Johns Hopkins University Studies
IN
Historical and Political Science.
HERBERT B. ADAMS, Editor.
PROSPECTUS OF FIFTH SERIES.—1887.
The Studies in Municipal Government will be continued. The Fifth Series will also embrace Studies in the History of American Political Economy and of American Co-operation. The following papers are ready or in preparation:
- I-II. City Government of Philadelphia. By Edward P. Allinson, A. M. (Haverford), and Boies Penrose, A. B. (Harvard). January and February, 1887. Price 50 cents. 72 pp.
- III. City Government of Boston. By James M. Bugbee. March, 1887. Price 25 cents. 60 pp.
- City Government of Baltimore. By John C. Rose, B. L. (University of Maryland, School of Law). In preparation.
- City Government of Chicago. By F. H. Hodder, Ph. M. (University of Mich.) Instructor in History, Cornell University.
- City Government of San Francisco. By Bernard Moses, Ph. D., Professor of History and Politics, University of California.
- City Government of St. Louis. By Marshall S. Snow, A. M. (Harvard), Professor of History, Washington University.
- City Government of New Orleans. By Hon. W. W. Howe.
- City Government of New York. By Simon Sterne and J. F. Jameson, Ph. D., Associate in History, J. H. U.
- The Influence of the War of 1812 upon the Consolidation of the American Union. By Nicholas Murray Butler, Ph. D. and Fellow of Columbia College.
- The History of American Political Economy. Studies by R. T. Ely, Woodrow Wilson, and D. R. Dewey.
- The History of American Co-operation. Studies by E. W. Bemis, D. R. Randall, A. G. Warner, et al.
FOURTH SERIES.—Municipal Government and Land Tenure.—1886.
- I. Dutch Village Communities on the Hudson River. By Irving Elting, A. B. (Harvard). January, 1886; pp. 68. Price 50 cents.
- II-III. Town Government in Rhode Island. By William E. Foster, A. M. (Brown University).—The Narragansett Planters. By Edward Channing, Ph. D. and Instructor in History (Harvard University). February and March, 1886; pp. 60. Price 50 cents.
- IV. Pennsylvania Boroughs. By William P. Holcomb, Ph. D. (J. H. U.), Professor of History and Political Science, Swarthmore College, April, 1886; pp. 51. Price 50 cents.
- V. Introduction to the Constitutional and Political History of the Individual States. By J. F. Jameson, Ph. D. and Associate in History, J. H. U. May, 1886; pp. 29. Price 50 cents.
- VI. The Puritan Colony at Annapolis, Maryland. By Daniel R. Randall, A. B. (St. John's College). June, 1886; pp. 47. Price 50 cents.
- VII-VIII-IX. History of the Land Question in the United States. By Shosuke Sato, B. S. (Sapporo), Ph. D. and Fellow by Courtesy, J. H. U. July-September, 1886; pp. 181. Price $1.00.
- X. The Town and City Government of New Haven. By Charles H. Levermore, Ph. D. (J. H. U.), Instructor in History, University of California. October, 1886; pp. 103. Price 50 cents.
- XI-XII. The Land System of the New England Colonies. By Melville Egleston, A. M. (Williams College). November and December, 1886. Price 50 cents.
THIRD SERIES.—Maryland, Virginia, and Washington.—1885.
- I. Maryland's Influence upon Land Cessions to the United States. With minor papers on George Washington's Interest in Western Lands, the Potomac Company, and a National University. By Herbert B. Adams, Ph. D. (Heidelberg). January, 1885; pp. 102. Price 75 cents.
- II-III. Virginia Local Institutions:—The Land System; Hundred; Parish; County; Town. By Edward Ingle, A. B. (J. H. U.). February and March, 1885; pp. 127. Price 75 cents.
- IV. Recent American Socialism. By Richard T. Ely, Ph. D. (Heidelberg), Associate in Political Economy, J. H. U. April, 1885; pp. 74. Price 50 cents.
- V-VI-VII. Maryland Local Institutions:—The Land System; Hundred; County; Town. By Lewis W. Wilhelm, Ph. D. (J. H. U.), Fellow by Courtesy, J. H. U. May, June, and July, 1885; pp. 130. Price $1.00.
- VIII. The Influence of the Proprietors in Founding the State of New Jersey. By Austin Scott, Ph. D. (Leipzig), formerly Associate and Lecturer, J. H. U.; Professor of History, Political Economy, and Constitutional Law, Rutgers College. August, 1885; pp. 26. Price 25 cents.
- IX-X. American Constitutions; The Relations of the Three Departments as Adjusted by a Century. By Horace Davis, A. B. (Harvard). San Francisco, California. September and October, 1885; pp. 70. Price 50 cents.
- XI-XII. The City of Washington. By John Addison Porter, A. B. (Yale). November and December, 1885; pp. 56. Price 50 cents.
SECOND SERIES.—Institutions and Economics.—1884.
- I-II. Methods of Historical Study. By Herbert B. Adams, Ph. D. (Heidelberg). January and February, 1884; pp. 137.*
- III. The Past and the Present of Political Economy. By Richard T. Ely, Ph. D. (Heidelberg). March, 1884; pp. 64.*
- IV. Samuel Adams, The Man of the Town Meeting. By James K. Hosmer, A. M. (Harvard), Professor of English and German Literature, Washington University, St. Louis. April, 1884; pp. 60. Price 35 cents.
- V-VI. Taxation in the United States. By Henry Carter Adams, Ph. D. (J. H. U.), Professor of Political Economy, University of Michigan. May and June, 1884; pp. 79.*
- VII. Institutional Beginnings in a Western State. By Jesse Macy, A. B. (Iowa College); Professor of Historical and Political Science, Iowa College. July, 1884; pp. 38. Price 25 cents.
- VIII-IX. Indian Money as a Factor In New England Civilization. By William B. Weeden, A. M. (Brown Univ.). August and September, 1884; pp. 51. Price 50 cents.
- X. Town and County Government in the English Colonies of North America. By Edward Channing, Ph.D. (Harvard); Instructor in History, Harvard College. October, 1884; pp. 57.*
- XI. Rudimentary Society among Boys. By John Johnson, A B. (J. H. U.); Instructor in History and English, McDonogh Institute, Baltimore Co., Md. November, 1884; pp. 56. Price 50 cents.
- XII. Land Laws of Mining Districts. By Charles Howard Shinn, A. B. (J. H. U.), Editor of the Overland Monthly. December, 1884; pp. 69. Price 50 cents.
FIRST SERIES.—Local Institutions.—1883.
- I. An Introduction to American Institutional History. By Edward A. Freeman, D. C. L., LL. D., Regius Professor of Modern History, University of Oxford. With an Account of Mr. Freeman's Visit to Baltimore, by the Editor.*
- II. The Germanic Origin of New England Towns. Read before the Harvard Historical Society, May 9, 1881. By H. B. Adams, Ph. D. (Heidelberg), 1876. With Notes on Co-operation in University Work.*
- III. Local Government in Illinois. First published in the Fortnightly Review By Albert Shaw, A. B. (Iowa College), 1879—Local Government in Pennsylvania. Read before the Pennsylvania Historical Society, May 1, 1882 By E. R. L. Gould, A. B. (Victoria University, Canada), 1882. Price 30 cents.
- IV. Saxon Tithingmen in America. Read before the American Antiquarian Society, October 21, 1881. By H. B. Adams. 2d Edition. Price 50 cents.
- V. Local Government in Michigan and the Northwest. Read before the Social Science Association, at Saratoga, September 7, 1882. By E. W. Bemis A. B. (Amherst College), 1880. Price 25 cents.
- VI. Parish Institutions of Maryland. By Edward Ingle, A. B. (Johns Hopkins University), 1882. Price 40 cents.
- VII. Old Maryland Manors. By John Johnson, A. B. (Johns Hopkins University), 1881. Price 30 cents.
- VIII. Norman Constables in America. Read before the New England Historical & Genealogical Society, February 1, 1882. By H. B. Adams. 2d Edition. Price 50 cents.
- IX-X. Village Communities of Cape Ann and Salem. From the Historical Collection of the Essex Institute. By H. B. Adams.*
- XI. The Genesis of a New England State (Connecticut). By Alexander Johnston, A. M. (Rutgers College), 1870; Professor of Political Economics and Jurisprudence at Princeton College. Price 30 cents.
- XII. Local Government and Free Schools in South Carolina. Read before the Historical Society of South Carolina, December 15, 1882. By B. J. Ramage.
The first annual series of monthly monographs devoted to History, Politics, and Economics was begun in 1882-1883. Four volumes have thus far appeared.
The separate volumes bound in cloth will be sold as follows:
- VOLUME I.—Local Institutions. 479 pp. $4.00.
- VOLUME II.—Institutions and Economics. 629 pp. $4.00.
- VOLUME III.—Maryland, Virginia, and Washington. 595 pp. $4.00.
- VOLUME IV.—Municipal Government and Land Tenure. 610 pp. $3.50.
The set of four volumes will be sold together for $12.50 net.
- VOLUME V.—Municipal Government and Economics. (1887.)
This volume will be furnished in monthly parts upon receipt of subscription price, $3; or the bound volume will be sent at the end of the year 1887 for $3.50.
EXTRA VOLUMES OF STUDIES.
In connection with the regular annual series of Studies, a series of Extra Volumes is proposed. It is intended to print them in a style uniform with the regular Studies, but to publish each volume by itself, in numbered sequence and in a cloth binding uniform with the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Series. The volumes will vary in size from 200 to 500 pages, with corresponding prices. Subscriptions to the Annual Series of Studies will not necessitate subscriptions to the Extra Volumes, although they will be offered to regular subscribers at reduced rates.
EXTRA VOLUME I.—The Republic of New Haven: A History of Municipal Evolution. By Charles H. Livermore, Ph. D., Baltimore.
This volume, now ready, comprises 350 pages octavo, with various diagrams and an index. It is sold, bound in cloth, at $2.00.
EXTRA VOLUME II.—Philadelphia, 1681-1887. A History of Municipal Development. By Edward P. Allinson, A. M. (Haverford), and Boies Penrose, A. B. (Harvard).
The volume will comprise about 300 pages, octavo. It will be sold, bound in cloth, at $3.00; in law-sheep, at $3.50.
EXTRA VOLUME III.—Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861. By George William Brown, Chief Judge of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore, and Mayor of the City in 1861. Price $1.00.
All communications relating to subscriptions, exchanges, etc., should be addressed to the Publication Agency of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
The following table of contents will serve to indicate the scope and character of the topics treated in Mr. Levermore's History of New Haven:
CHAPTER I. The Genesis of New Haven. — Davenport and Eaton. — Formation of a State. — Town-Meetings. — Fundamental Agreement. — Davenport's Policy. — Theophilus Eaton.
CHAPTER II. The Evolution of Town Government. — Social Order. — Town Courts. — The Quarters. — Military Organization. — The Watch. — The Marshal. — The Town Drummer. — Minor Offices. — Roads. — Fences. — Cattle. — Supervisors. — Doctor. — School-Teacher. — Viewers and Brewers. — The Townsmen. — Currency and Taxation.
CHAPTER III. The Land Question. — Official Control over Alienations and Dwellings. — Divisions of the Outland. — New Haven a Village Community. — Evolution of Subordinate Townships. — The Delaware Company.
CHAPTER IV. The Union with Connecticut. The Birth of Newark. — A New Party within the Colony. — Terms of Admission of Strangers. — Increasing Importance of Townsmen. — The Village Question. — New Haven and the Restored Stuart. — Hegira to New Jersey.
CHAPTER V. The Work of the Courts in Judicature and Legislation. — Drunkenness. — Sabbath-breaking. — Spiritual Discouragements. — Quakers and Witches. — Lewdness. — Methods of Civil Procedure. — Legislation concerning Trade and Prices. — Arbitration. — Magisterial Interest in Trade. — Revival of the Common Law and English Usage.
CHAPTER VI. New Haven a Connecticut Town, 1664-1700. — Changes in Constitution. — Hopkins Grammar School. — Minister's Tax. — Tithingmen. — Justice of the Peace. — Divisions of Land. — Indian Reservations. — The Village Controversy. — Public Benevolence. — Indian Wars. — Villages again. — Tyranny of Andros. — Local Enactments. — Intemperance. — Funeral Customs.
CHAPTER VII. New Haven a Connecticut Town, 1700-1784. — The Quarrel with East Haven. — Yale College. — The Walpolean Lethargy. — Sale of the Town's Poor. — First Post-Office. — First Oyster Laws. — Sketch of the Town's Commerce. — The Approach of the Revolution. — New Haven during the War. — Committees. — Articles of Confederation. — Treatment of Tories. — Final Division of the Township. — The Church the Germ of the Town.
CHAPTER VIII. The Dual Government. Town and City. 1784-1886. — Town-Born vs. Interloper. — First Phases of City Politics. — First Charter. — Description of the City. — Municipal Improvements. — Fire Department. — Adornment of the Green. — Public Letters to the Presidents and Others. — Downfall of Federalism. — Slavery and Abolition. — Municipal Growth. — Sects. — Administrative Changes. — Windfall from Washington. — Liquor Traffic. — Light in the Streets. — High School. — Era of Railways. — Needs of the Poor. — The City Meeting. — Charter of 1857. — Town Officers. — City Improvement. — Police and Fire Departments. — In the Civil War. — Recent Charters. — Conservative Influences in the Community.
CHAPTER IX. The Present Municipal Administration. — School District. — Town Government. — Town-Meeting. — Consolidation. — City Government. — City Judiciary. — City Executive. — City Legislature. — Legislative Control over the Commissions. — Conduct of Commissions. — Executive Organization. — Administrative Courts. — Frequent Elections. — Board of Councilmen. — Choice of Aldermen.
| Appendix | A.—Mr. Pierson's Elegy. |
| " | B.—The Town of Naugatuck. |
| " | C.—Dr. Manasseh Cutler's Diary. |
| " | D.—A Town Court of Elections. New Haven, A. D. 1656. |
The volume now ready comprises 350 pages octavo, with various diagrams and an index. It will be sold, neatly bound in cloth, at $2.00. Subscribers to the Studies can obtain at reduced rates this new volume.
PHILADELPHIA
1681-1887:
A History of Municipal Development.
BY
EDWARD P. ALLINSON, A. M., AND BOIES PENROSE, A. B., OF THE
PHILADELPHIA BAR.
While several general histories of Philadelphia have been written, there is no history of that city as a municipal corporation. Such a work is now offered, based upon the Acts of Assembly, the City Ordinances, the State Reports, and many other authorities. Numerous manuscripts in the Pennsylvania Historical Society, in Public Libraries, and in the Departments at Philadelphia and Harrisburg have also been consulted, and important facts found therein are now for the first time published.
The development of the government of Philadelphia affords a peculiarly interesting study, and is full of instruction to the student of municipal questions. The first charter granted by the original proprietor, William Penn, created a close, self-elected corporation, consisting of the "Mayor, Recorder and Common Council," holding office for life. Such corporations survived in England from medieval times to the passage of the Reform Act of 1835. The corporation of Philadelphia possessed practically no power of taxation, and few and extremely limited powers of any kind. As a rapidly growing city required greater municipal powers, the legislature instead of increasing the powers of the corporation which, being self-elected, was held in distrust by the citizens, established from time to time various independent boards, commissions, and trusts for the control of taxation, streets, poor, etc. These boards were subsequently transformed into the city departments as they exist to-day. The State and municipal legislation, extending over two centuries, is extremely varied and frequently experimental. It affords instruction illustrative of almost every form of municipal expedient and constitution.
The development of the city government of Philadelphia has been carefully traced through many changes in the powers and duties of the mayor, in the election and powers of the subordinate executive officers, in the position and relation of the various departments, in the legislative and executive powers of councils, in the frequently shifting distribution of executive power between the mayor and councils, and in the procedure of councils. In 1885 an Act of Assembly was passed providing for a new government for Philadelphia which embodies the latest ideas upon municipal questions.
The history of the government of the city thus begins with the medieval charter of most contracted character, and ends with the liberal provisions of the Reform Act of 1885. It furnishes illustrations of almost every phase of municipal development. The story cannot fail to interest all those who believe that the question of better government for our great cities is one of critical importance, and who are aware of the fact that this question is already receiving widespread attention. The subject had become so serious in 1876 that Governor Hartranft, in his message of that year, called the attention of the Legislature to it in the following succinct and forcible statement: "There is no political problem that at the present moment occasions so much just alarm and is obtaining more anxious thought than the government of cities."
The consideration of the subject naturally resolves itself into five sharply-defined periods, to each of which a chapter has been devoted, as indicated by the following summary, which, while not exhaustive, will suggest the general scope.
CHAPTER I. First Period, 1681-1701. — Founding of the city. — Functions of the Provincial Council. — Slight but certain evidence of some organized city government prior to Penn's Charter.
CHAPTER II. Second Period, 1701-1789. — Penn's authority. — Charter of 1701. — Attributes of the Proprietary Charter; its medieval character. — Integral parts of the corporation. — Arbitrary nature and limited powers. — Acts of Legislature creating independent commissions. — Miscellaneous acts and ordinances. — The Revolution. — Abrogation of Charter. — Legislative government. — Summary.
CHAPTER III. Third Period, 1789-1854. — Character of Second Charter. — Causes leading to its passage. — A modern municipal corporation. — Supplements. — Departments. — Concentration of authority. — Councils. — Bicameral system adopted. — Officers, how appointed or elected. — Diminishing powers of the mayor. — Introduction of standing committees. — Finance. — Debt. — Revenue. — Review of the period.
CHAPTER IV. Fourth Period, 1854-1887. — Act of consolidation. — Causes leading to its passage. — Features of New Charter. — Supplements. — Extent of territory covered by consolidation. — Character of outlying districts. — New Constitution. — Relation of city and county. — Summary of changes effected. — Twenty-five quasi-independent departments established. — Encroachment of legislative upon executive powers. — Resulting Citizens' Reform movement. — Committee of one hundred. — Contracts. — Debt. — Delusive methods of finance. — Reform movement in councils. — Causes leading to the passage of the Bullit Bill. — Review of the period.
CHAPTER V. Fifth Period. — Text of the Act of 1885. — History of the passage of the Bullit Bill. — Changes by it effected in the organic law. — Conclusions.
PRICE.
The volume will comprise about 300 pages, octavo, and will be sold, bound in cloth, at $3; in law-sheep at $3.50; and at reduced rates to regular subscribers to the "Studies."
Orders and subscriptions should be addressed to The Publication, Agency of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Notes
1: At Fort Sumter, it is true, one week earlier, the first collision of arms had taken place; but strangely, that bombardment was unattended with loss of life. And it did not necessarily mean war between North and South: accommodation still seemed possible.
2: The Life of Abraham Lincoln, p. 526; and see Appendix I.
3: Judge Taney's utterance on this subject has been frequently and grossly misrepresented. In Appendix II. will be found what he really did say.
4: Lamon's Life of Lincoln, p. 808.
5: John P. Kennedy, of Baltimore, the well-known author, who had been member of Congress and Secretary of the Navy, published early in 1861 a pamphlet entitled "The Border States, Their Power and Duty in the Present Disordered Condition of the Country." His idea was that if concert of action could be had between the Border States and concurring States of the South which had not seceded, stipulations might be obtained from the Free States, with the aid of Congress, and, if necessary, an amendment of the Constitution, which would protect the rights of the South; but if this failed, that the Border States and their allies of the South would then be forced to consider the Union impracticable and to organize a separate confederacy of the Border States, with the association of such of the Southern and Free States as might be willing to accede to the proposed conditions. He hoped that the Union would thus be "reconstructed by the healthy action of the Border States." The necessary result, however, would have been that in the meantime three confederacies would have been in existence. And yet Mr. Kennedy had always been a Union man, and when the war broke out was its consistent advocate.
These proposals, from such different sources as Fernando Wood and John P. Kennedy, tend to show the uncertainty and bewilderment which had taken possession of the minds of men, and in which few did not share to a greater or less degree.
6: The culmination of this period of misrule was at the election in November, 1859, when the fraud and violence were so flagrant that the Legislature of the State unseated the whole Baltimore delegation—ten members. The city being thus without representation, it became necessary, when a special session of the Legislature was called in April, 1861, that a new delegation from Baltimore should be chosen. It was this same Legislature (elected in 1859), which took away from the mayor of the city the control of its police, and entrusted that force to a board of police commissioners. This change, a most fortunate one for the city at that crisis, resulted in the immediate establishment of good order, and made possible the reform movement of the next autumn.
7: Hanson's Sixth Massachusetts Regiment, p. 14.
8: According to some of the published accounts seven cars got through, which would have been one to each company, but I believe that the number of the cars and of the companies did not correspond. Probably the larger companies were divided.
9: For participation in placing this obstruction, a wealthy merchant of long experience, usually a very peaceful man, was afterward indicted for treason by the Grand Jury of the Circuit Court of the United States in Baltimore, but his trial was not pressed.
10: The accounts in some of our newspapers describe serious fighting at a point beyond this, but I am satisfied they are incorrect.
11: Testimony of witnesses at the coroner's inquest.
12: Baltimore American, April 22.
13: Winans's steam gun, a recently invented, and, it was supposed, very formidable engine, was much talked about at this time. It was not very long afterwards seized and confiscated by the military authorities.
14: 4 Wallace Sup. Court R. 2.
15: See also the "Chronicles of Baltimore" by the same author.
16: Legal Tender Case, Vol. 110 U. S. Reports, p. 421.
17: Mr. Ferrandini, now in advanced years, still lives in Baltimore, and declares the charge of conspiracy to be wholly absurd and fictitious, and those who know him will, I think, believe that he is an unlikely person to be engaged in such a plot.