c. 22.

[58] Marcellinus, 43.

[59] Diog. Laërtius, ii., 57.

[60] Birt, 475.

[61] Athenæus, i., 4.

[62] Gellius, vii., c. 17.

[63] Plut., Vit., Antonius, c. 58.

[64] Stahr, Aristotle, 45.

[65] Athenæus, i., 4.

[66] Stahr, Aristotle, 70.

[67] Memnon, reported by Photius, 322.

[68] Aristophanes, Frogs, v., 944, 1408.

[69] Boeckh, Gespräche des Sokratikers Simon, 226.

[70] Diog. Laërt., iii., 9.

[71] Gellius, iii., c. 17.

[72] Müller, Lustspiele des Aristophanes, 1041 ff.

[73] Athenæus, iv., 57.

[74] Aristotle, Poet., v., 5.

[75] Athenæus, xii., II.

[76] Boeckh, Staatsh., p. 68.

[77] Buchsenschutz, Besitz und Erwerb im Griech. Alterthum, 572.

[78] Schmitz, Schriftsteller in Athen, 68.

[79] Hermann, Staats Alterthum, 466.

[80] Plutarch, Nicias.

[81] Ibid.

[82] Plato, De Republica, viii., 568.

[83] Aristotle, Poet., xiii.

[84] Athenæus, xii., 53. Cited by Schmitz, 39.

[85] Lucian, Adv. Indoct., c. 19.

[86] Anabasis, vii., c. 5.

[87] Meineke, Fragm. Comic., ii., 2732; Pollux, vii., 211.

[88] Meineke, ii., 2821; Zonaras, Lex., 388.

[89] Meineke, ii., 2852.

[90] Meineke, iii., 114; Pollux, vii., 21; and Meineke, iii., 88; Pollux, vii., 201.

[91] Meineke, iii., 378; Pollux, vii., 211.

[92] Diog. Laërt., ii., 105.

[93] Schol. to Demosth., Olynth., ii., 19. Cited by Schmitz, 44.

[94] Xenophon, The Banquet of Philosophers, iii., 5.

[95] Schaefer, Demosthenes und seine Zeit., i., 322.

[96] Isocrates, Letters to Philip, ii.

[97] Plutarch, Philip, 17.

[98] Birt, 435.

[99] Plutarch, Alexander, c. 8.

[100] Diog. Laërt., vii., 31.

[101] Dionysius Hal., De Isocrate, 18.

[102] Diog. Laërt., viii., 36.

[103] Diog. Laërt., vii., 2.

[104] Diog. Laërt., v., 73.

[105] Plutarch, Lucullus, c. 42.

[106] See on page 90 another version of the same story.

[107] Ritter, Hist. Ancient Philos., iii., 24.

[108] Drumann, v., 66, quoting Cicero, Epist. ad Atticum.

[109] Plin., Hist. Nat., vii., 85.

[110] Diog Laërt., ix., 52.

[111] Strabo, xiii., c. 54.

[112] Lucian, c. iv., as quoted by Schmitz, 55.

[113] Lucian, Adv. Ind., 4, quoted by Schmitz, 56.

[114] Schmitz, 57.

[115] Greek Life and Thought, 195.

[116] Birt, 486.

[117] Hist. Lit. Gr., iii., 186.

[118] Moore’s Lectures, 55.

[119] Géraud, 106.

[120] Mahaffy, Social Life, 209.

[121] Mahaffy, 209.

[122] Birt, 439.

[123] Athenæus, 72.

[124] Birt, 443.

[125] Birt, 501.

[126] This division was, however, probably not made by the author.

[127] Isaiah, xix., 7.

[128] Ragozin, Chaldea, 112 et seq.

[129] Plin., xiii., 68.

[130] Birt, 55.

[131] Diog. Laërt., x., 26.

[132] Birt, Das Antike Buchwesen, 439.

[133] Herod., ii., 38.

[134] Johnson’s Cyclo., 300.

[135] Ritschl, Die Alexandrin. Bibliothek.

[136] Plato, Com., ii., 684. Meineke.

[137] Plutarch, Cæsar, 60; Galen, i., 79.

[138] 2 John, 12.

[139] Simcox, History Latin Lit., i., 31.

[140] Tusc., i., 5.

[141] Simcox, 32 et seq.

[142] Simcox, 34.

[143] Simcox, 46.

[144] But six have been preserved. Ritschl, Op. 3, 257.

[145] Epistles, ii., 2, 5.

[146] Seneca, Epist., 27.

[147] Cod. Just., vi., 43.

[148] Strabo, L. xiii., 419.

[149] Plutarch, Crassus, 2.

[150] Haenny, pp. 31, 32.

[151] Sauppe, Epist. Crit., p. 49.

[152] Harpocration, pp. 19, 24, 32, 15.

[153] Daremberg, Commentaire, Paris, 1848, p. 12.

[154] Haenny, 33.

[155] Anecd., i., 24.

[156] Ad Atticum, xii., xv., xvi.

[157] Ad Atticum, xiii., 12, 2.

[158] Ad Atticum, ii., 4.

[159] Simcox, i., 174.

[160] Ad Att., xvi., 11, 1.

[161] Ad Atticum, xii., 5, 3; xiii., 21, 3; xvi., 2, 6.

[162] Ad Atticum, xii., 6, 3.

[163] Ad Atticum, xiii., 13.

[164] Ad Atticum xiii., 25, 3, quoted by Birt, p. 353.

[165] Ad Atticum, xiii., 13.

[166] Birt, 354.

[167] Martial, xi., 3, 6.

[168] Ad Atticum, xii., 41; i., 45.

[169] Birt, 284.

[170] Ibid., 357.

[171] Recherches, p. 27.

[172] Orationes, vi., 3, 3.

[173] N. A., i., 7. 1.

[174] Benef., vii., 6.

[175] Birt, 358, n. 2.

[176] Géraud, 171.

[177] Ad Quintum, III, 5, 6.

[178] Catullus, ed. Vossius, 14.

[179] Epist., 2, 2, 49.

[180] Simcox, i., 287.

[181] Art. Poet., 345.

[182] Epist., i., 19, 19.

[183] Lines placed on the doorway to the Palace of Augustus, quoted in P. Virgilii Maronis Vita, (author unknown) Paris, 1780.

[184] Epist., i., 19.

[185] Plagius is from πλάγιος.

[186] Lat. Lit., i., 349.

[187] Simcox, i., 249.

[188] Trist., iv., 1, 3.

[189] Ep., i., 1.

[190] Ep., i., 2.

[191] L. i., ep. 118.

[192] L. i., ep. 30.

[193] L. iv., ep. 72.

[194] xii., 1.

[195] vii., 80.

[196] iv., 82.

[197] vi., 85.

[198] v., 16, 10.