INDEX
- Abolition of Slavery, petition for, signed by Franklin, 415, 416.
- Adams, Abigail, on meeting Franklin, 210.
- Adams, John, 111, 208;
- dislike of Franklin, 210;
- on committee to confer with Lord Howe, 214;
- pugnacious remarks, 215, 216;
- rank as diplomate, 220;
- remarks on Franklin in France, 235, 236;
- joins Lee in forcing dismissal of Williams, 266;
- on rum trade, 276;
- feeling towards France, 286;
- charged to request admission of United States into Armed Neutrality, 288;
- replaces Deane, 294;
- his egotism, 294;
- endeavors to reform French mission, 294;
- censorious language, 295;
- advises having a single minister at Paris, 296, 297;
- returns home, 298;
- financial agent in Holland, 307;
- inability to borrow money, 330;
- helped by Franklin, 331;
- judgment of Franklin, 337, 338;
- unable to appreciate his value, 339;
- contrast between the two men, 340;
- really follows Franklin, 342;
- his vanity, 344;
- envy of Franklin's popularity, 345;
- does not understand its value, 346;
- appointed commissioner to treat for peace, 349;
- informs Vergennes of paper money redemption in America, 350;
- writes an unwise defense of repudiation, 351;
- begs Franklin to help, 351;
- presents case to Congress, 354;
- angry at Franklin for not supporting his position, 355;
- on the De Weissenstein episode, 358;
- refuses to treat apart from France, 365, note;
- disapproves Oswald's commission, 374;
- joins with Jay in deciding to treat without consulting Vergennes, 379;
- arranges fisheries clause, 380, 392, 399;
- testimony in behalf of Franklin, 389;
- feud with Franklin, 390, 391.
- Adams, Samuel, 107, 111;
- "Alliance," officers of, helped by Franklin, 317.
- Arnold, Benedict, mission of Franklin to confer with, 210.
- "Art of Virtue," a receipt book for virtues, 31, 32.
- "Armed Neutrality," approved by Franklin, 288;
- vote of Congress requesting admission of the United States, 288.
- Austin, J. L., brings news to France of Burgoyne's capture, 270;
- sent by Franklin on secret mission to opposition in England, 271.
- Bache, Richard, marries Sarah Franklin, 203.
- Bancroft, Dr. Edward, tells story of Franklin's Manchester velvet suit, 191, 283;
- spy for England betrays Deane, 224.
- Beaumarchais, Caron de, his romantic career, 225;
- inspired by Arthur Lee to aid the colonies, 226;
- appeals to Louis XVI., 226;
- supported by Vergennes, opposed by Turgot, 227;
- establishes firm of Hortalez & Co. to trade with the colonies, 229;
- communicates with Deane, 230;
- project betrayed by Bancroft, 230;
- fails to do a successful business, 231;
- suspected and thwarted by Arthur Lee, 238, 239;
- partly paid by Congress, 241;
- joy at Burgoyne's surrender, 270;
- claims cargoes of rice and indigo, 310.
- Bedford, Duke of, opposes raising a colonial army, 52;
- irritates George III. into dismissing Grenville, 114.
- Bollan, ——, agent for Massachusetts Council, works in harmony with Franklin, 155;
- "Bon Homme Richard," 302.
- Bond, Dr., aided by Franklin in establishing a hospital, 41.
- Braddock, General, 50, 51;
- Bradford, ——, editor of rival newspaper in Philadelphia, 12;
- Burgoyne, General, invades the colonies, 261;
- Burke, Edmund, Rockingham's secretary, 115;
- on Franklin's examination by the commons, 120.
- Burke, William, writes pamphlet in favor of returning Canada to France
- in order to check the colonies, 79.
- "Busybody" papers, 31.
- Bute, Earl of, favors a Stamp Act, 105;
- Camden, Lord, counsel for Penn family, 68;
- Canada, conquered by English, 78;
- Carmichael, William, rank as diplomate, 220;
- Charles, ——, agent for Pennsylvania, 70.
- Chatham, Earl of. See Pitt, William.
- Chaumont, M. Ray de, lends Franklin a house in Passy, 235.
- Choiseul, Duc de, predicts American independence, 83.
- Colden, ——, letter from Franklin to, 40.
- "Colonial System," criticised by Franklin, 48;
- Colonial union, suggested by William Penn, 44;
- Concord, fight at, 204; effect on Franklin, 205.
- Constitutional Convention, Franklin chosen a member, 407;
- Continental Congress, 206-212;
- its duties, 206;
- resolves to petition once more, 206;
- takes no action on Franklin's plan for a confederation, 208;
- makes Franklin head of postal system, 209;
- sends him on mission to Montreal, 210;
- repudiates independence, 211;
- adopts declaration, 212;
- forms Confederation, 212;
- sends Franklin and others to confer with Lord Howe, 214;
- elects Franklin envoy to France, 219;
- has difficulty in choosing ministers, 221;
- instructs Deane to get help from France, 224;
- sends Franklin on formal embassy, 232;
- puzzled by letters of Deane, Lee, and Beaumarchais, 239;
- irritated at Deane's sending military adventurers, 242, 243;
- sends Austin as special messenger, 270;
- rejects North's conciliatory offers, 282;
- votes to request admission into Armed Neutrality, 288;
- stinginess toward Franklin, 295-343;
- breaks up French mission, 298;
- management of finances, 304-336;
- has power to borrow but not to tax, 304-306;
- method of drawing bills on foreign envoys, 306, 307;
- proposes to secure loans by pledging merchandise, 309, 310;
- orders Franklin to borrow money and build warships, 311;
- issues drafts on Franklin, 312, 315, 325-327, 330-334;
- on Jay, 321;
- on Laurens, 324;
- on Adams, 330;
- fails to advise ministers of bills drawn, 313, 315, 318;
- fails to keep promises, 322, 325, 326, 332;
- loses confidence of French court, 328;
- antedates bills to evade a promise, 332;
- ill-treatment of Franklin, 349;
- ignores his request to resign, 349;
- appoints commissioners to treat for peace, 349;
- passes act to redeem paper money at forty to one, 350;
- angers Vergennes, 350 seq.;
- induced by France to name commission instead of plenipotentiary, 363;
- at French suggestion omits all but independence from ultimatum, 378;
- instructs commissioners to be guided by France, 378;
- condemns independent action of commissioners, 388;
- again refuses Franklin's request to be relieved, 397;
- finally permits him, 398;
- honors Franklin's memory, 417;
- neglects to reward Temple Franklin, 417;
- neglects to audit Franklin's accounts, 418.
- Conway, General, opposes Stamp Act, 115;
- Conyngham, ——, American privateer, 248, 249.
- "Cool Thoughts on the Present Situation," a pamphlet by Franklin, 91.
- Cooper, Sir Grey, thinks Franklin's mission is a desertion, 234.
- Cooper, Samuel, tells Franklin of the sentiment in Massachusetts regarding
- "Critical Period of American History" a time of reviving industrial
- prosperity, 406.
- Cornwallis, Lord, effect of his surrender, 363.
- Cumberland, Duke of, forms cabinet, 115; dies, 116.
- Cushing, Thomas, letter from Franklin to, about the Hutchinson letters, 180.
- Dana, Francis, his reliance on Franklin, 342, 345.
- Dartmouth, Lord, suggested as Hillsborough's successor by Franklin, 165;
- Deane, Silas, rank as diplomate, 220;
- first envoy to France, 222;
- previous career and character, 222;
- his mistakes, 223;
- abandons America, 223;
- introduced in France by Franklin, 223;
- his instructions, 224;
- balked by Bancroft, 224;
- joins plans of Beaumarchais, 230;
- not interfered with by Franklin, 238;
- slandered by Arthur Lee, 238, 239;
- ruined by him, 239;
- defended by Franklin, 240, 243, 290;
- sends European officers to America, 242;
- proposes an ultimatum to France, 269;
- recalled, 289;
- confidence in Franklin, 399.
- De Grey, Lord Chief Justice, in Hutchinson letters affair, 186.
- Denham, ——, offers Franklin a clerkship, 10;
- his death, 10.
- Despencer, Lord le, breakfast party with, 136.
- D'Estaing, Admiral, sails to aid America, 285.
- "De Weissenstein" makes mysterious offer of peace with pensions for leading rebels, 358;
- Dickinson, John, defends the Pennsylvania proprietors, 94;
- Digges, ——, embezzles funds sent by Franklin to American prisoners, 264;
- makes secret proposals on behalf of Lord North, 364.
- Diplomacy of the Revolution, its general character, 220;
- varied personnel, 220;
- difficulties in choosing ministers, 221;
- vagueness as to status of representatives, 222;
- mission of Silas Deane to France, 222-231;
- assistance gained from France through Beaumarchais, 225-231;
- mission of Franklin to France, 232-401;
- first offer of alliance, 236, 237;
- dealings of Franklin and Deane with foreign military adventurers, 242-246;
- management of privateers, 248-252;
- negotiations relative to exchange of prisoners, 252-264;
- dealings with opposition in England, 271;
- alliance with France, 273-279;
- proposal of Deane to force a decision, 269;
- effect of news of Burgoyne's capture, 273;
- discussion over terms of alliance, 273-277;
- debate over molasses duties, 276;
- concessions arranged by Franklin, 277, 278;
- peace with England suggested, 282, 284;
- quarrels in the French mission, 290-298;
- Franklin minister plenipotentiary, 298;
- methods of raising money in Europe, 306;
- history of Franklin's efforts in France, 306-336 [see Finances of the Revolution];
- unique position of Franklin in Europe, 340-343;
- superiority to other diplomatists, 342, 344-346;
- mistake of John Adams in irritating Vergennes about American paper money, 350-352;
- the affair smoothed over by Franklin, 352-355;
- futile advances toward reconciliation made by English emissaries, 357-360;
- events leading up to treaty of peace [see treaty of peace], 363-396;
- commercial treaties with Prussia and other countries, 397.
- Dubourg, Dr., conveys to Franklin news of French willingness to help colonies, 232.
- Dunning, ——, counsel for Franklin in Hutchinson letters affair, 187, 188.
- Edinburgh gives Franklin freedom of the city, 75.
- East India Company, hurt by colonial non-importation, 175.
- Finances of the Revolution, difficulties, 304;
- vague powers of Congress, 304;
- inability to offer security, 305;
- methods of raising money adopted, 305, 306;
- burden of making loans thrown on foreign representatives, 306;
- situation of Jay, 307;
- of Adams, 307;
- real brunt borne by Franklin, 307, 321;
- unpicturesqueness and indispensableness of his labors, 308, 336;
- description of them, 308-336;
- proposed payments by cargoes of American products, 309;
- failure of this method, 310;
- loans made by French court on pure credit, 311, 317, 319;
- Franklin's pamphlet on resources of the United States, 311;
- neglect of Congress to advise ministers of bills, 312, 313, 326, 332;
- protests from Franklin, 312, 318, 320;
- lack of business methods in Congress, 313, 314, 320;
- extravagance of Lee and Izard, 314-316;
- difficulties of French court in furnishing money, 319;
- injurious influence of State agents, 320;
- difficulties of Jay in Spain, 321, 322, 332;
- criticisms of Vergennes, 325;
- neglect of Congress to keep promises, 322, 326, 332;
- begging from Vergennes, 327;
- from Necker, 328;
- difficulties over loan raised in Holland, 328;
- extravagance of Laurens and Jackson, 329;
- difficulties of Adams in Holland, 331, 332;
- antedating of bills to elude a promise, 332;
- further loans, 334, 336;
- liquidation of accounts begins, 335;
- peace alone puts an end to borrowing, 336.
- Fisheries, importance of, to New England, 380;
- Fitzherbert, ——, replaces Grenville, 372.
- Florida, suggested as member of Confederation by Franklin, 208.
- Folger, Abiah, mother of Franklin, 2.
- Folger, ancestry of Franklin, 3.
- Fox, C. J., member of opposition, 271;
- France, policy of; early interest in English colonial controversy, 137;
- regarded as probable ally of colonies, 222;
- intervention suggested by Beaumarchais and Vergennes, 226-228;
- enthusiasm over Franklin, 233-235;
- secret assistance, 251;
- self-interest of France, 252, 285, 368, 375, 380, 391, 396;
- treaty of alliance with, 273-279;
- war with England, 285;
- financial assistance, 307-336.
- Franklin ancestry, 2; from Northamptonshire, 2;
- religious independence, 2.
- Franklin, Benjamin. Early years. Ancestry, 2;
- birth, 3;
- intended at first for the church, 3;
- assists father as tallow chandler, 4;
- apprenticed as printer to his brother, 4;
- "escapes being a poet," 4;
- bold religious speculations, 5;
- runs away, 6;
- begins printing in Philadelphia, 6;
- receives offer of help from Gov. Temple, 6;
- fails to induce his father to assist, 7;
- tricked by Temple into sailing for England, 8;
- lives in London, 8;
- "errata" in his career, 9;
- bad company, 9;
- infidelity, 9;
- declines proposal to establish swimming school, 10;
- returns home, 10;
- composes epitaph, 11;
- rise as printer in Philadelphia, 11, 12;
- publishes "Pennsylvania Gazette," 12, 13;
- matrimonial projects, 13, 14;
- marriage, 15;
- rise in society, 19;
- establishes a library, 20;
- effective methods of agitation, 21;
- publishes Poor Richard's almanac, 21;
- his management of the Gazette, 24;
- religious and moral views, 24-33;
- gains political influence through the Junto, 34;
- establishment of affiliated clubs, 34;
- studies languages, 35;
- clerk of General Assembly, 35;
- postmaster of Philadelphia, 35;
- invents a stove, and refuses to patent it, 36;
- founds a philosophical society, 36;
- an academy, 37;
- tries to reorganize night-watch, 38;
- founds the Union Fire Company, 39;
- begins organization of military force against French, 39;
- takes a partner, 39;
- enters public life, 40;
- appointed to various offices and elected burgess, 40;
- commissioner to treat with Indians, 40;
- assists Dr. Bond in founding hospital, 41;
- induces legislature to make a contingent grant, 42;
- his pride over this device, 42;
- improves cleaning and lighting of streets, 42;
- appointed head of postal system, his successful management of it, 43;
- receives degree of Master of Arts from Yale and Harvard, 43;
- deputy to Indian conference at Albany, 44;
- proposes a colonial union, 44;
- his plan adopted, 45;
- later rejected by England and by colonies, 45;
- speculations as to possible results if successful, 46;
- opposes Shirley's plan of a parliamentary tax, 47;
- proclaims theory of no taxation without consent, 47;
- points out heaviness of existing indirect taxation, 48;
- doubts feasibility of colonial representation in Parliament, 48, 49;
- visits Boston, 49;
- on committee to supervise military expenditure in Pennsylvania, 50;
- disapproves of Braddock's expedition, 51;
- acts in behalf of the Assembly, 52;
- arranges for transportation for the expedition, 53;
- obliged to give bonds to owners, 54;
- in danger of ruin owing to failure of expedition and losses of wagons and horses, 54;
- escapes with slight losses, 54;
- reputed to have made money, 55;
- builds forts on frontier, 56;
- increased popularity, 56;
- scheme for settling barrier colonies west of mountains, 57;
- scientific studies, 59;
- reputation in Europe, 59, 60.
- Representative of Pennsylvania in conflict with proprietors. Sent to England by burgesses to appeal to the king against the proprietors, 63;
- his share in previous agitation, 63;
- detained from sailing by Lord Loudoun's procrastination, 65;
- arrival in London, 66;
- interview with Lord Granville, 66;
- dispute over legal rights of the colonies, 67;
- futile interview with proprietors, 67;
- with their counsel, 68;
- kept waiting a year, 68;
- complained of to the Assembly by the proprietors, 68;
- learns of an adverse report of the board of trade, 70;
- engages that proprietors shall be fairly treated by the Assembly, 70;
- thus gains main contention that proprietors may be taxed, 71;
- comments on proprietors' behavior, 71, 72;
- detained two years in England on business, 73;
- purposely delayed by opponents, 73;
- suffers from lack of social influence, 74;
- fails to see Pitt, 74;
- illness, 74;
- welcomed in scientific circles, 75;
- travels, 75;
- receives degree of Doctor of Laws from St. Andrews and Oxford, 75;
- friendship with Strahan, 76;
- attempts at match-making with Sarah Franklin and William Franklin, 76;
- willing to live in England, 77;
- regret at leaving, 77;
- interested in proposal to leave Canada to French in order to overawe colonies, 80;
- shows fallacy in a pamphlet, 80, 81;
- denies possibility of colonial independence, 81, 82, 83;
- predicts future development of the West, 84;
- returns home, 84;
- popularity, 84;
- elected to assembly, 84;
- receives partial compensation, 84;
- desires repose, 86;
- regulates post-office, 86;
- friendly relations with Governor Penn, 87;
- condemns "Paxton massacre" of friendly Indians, 88;
- organizes force to protect Christian Indians in Philadelphia, 89;
- protects governor in his house, 89;
- joins popular party in opposing governor, 91;
- urges change to Royal Government, 91, 92, 93;
- draws petition to this effect, 93;
- chosen speaker, 94;
- attacks governor's methods, 94, 95;
- defeated in election to Assembly, 96, 97;
- appointed agent to present petition for Royal Government, 97, 99;
- attacked by Dickinson, 98;
- expenses of journey paid by subscription, 100;
- return to old lodgings in London, 100;
- fails to gain consideration for his petition, 101, 102.
- Colonial representative in England. Instructed by Pennsylvania to oppose Stamp Act, 105;
- fruitless interview with Grenville, 106;
- writes home advising submission, 107;
- no thought of resistance, 107;
- names Hughes for stamp-distributer at Grenville's request, 108;
- temporary fury of Philadelphia at the news, 109;
- his surprise and mortification, 109, 110;
- apparent disagreement with colonists, but real unity of opinion, 111;
- his fitness for diplomatic position in England, 111, 112;
- sympathizes with both sides, 113;
- tact and coolness, 113;
- appears as witness at bar of Commons, 119;
- ability displayed under cross-examination, 119;
- thorough mastery of situation, 120;
- great effect of his testimony, 121;
- presents American sentiment against the Stamp Act, 122;
- expresses willingness to sacrifice all rather than submit, 123, 124;
- states legislative independence of colonies, 124, 125;
- has friendly feeling for George III., 126;
- seeks to defend him, 126, 127;
- thinks colonial representation in Parliament impossible of adoption, 128;
- views on "virtual" representation, 130;
- draws distinctions between external and internal taxation, 130, 131;
- asserts willingness of colonies to bear their share of public burdens, 132;
- return of popularity in Pennsylvania, 134;
- satirical publications at expense of English ignorance of colonies, 134, 135;
- joke concerning a claim of the king of Prussia to England, 136;
- "rules for reducing a great empire to a small one," 136;
- communications with the French, 137;
- appointed agent for Georgia and Massachusetts, 138;
- opposed by Samuel Adams, 138;
- increased prestige, 139;
- pecuniary sacrifice, 139;
- retains post-mastership, 140;
- motives of ministry in leaving him undisturbed, 140;
- rumors circulated in America that he had accepted royal office, 141;
- his reputation increases in England and France, 144;
- urges moderation at home, 145;
- disliked by extremists, 146;
- hopes advantage from Hillsborough's appointment, 151;
- discovers Hillsborough's enmity, 152;
- dispute with him over legality of commission from Massachusetts, 152-157;
- a telling retort, 157;
- no longer recognized as agent of Massachusetts, 157;
- low opinion of Hillsborough, 158;
- thinks agents quite as valuable to government as to colonies, 158;
- works to undermine Hillsborough, 159, 160;
- controverts Hillsborough's objections to two frontier colonies, 162;
- his arguments prevail with the privy council, 163;
- drives Hillsborough to resign, 163;
- snubbed by him, 164;
- fails to get the grant for frontier provinces, 164;
- suggests Lord Dartmouth for colonial secretary, 165;
- amicable relations with him, 166;
- counsels him to be patient with Massachusetts, 167, 168;
- would be satisfied with a return to conditions before Stamp Act, 169;
- begins to forbode separation, but hopes and works for peace, 171;
- continually urges moderation on colonists, 172;
- belief in efficacy of non-importation, 173;
- urges its advantages, 173;
- and effects upon England, 174;
- comments on complete financial failure of Stamp Act and Customs Act, 176;
- shown copies of Tory letters from Massachusetts, 177;
- sends them to Boston under pledge of secrecy, 178;
- publishes a letter taking upon himself responsibility of their discovery, 182, 183;
- presents petition of Massachusetts to Dartmouth, 183;
- delicacy of his position, 184;
- learns that Hutchinson and Oliver are to be represented by counsel, 185;
- fearing trouble and foreseeing an attack, asks for time, 186;
- threats and rumors, 187;
- appears before a hostile privy council, 187, 188;
- violently attacked as a thief by Wedderburn, 188, 189;
- the "suit of Manchester velvet," 191;
- begins and abandons a defense of himself, 192;
- dismissed from office of postmaster, 192;
- loses his standing in England, 192, 193;
- resigns agency for Massachusetts, 193;
- rebuked by Massachusetts for laxity, 194;
- slandered by Arthur Lee, 194;
- danger of charges of treason, 195;
- interview with Lord Chatham, 196;
- urges policy of colonial self-government, 197;
- denies that independence is desired, 197;
- wishes unity of the Empire, 198;
- attacked by Lord Sandwich in House of Lords, 198;
- defended by Chatham, 198, 199;
- irritated at attacks on America in House of Commons, 199;
- writes an angry letter to Dartmouth, 200;
- demands reparation for injuries done America and rights denied, 200;
- saved from presenting this by advice of Walpole, 201, 202;
- rejects secret attempts by ministry to negotiate, 202;
- again rejects bribes, 202;
- last day in London with Priestley, 203;
- emotion at situation, 203;
- leaves for home, 203;
- significance of his failure, 203.
- Member of Congress. Revulsion of feeling on reaching America, 204;
- anger against England, 205;
- letters to Priestly and Strahan, 204, 205;
- elected to Congress, 206;
- active in committee work, 206;
- willing to send the Olive Branch petition, 206;
- hopes thus to put England in the wrong, 206;
- suggests offer by colonies to pay annual sum for privilege of Free Trade, 207;
- repels humorously charge of colonial ingratitude, 207, 208;
- formulates a plan of union, 208;
- chairman of committee on postal service, 209;
- postmaster-general, 209;
- chairman of Committee of Safety, 209;
- plans defenses for Philadelphia, 209;
- prevented by necessary oath of allegiance from sitting in Pennsylvania Assembly, 209;
- sent to Boston to confer with Washington, 209;
- to Montreal to confer with Arnold, 210;
- president of Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, 211;
- willing to join a New England confederacy rather than none, 212;
- connection with Declaration of Independence, 212;
- his famous jests, 212;
- in the Articles of Confederation wishes votes of States according to population, 212;
- correspondence with Lord Howe, who wishes reconciliation, 213;
- replies condemning the English, 213, 214;
- member of committee of Congress to confer with Howe, 214;
- remarks, 215;
- says nothing short of independence is possible, 216;
- his indignation at British attacks, 217;
- suggests, in humorous form, to Priestley, the impossibility of conquering the Americans, 217, 218;
- depth of his feeling, 218.
- Minister to France. Appointed, 219, 232;
- the only American with diplomatic experience, 220, 221;
- voyage, 232, 233;
- alarm of English at news of his arrival, 234;
- French enthusiasm, 234, 235;
- settles at Passy, 235;
- avoids thrusting himself upon the government, 236;
- presents credentials at audience given by Vergennes, 236, 237;
- gains a secret loan, 237;
- not involved in Deane's schemes, 238;
- befriends Deane, 240;
- much annoyed by the complications, 241, 242;
- and by French officers previously encouraged by Deane, 243, 244;
- discourages them, 245;
- uses an unvarnished form of letter of recommendation, 245;
- recognizes value of Lafayette and Steuben, 246;
- impressed with feeling for liberty in Europe, 247;
- expects great liberal immigration, 247;
- advises privateering, 248;
- charged with duty of regulating it, 249, 250;
- protects privateers against French government, 250;
- works to gain time, 251;
- tries to exchange prisoners with England, 253;
- tart correspondence with Stormont, 253;
- indignant at treatment of American prisoners by English, 254, 255;
- correspondence with Hartley on the subject, 256-262;
- urges humane treatment, 257, 258;
- proposes liberation by English "on account," 258, 259, 260;
- threatens retaliatory treatment, 260, 263;
- finally succeeds, 261, 262;
- difficulties raised by English, 262, 263;
- sends money to prisoners, 263;
- appoints Williams naval agent, 264;
- acquiesces in his dismissal, 266;
- predicts in 1777 the ultimate success of the war, 268;
- prevents desperate measures on Deane's part, 269;
- receives news of Burgoyne's surrender, 270;
- sends J. L. Austin to confer with English liberals, 271;
- justifies to Hartley the project of a French alliance, 272, 273;
- secret negotiations with France, 274, 275;
- misunderstanding with Lee, 275;
- arranges commercial concessions, 277;
- plans nearly upset by Lee and Izard, 278-9;
- signs treaty in "Manchester velvet suit," 279;
- writes to Hartley urging peace, 281, 282;
- predicts futility of English conciliatory bills, 282;
- presented to Louis XVI., 283;
- his costume, 283;
- secures in treaty principle of "free ships, free goods," 287;
- favors the "armed neutrality," 288;
- meetings with Voltaire, 287, 288;
- speaks well of Deane, 290;
- accused of inefficiency and corruption by Lee and Izard, 292, 293, 298;
- criticised by Adams, 294, 296;
- personal frugality of Franklin, 297;
- advises a single representative at Versailles, 297;
- made minister plenipotentiary, 298;
- insulted by Lee, 299;
- supplies money, commissions, and protection to Paul Jones, 300, 301;
- advises plundering English coast, 301;
- difficulties with Landais, 302.
- Foreign Financial Agent. Forced to beg money to meet congressional bills, 306;
- assists Jay, 307;
- sole effective financier, 307, 308;
- lends money to Congress, 308;
- yields two cargoes to Beaumarchais, 310;
- appeals vainly to Thomas Morris, 310;
- instructed by Congress to borrow money and build ships of war, 311;
- writes pamphlet on credit of the United States, 311;
- agrees to meet interest on congressional loan, 311;
- obliged to meet drafts, 312;
- continually surprised by new and old ones, 312;
- not warned of bills drawn, 312, 313, 318, 332;
- annoyed by exorbitant demands of Lee and Izard, 314;
- refuses Izard, 315;
- attacked bitterly, 316, 317;
- helps officers of "Alliance," 317;
- humiliating necessity of begging from France, 318;
- hampered by state agents making loans, 319;
- aids Jones, 320;
- begs Congress not to permit its agents to draw upon him, 320;
- assists Jay, 321, 322, 333, 335;
- proposes that Congress furnish supplies to French fleet, 322;
- urges sacrifice in America, 323, 324;
- meets drafts on Laurens, 324, 326, 332;
- overwhelmed by fresh demands, 325;
- fragment of his diary showing the swarm of bills, 326;
- more begging from Vergennes, 327, 328;
- secures loan in Holland, 328;
- difficulties over William Jackson's purchases, 329, 330;
- helps John Adams meet drafts, 331;
- directed by Robert Morris to make further requests, 331;
- in return asks remittance from America, 331;
- yet manages to meet drafts, 332;
- promises Vergennes to accept no drafts dated later than March, 1781, 332;
- discovers that Congress is antedating bills, 332;
- personal liability, 332;
- more demands from Livingston, 333, 334;
- warned by Vergennes, 333;
- refused further aid from French, but succeeds in getting more, 334;
- begins liquidation of accounts, 335;
- receives further demands for loans, 335, 336;
- released by treaty of peace, 336;
- accused of sloth, luxury, and indecision by Adams, 337, 338;
- political value of his personal popularity in France, 339;
- breadth of view, 340;
- carelessness never caused failure, 341;
- amount of his labors, 341, 342;
- variety of functions, 342;
- meagreness of assistance rendered him, 343;
- his indolence only physical, 344;
- his great social prestige in Europe, 345;
- its value, 346;
- annoyed by attacks at home, 347;
- patient under calumny, 348;
- tries vainly to resign, 348;
- his requests uniformly ignored by Congress, 349;
- urges Congress not to injure foreign creditors, 350;
- appealed to by Adams and Vergennes to settle quarrel, 351;
- agrees with Vergennes in favor of foreign creditors, 353;
- advises Adams to smooth over unwise expressions to Vergennes, 354;
- hated by Adams, 355.
- Commissioner to make peace. Approached by Pulteney as to peace, 357;
- by de Weissenstein, 358;
- thinks latter an agent for George III., 358;
- writes a severe answer which he does not send, 359;
- approached by Hartley as to truce, 359;
- bitterness toward England, 359, 360;
- refuses from the outset to discuss possibility of reunion, 360, 361;
- gratitude toward France, 362;
- commissioned to treat for peace, 363;
- refuses to treat separately from France, 364;
- suggests peace to Shelburne, 364;
- interview with Oswald, 365;
- again refuses separate negotiations, 366;
- sends suggestions to Shelburne, 366, 371;
- second inconclusive interview with Oswald, 367;
- dealings with Grenville, 368;
- urges Jay to join him, 371;
- asks Shelburne to give Oswald exclusive authority, 371;
- continues to discuss with Oswald, 372;
- willing to accept vague commission given Oswald, 373;
- thinks well of Vergennes' motives, 373;
- criticises Jay's letter on this point, 374;
- differs with Jay regarding French duplicity, 375, 378;
- resumes negotiations with Oswald, 377;
- surrenders his view to Jay and Adams, probably to save time, 379;
- on compensation to Tories, 381;
- suggests counter-claims, 382;
- antipathy to loyalists, 382;
- informs Vergennes of treaty, 384;
- criticised by him, 385;
- apparent duplicity, 386;
- tries to defend his action, 387;
- blamed at home for too great subservience to France, 388;
- persuades Jay not to write a defense, 388;
- asks Jay and Adams to vindicate him, 389;
- increased ill-feeling with Adams, 391;
- merits of the dispute, 391;
- large part played by him in negotiations, 392;
- value of his reputation, 392, 393;
- his friendly opinion of Vergennes, 393, 394, and of France, 395;
- again resigns, 396;
- retained for commercial treaties, 397;
- pleasant life in Paris, 397, 398;
- departure from France, 400, 401;
- voyage, 401, 402.
- President of Pennsylvania. Arrival at Philadelphia, popular welcome, 403;
- elected President of State Council, 403;
- acts as peacemaker between factions, 404;
- successive reëlections, 404;
- devotes salary to public use, 404;
- humorous proposal for paying British debts, 405;
- not discouraged by condition of America, 406;
- preaches coolness, 407;
- elected member of Constitutional Convention, 407.
- In Constitutional Convention. Elected in order to preside in possible absence of Washington, 407;
- opposes centralization, 408;
- views on constitutional points, 408-411;
- moves that sessions open with prayer, 409;
- urges harmony, 411;
- favors Washington for president, 412;
- leaves public life, 412;
- physical infirmities, 412;
- cheerfulness of mind in later days, 413, 414;
- applauds French Revolution, 415;
- president of abolition society, 415;
- condemns too great license of press, 416;
- death, 417;
- public honors in America, 417;
- but continued neglect on part of Congress to adjust his accounts or recompense Temple Franklin, 417, 418;
- memorial ceremonies in France, 419.
- Character. General summary 420-427;
- an unfavorable view, 337, 338;
- criticisms on the foregoing, 338-344;
- religious views, 5, 9, 24-29;
- moral attitude, 21, 24, 29-33;
- utilitarianism, 29-30; 422-424;
- wit and humor, 11, 120, 134, 207, 212, 268, 405, 426;
- humanity, 101, 112, 144, 254-264, 393, 425;
- patriotism, 203, 424;
- courage and cheerfulness, 145, 172, 268, 406;
- business ability, 12, 13, 39;
- literary ability, 22, 35, 43, 426;
- diplomatic ability, 338-344;
- tact, 52, 112, 113, 243, 244, 365;
- political insight, 121-126;
- other characteristics, 19, 20, 21, 33, 36, 171, 172, 218;
- reputation in Europe, 75, 111, 144, 235, 398, 401, 419.
- Political Opinions. On colonial union, 44, 208;
- on parliamentary supremacy, 46, 47, 196;
- on colonial representation in Parliament, 49, 128;
- on relation of colonies to England, 66, 124-126;
- on external and internal taxation, 130, 131;
- on free ships and free goods, 207;
- on colonial system, 48, 197;
- on paper money, 13, 355;
- on export duties, 277;
- on non-importation, 173, 174;
- on proprietary government, 92, 93;
- in constitutional convention, favors unpaid presidency, 408;
- favors representation proportional to population, 212, 409;
- suggests compromise, 410;
- favors wide suffrage, 410;
- brief naturalization period, 410;
- president for seven years, ineligible for reëlection, and liable to impeachment, 410;
- on French Revolution, 415;
- on slavery, 415, 416;
- a believer in democracy, 408, 421;
- but from faith in mankind, not mere theory, 421, 424.
- Franklin, Mrs. Deborah, 6;
- Franklin, James, takes his brother Benjamin Franklin as apprentice, 4;
- unfriendly relations, 5.
- Franklin, Josiah, emigrates to Boston, 2;
- Franklin, Sarah, offer of marriage, 76;
- Franklin, Temple, assists his grandfather in Paris, 273, 343, 347;
- neglected by Congress, 417.
- Franklin, William, birth, 16;
- "Free Ships and Free Goods," doctrine upheld by Franklin, 287.
- "French and Indian War," 49-58;
- French Revolution, applauded by Franklin, 415.
- Gadsden, Christopher, 107, 111.
- Galloway, Joseph, speech against Pennsylvania Proprietors, 94;
- defeated for reëlection, 97.
- Gates, General, captor of Burgoyne, 272, 280, 298.
- "Gentleman's Magazine," praises Franklin's examination before Commons, 121.
- George III., desires peace with France, 78;
- George IV., interview with Austin, 271.
- Georgia, appoints Franklin its agent, 138.
- Gérard, M., asks for proposals for alliance, 274;
- Gibbon, remark on diplomatic events in 1777, 280.
- Grand, M., banker for Franklin, 314, 327, 336.
- Granville, Lord, interview with Franklin, 66;
- Greene, General, his remark on meeting Franklin, 210.
- Grenville, George, proposes enforcement of colonial trade regulations, 104;
- Grenville, Thomas, sent by Fox to treat with France and with the United States, 366;
- Guadaloupe. See Canada.
- Hale, Edward E., quoted, 234, 238, 242, 281, 290, 303.
- Hall, David, fellow workman of Franklin, 9;
- taken into partnership, 39.
- Hamilton, Alexander, mentioned, 344;
- opposes Franklin's motion to open sessions of Constitutional Convention with prayer, 409.
- Hamilton, governor of Pennsylvania, superseded, 87.
- Harrison, Benjamin, on committee with Franklin, 209.
- Hartley, David, character and friendship with Franklin, 256;
- aids American prisoners, 256;
- tries to arrange exchanges, 258;
- unable to hasten matters, 261;
- finally succeeds, 262;
- cautions Franklin against a French alliance, 272;
- sends copies of conciliatory bills to Franklin, 281;
- visits him, 282;
- warning to Franklin, 288;
- proposes a truce, 359;
- letters to, 360, 364.
- Harvard College makes Franklin Master of Arts, 43.
- Henry, Patrick, 107, 111.
- Hillsborough, Earl of, replaces Shelburne in charge of the colonies, 151, 157;
- Franklin's opinion of, 151;
- holds that colonial agents were illegally appointed, 152;
- interview and dispute with Franklin, 153-157;
- angry at Franklin's retort, 157;
- refuses to recognize Franklin as agent, 157;
- his theory followed by board of trade, 158;
- loses prestige, 159;
- disliked by George III., 160;
- tries to prevent granting of barrier colonies, 160-162;
- his action reversed by privy council at Franklin's suggestion, 163;
- resigns, 163;
- resentment against Franklin, 164.
- Hortalez & Co. See Beaumarchais.
- Howe, Lord, negotiations with Franklin in England, 202;
- Hughes, ——, named stamp distributer at Franklin's suggestion, 108.
- Hume, David, 75.
- Hunter, William, 43.
- Hutchinson, Anne, 178. note.
- Hutchinson, Governor, disputes over parliamentary taxation with Massachusetts Assembly, 166;
- Hutchinson Letters, 177-193;
- shown to Franklin, 177;
- sent by him to America under pledge of secrecy, 178;
- published, 179;
- manner of transmission unknown, 180;
- quarrel between Temple and Whately, 181;
- responsibility taken by Franklin, 182, 183;
- question as to honorableness of his action, 184;
- attack on Franklin before Privy Council, 185-191;
- incident ruins Franklin's standing, 193.
- Ignorance of English concerning America, 132, 134, 135, 137.
- Indians, Franklin's dealings with, 40, 44;
- Independence of colonies, dreaded in England, 49, 66, 79, 106;
- Internal and external taxation, dispute concerning difference, 130;
- Ireland, suggested as possible member of Confederation by Franklin, 208.
- Izard, rank as diplomate, 220;
- Jackson, William, buys supplies in Holland, 328, 329;
- Jay, John, his "conscience" in Congress, 208;
- rank as diplomate, 220;
- humiliating situation as financial agent in Spain, 307;
- inability to raise money, 307, 321;
- helped by Franklin, 307, 322, 332, 333, 335;
- defers to Franklin's opinion, 342;
- recognizes importance of Franklin's position, 346;
- appointed commissioner to treat for peace, 349;
- sent for by Franklin to aid in treating, 370;
- illness, 372;
- insists on recognition of independence in Oswald's commission, 373;
- suspects Vergennes' motives, 373;
- is certain that Vergennes is secretly working against United States, 375;
- persuades Shelburne to grant the new commission, 376;
- wishes to negotiate without Vergennes, 378;
- arranges boundaries and Mississippi navigation in the treaty, 380;
- indignant at congressional reproof, 388;
- dissuaded by Franklin from replying, 388;
- testimony in behalf of Franklin, 390, 399;
- freedom from quarrels, 390;
- the real leader in the negotiations, 391.
- Jefferson, Thomas, mentioned, 212;
- Jones, John Paul, his daring exploits, 300, 301;
- "Junto," club founded by Franklin, 34;
- Kames, Lord, 75;
- Kant, Immanuel, calls Franklin Prometheus, 60.
- Keimer, ——, Franklin's employer in Philadelphia, 6, 11;
- prints a newspaper and sells out to Franklin, 12.
- Keith, Sir William, governor of Pennsylvania, proposes to set Franklin up as printer, 6;
- Knox, ——, agent of Georgia, favors Stamp Act, 105.
- Lafayette, Marquis de, recommended by Franklin, 246;
- Landais, French captain of American vessel, 302;
- Laurens, Henry, rank as diplomate, 220;
- Laurens, John, great expenses in Holland, 238, 329.
- Lee, Arthur, appointed by Massachusetts to succeed Franklin as her agent on his departure from England, 141;
- praised by Franklin, 141;
- slanders him, 141;
- unable to help Franklin when attacked before Privy Council, 185;
- circulates rumors of Franklin's treachery, 194;
- still praised by Franklin, 194;
- succeeds Franklin, 203;
- rank as diplomate, 220;
- influences Beaumarchais, 226;
- appointed Franklin's colleague in France, 232;
- suspects Deane and Beaumarchais, 238;
- prevents Congress from sending them goods, 239;
- ruins Deane, 239, 240;
- slanders Williams, 265;
- secures his removal, 266;
- joins with Franklin against Deane, 270;
- description of secret meetings of Vergennes with commissioners, 274;
- jealousy of Franklin, the cake episode, 275;
- objects to reciprocity with French West Indies, 277;
- tries to reverse action taken on it, 278;
- rage with Franklin at not being told of sailing of Gérard and Deane, 290;
- his evil influence at home, 291;
- general unpopularity, 291, 317;
- virulent hatred of Franklin, 292;
- extravagant slanders, 292, 293, 297;
- excessive demands for money, 297, 299, 314, 316;
- sent to Madrid, 298;
- refuses to give up papers of French embassy, 299;
- prevents a Spanish loan by his imprudence, 317;
- defers to Franklin, 342;
- influence in prejudicing Massachusetts against Franklin, 399.
- Lee, John, counsel for Franklin in Hutchinson letters affair, 187, 188.
- Lee, William, rank as diplomate, 220;
- Lexington, fight at, 204.
- Library, established by Franklin, 20;
- parent of later subscription libraries, 20.
- Livingston, R. R., letters of Franklin to, 323, 335;
- "London Chronicle" publishes Franklin's letters to Shirley, 47.
- Loudoun, Lord, appointed military head of colonies, 64;
- his procrastination and inefficiency, 65.
- Louis XVI., puzzled by Beaumarchais' zeal for the colonies, 226;
- Lovell, James, Franklin's letter to, 312.
- Luzerne, Chevalier de la, French minister to the United States, 351, 363, 387.
- Lynch, ——, on committee with Franklin, 209.
- Mansfield, Lord, arranges settlement of Penn dispute with Franklin, 70, 71;
- Massachusetts appoints Franklin its agent, 138;
- Mauduit, ——, agent for Hutchinson, 185.
- Meredith, ——, Franklin's partner, 11, 12.
- Mirabeau, eulogy on Franklin, 419.
- Molasses trade, its importance to the colonies, 276;
- Morris, Robert, offended at appointment of Jonathan Williams, 265;
- Morris, Thomas, rank as diplomate, 220;
- Navy, United States, supported by Franklin, 300-303.
- Necker, induced by Franklin to guarantee a loan, 328.
- New Jersey, appoints Franklin its agent, 138.
- "New England Courant," printed under Franklin's name, 5.
- Noailles, Marquis de, announces to England alliance of French with United States, 284.
- Non-importation, its effectiveness against the Stamp Act, 115, 116;
- Norris, Isaac, declines to represent Pennsylvania against the Proprietors in England, 63;
- resigns speakership rather than sign petition, 94.
- North, Lord, chancellor of exchequer, 151;
- at Privy Council hearing, 190;
- attempts to bribe Franklin, 202;
- permits Hartley to correspond with Franklin, 256;
- forced by Burgoyne's surrender to attempt conciliation with colonies, 280;
- twitted by Fox with French and American alliance, 281;
- receives news of Cornwallis's surrender, 363;
- tries to alienate France from the States, 363, 364;
- resigns, 364.
- Oliver, Lieutenant-Governor, his letters, 177;
- petition for his removal, 183.
- Oswald, Richard, sent by Shelburne to discuss peace with Franklin, 365;
- Otis, James, opposition to Stamp Act, 107, 111.
- Oxford University makes Franklin Doctor of Laws, 75.
- Parliament, supremacy of, over colonies, denied by Franklin, 47;
- asserted by Shirley, 46;
- by Parliament, 64;
- Stamp Act raises question, 110;
- denied by Pitt, 114, 117;
- debate over declaratory resolution in Parliament, 118;
- arguments of Franklin before Commons, 124-126;
- distinction between internal and external taxes, 130;
- debates under Dartmouth's ministry, 167-170.
- Parton, James, Life of Franklin, quoted, 3, 16, 23, 36, 97, 208, 222, 232, 240, 241, 271, 281, 283, 407, 415, 419.
- "Paxton massacre," 87-89;
- Pelham, Henry, said to have planned a Stamp Act, 104.
- Penn family, proprietaries, strained relations with people, 49, 60;
- refuse to allow lands to be taxed by Assembly, 61, 62;
- interviews with Franklin, 67;
- complain to Pennsylvania of him, 68;
- endeavor to get taxing acts disallowed, 69;
- denied by the board of trade, 70, 72;
- continue struggle with Assembly, 90;
- their corrupt practices, 94, 95;
- famous epitaph by Franklin, 95;
- his hostility later diminished, 95.
- Penn, John, appointed governor of Pennsylvania, 87;
- Penn, Thomas, wishes Parliament to tax colonies, 49, 64.
- Penn, William, suggests colonial union, 44.
- Pennsylvania, reluctance to take military measures, 39, 49, 52;
- "Pennsylvania Gazette," published by Franklin, 12;
- Pitt, William, refuses audience to Franklin, 74;
- opposes Stamp Act, 114, 117;
- upholds American claim to self-taxation, 117;
- denies parliamentary power over colonies, 118;
- reorganizes cabinet, 147;
- supports Shelburne, 148;
- becomes Earl of Chatham, 148;
- loses control of affairs, 148, 150;
- statue erected in America, 149;
- interview with Franklin, 196;
- compliments Franklin in House of Lords, 198.
- "Plain Truth," effect upon Pennsylvania, 39.
- "Poor Richard's Almanac," 21;
- Pownall, Governor, favors barrier Western colonies, 57.
- Pratt, Attorney-General [see Camden, Lord].
- Price, Dr., humorous message of Franklin to, 217, 218.
- Priestley, Dr., present at Privy Council hearing, 190;
- Prisoners, exchange of, difficulties attending, 252, 253;
- hardships of American prisoners, 253, 254, 255;
- refusal of British to consider them prisoners of war, 254;
- efforts of Franklin to secure this recognition, 255-264;
- correspondence with Hartley, 256-262;
- proposes exchange "on account," 258, 260;
- final success, 262, 263;
- refusal to exchange privateer prisoners, 263;
- retaliation suggested, 263.
- Privateers, their feats in English waters, 248, 249;
- Prussia, treaty with, signed by Franklin, 397.
- Pulteney, William, visits Franklin with a view to peace, 357.
- Ralph, James, 9.
- Rayneval, F. M. G. de, secretary to Vergennes, 375;
- Representation in Parliament, colonial, proposed by Shirley, 48;
- Robertson, Dr., 75.
- Rockingham, Marquis of, prime minister, 115;
- "Rules for reducing a great empire to a small one," 136;
- Rutledge, Edward, on committee to treat with Lord Howe, 214, 215, 216.
- Sandwich, Lord, attacks Franklin in House of Lords, 198.
- Saville, Sir George, friendly to America, 282.
- Shelburne, Earl of, friendly to America, 147;
- administers colonial affairs, 147;
- hampered by Townshend, 148;
- and hated by George III., 148, 149;
- superseded by Hillsborough, 151;
- protects Austin, 271;
- timely letter of Franklin to, 365;
- enters Rockingham cabinet, 365;
- sends Oswald to Franklin, 365;
- unwilling to admit independence of colonies, 367;
- idea of a federal union, 367;
- difficulties with Fox, 366, 370, 372;
- becomes prime minister, 372;
- assures Franklin of continuation of previous policy toward America, 372;
- issues vague commission to Oswald, 372;
- appealed to by Jay not to be led by Vergennes, 376;
- his liberal views, 376;
- gives new commission, 376;
- his anxiety over the concession, 377;
- earnest in behalf of Tories, 381, 382;
- finally yields, 382;
- condemned in England and loses office, 383.
- Shirley, governor of Massachusetts, proposes scheme of colonial union, 46;
- Siéyes, M., 419.
- Spain, secretly aids Beaumarchais, 229;
- Stamp Act, causes leading to it, 102, 103;
- colonial taxation proposed by Townshend, 103;
- plan resumed by Grenville, 104, 105;
- protests of colonial agents disregarded, 106;
- passed, 106;
- opinion of Franklin concerning, 106;
- causes violent outbreak in Pennsylvania, 109;
- in other colonies, 110;
- rouses opposition among Grenville's opponents, 114;
- among English exporters who find trade cut down, 115, 116;
- attacked by Pitt, 117;
- its repeal decided on, 118;
- way paved by a declaratory resolution of its validity, 118;
- debated, 118;
- examination of Franklin as to its effects, 119-123;
- effect on English sentiment, 121;
- testimony as to colonial feeling, 122;
- argument as to colonial right of self-taxation, 124;
- repealed, 132, 133;
- popular rejoicing in England, 133;
- in America, 133, 134;
- causes for repeal, 142;
- repeal caused by union of diverse elements, 143.
- St. Andrews University makes Franklin Doctor of Laws, 75.
- St. Asaph, Bishop of, friend to America, 282;
- Steuben, Baron, recommended by Franklin, 246.
- Stevenson, Mary, scientific tastes, 76;
- Stiles, Ezra, letter to, 28.
- Stormont, Lord, English ambassador to France, complains of Beaumarchais, 230;
- Strachey, Henry, sent to Paris by Shelburne, 377.
- Strahan, William, offers his son to marry Franklin's daughter, 76;
- Sullivan, General, carries message of Lord Howe to Congress, 214.
- Temple, ——, suspected of having sent Hutchinson letters to America, 181;
- Thomson, Charles, letters to, 106, 417.
- Thornton, Major, agent of Franklin to aid prisoners, 257.
- Townshend, Charles, proposes colonial taxation, 103;
- "Townshend duties," introduction, 150;
- Treaty of peace, early suggestions of peace without independence by Pulteney, 357;
- by "Charles de Weissenstein," 357, 358;
- latter supposed to be George III., 358;
- answered by Franklin, 358, 359;
- proposals by Hartley, 359;
- high tone of Franklin's replies, 361;
- effects of capture of Cornwallis, 363;
- efforts by Lord North to divide the States and France, 363;
- repudiated by Franklin and by Vergennes, 364;
- fall of North cabinet, 364;
- formation of Rockingham cabinet, friendly to America, 365;
- Shelburne sends Oswald to see Franklin and Vergennes, 365;
- plan of separate treaty with America again rejected, 365;
- Laurens brings same news from Adams, 365;
- Franklin suggests certain concessions, 366, 371;
- rivalry of Fox and Shelburne, 366;
- both send emissaries, 366;
- dealings of Grenville with Vergennes and Franklin, 367-370;
- possibility that to avoid prolonging war on Spain's account, the States might treat separately, 369;
- difficulties over Grenville's and Oswald's commissions, 371;
- retirement of Fox and Grenville from Shelburne ministry, 372;
- Oswald resumes negotiation, 372;
- debate over form of his commission, 373-377;
- Jay and Adams overrule Franklin, 374;
- their suspicions of French friendliness, 374-376;
- Jay persuades Shelburne to yield his objections, 376;
- negotiations resumed, 377;
- draft agreed upon but rejected by English, 377;
- difficulties of American commissioners on account of their instructions, 377, 378;
- Adams and Jay again overrule Franklin and determine not to follow French advice, 379;
- boundaries agreed upon, 380;
- fisheries, 380;
- responsibility of Franklin for dispute over indemnification of Tories, 380;
- a deadlock, 381;
- counter-claims suggested by Franklin, 381, 382;
- Shelburne yields, 382;
- provisional articles signed, 383;
- condemnation of treaty in England, 383;
- real success of Americans, 384;
- anger of Vergennes, 384, 385, 387;
- Franklin's reply, 386;
- condemnation in America, 388;
- justification of Adams and Jay, 391, 392, 396.
- Truxton, Commodore, 401.
- Turgot, opposes France's aiding colonies, 227, 228;
- on French poverty, 319.
- University of Pennsylvania, founded by Franklin, 37.
- Vaughan, Benjamin, sent by Shelburne to Paris, 372;
- Vergennes, Comte de, predicts American independence, 83;
- favors policy of aiding colonies to weaken England, 227;
- gets control of king's foreign policy, 229;
- establishes Beaumarchais as Hortalez & Co., 229;
- maintains outward neutrality, 230, 231;
- avoids a quarrel on Franklin's account with English ambassadors, 234;
- meets the commissioners, 237;
- tries to suppress license of colonial privateers, 250, 251;
- self-interest of his policy toward America, 252;
- secret interview with envoys, 274;
- liberal dealings with States, 285;
- keeps departure of Gérard and Deane secret, 290;
- suspects Lee's secretary of being a spy, 290;
- dislike for Lee, 291;
- complains of exorbitant financial demands, 325, 328, 333;
- appealed to by Morris to help American credit in Spain, 331;
- confidence in Franklin, 345;
- antipathy to Adams, 350;
- angry at proposal to scale American paper money, 350;
- insists that French creditors be spared, 351;
- appeals to Franklin against Adams, 352;
- advises against answering "De Weissenstein," 359;
- trusted by Franklin, 362, 378;
- refuses to treat with England apart from United States, 364;
- amused at Grenville's proposal, 368;
- puzzled at discord between Grenville and Oswald, 370;
- advises commissioners not to quibble over wording of Oswald's commission, 373;
- suspected by Jay, 373, 375;
- succeeds in having American ultimatum reduced to independence, 378;
- and commissioners instructed to follow his advice, 378;
- suspected by Adams, 379;
- praises success of treaty, 383;
- informed of the conclusion of preliminary articles, 384;
- angry note to Franklin, 385;
- to Luzerne, 387;
- personal regard for Franklin, 387, 393, 398;
- apparent generosity, 393-396.
- "Virtual" representation of the colonies in Parliament, 129;
- Voltaire, relations with Franklin, 288, 289.
- Walpole, Horace, remarks on Franklin's voyage to France, 232;
- receives private news of French and American alliance, 281.
- Walpole, Robert, said to have planned a stamp tax, 104.
- Walpole, Thomas, astonished at Franklin's proposed memorial to Dartmouth, 200;
- Washington, George, mentioned, 206, 209, 267, 298, 307, 328, 344, 358;
- Wedderburn, Alexander, solicitor-general and counsel for Hutchinson and Oliver, 186;
- West, the, its expansion foreseen by Franklin, 57, 83, 84.
- West India Islands, suggested as members of Confederation by Franklin, 208.
- Whately, Thomas, denies knowledge of Hutchinson letters, 181;
- Whately, William, recipient of Hutchinson letters, as secretary of Grenville, 180.
- Whitehead, ——, deceived by a satire of Franklin, 135, 136.
- Wickes, ——, colonial privateer, 248.
- Williams, Jonathan, rank as diplomate, 220;
- Wyndham, Sir William, wishes Franklin to open a swimming-school in London, 10.
- Yale College makes Franklin Master of Arts, 43.
- Yorke, Charles, solicitor-general, counsel for Penn family, 68.