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Title: Botany for Ladies

Author: Mrs. Loudon

Release date: October 4, 2014 [eBook #47039]
Most recently updated: October 24, 2024

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BOTANY FOR LADIES ***

BOTANY FOR LADIES;

OR,

A POPULAR INTRODUCTION

TO THE

ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF DE CANDOLLE.

MRS. LOUDON,

Author of “Instructions in Gardening for Ladies,” “Year-Book of Natural History,” &c. &c.

LONDON:
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

MDCCCXLII.

LONDON:
BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS

PREFACE.

When I was a child, I never could learn Botany. There was something in the Linnean system (the only one then taught) excessively repugnant to me; I never could remember the different classes and orders, and after several attempts the study was given up as one too difficult for me to master. When I married, however, I soon found the necessity of knowing something of Botany, as well as of Gardening. I always accompanied my husband in his visits to different gardens; and when we saw beautiful flowers, I was continually asking the names, though alas! these names, when I heard them, conveyed no ideas to my mind, and I was not any wiser than before. Still the natural wish to know something of what we admire, impelled me to repeat my fruitless questions; till at last, vexed at my ignorance, and ashamed of not being able to answer the appeals which gardeners often made to me in doubtful cases, (supposing that Mr. Loudon’s wife must know everything about plants,) I determined to learn Botany if possible; and as my old repugnance remained to the Linnean system, I resolved to study the Natural one. Accordingly I began; but when I heard that plants were divided into the two great classes, the Vasculares and the Cellulares, and again into the Dicotyledons or Exogens, the Monocotyledons or Endogens, and the Acotyledons or Acrogens, and that the Dicotyledons were re-divided into the Dichlamydeæ and Monochlamydeæ, and again into three sub-classes, Thalamifloræ, Calycifloræ, and Corollifloræ, I was in despair, for I thought it quite impossible that I ever could remember all the hard names that seemed to stand on the very threshold of the science, as if to forbid the entrance of any but the initiated.

Some time afterwards, as I was walking through the gardens of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick, my attention was attracted by a mass of the beautiful crimson flowers of Malope grandiflora. I had never seen the plant before, and I eagerly asked the name. “It is some Malvaceous plant,” answered Mr. Loudon, carelessly; and immediately afterwards he left me to look at some trees which he was about to have drawn for his Arboretum Britannicum. “Some Malvaceous plant,” thought I, as I continued looking at the splendid bed before me; and then I remembered how much the form of these beautiful flowers resembled that of the flowers of the crimson Mallow, the botanical name of which I recollected was Malva. “I wish I could find out some other Malvaceous plant,” I thought to myself; and when we soon afterwards walked through the hothouses, I continued to ask if the Chinese Hibiscus, which I saw in flower there, did not belong to Malvaceæ. I was answered in the affirmative; and I was so pleased with my newly-acquired knowledge, that I was not satisfied till I had discovered every Malvaceous plant that was in flower in the garden. I next learned to know the Cruciferous and Umbelliferous plants; and thus I acquired a general knowledge of three extensive orders with very little trouble to myself. My attention was more fairly aroused, and by learning one order after another, I soon attained a sufficient knowledge of Botany to answer all the purposes for which I wished to learn it, without recurring to the hard words which had so much alarmed me at the outset. One great obstacle to my advancement was the difficulty I had in understanding botanical works. With the exception of Dr. Lindley’s Ladies’ Botany, they were all sealed books to me; and even that did not tell half I wanted to know, though it contained a great deal I could not understand. It is so difficult for men whose knowledge has grown with their growth, and strengthened with their strength, to imagine the state of profound ignorance in which a beginner is, that even their elementary books are like the old Eton Grammar when it was written in Latin—they require a master to explain them. It is the want that I have felt that has induced me to write the following pages; in which I have endeavoured to meet the wants of those who may be now in the same difficulties that I was in myself.

The course I pursued is also that which I shall point out to my readers. I shall first endeavour to explain to them as clearly as I can the botanical characteristics of the orders which contain plants commonly grown in British gardens; and at the end of my work I shall lay before them a slight outline of all the orders scientifically arranged, which they may study or not as they like. Most ladies will, however, probably be satisfied with knowing the orders containing popular plants; and these, I am confident, they will never repent having studied. Indeed, I do not think that I could form a kinder wish for them, than to hope that they may find as much pleasure in the pursuit as I have derived from it myself. Whenever I go into any country I have formerly visited, I feel as though I were endowed with a new sense. Even the very banks by the sides of the roads, which I before thought dull and uninteresting, now appear fraught with beauty. A new charm seems thrown over the face of nature, and a degree of interest is given to even the commonest weeds. I have often heard that knowledge is power, and I am quite sure that it contributes greatly to enjoyment. A man knowing nothing of natural history, and of course not caring for anything relating to it, may travel from one extremity of a country to the other, without finding anything to interest, or even amuse him; but the man of science, and particularly the Botanist, cannot walk a dozen yards along a beaten turnpike-road without finding something to excite his attention. A wild plant in a hedge, a tuft of moss on a wall, and even the Lichens which discolour the stones, all present objects of interest, and of admiration for that Almighty Power whose care has provided the flower to shelter the infant germ, and has laid up a stock of nourishment in the seed to supply the first wants of the tender plant. It has been often said that the study of nature has a tendency to elevate and ameliorate the mind; and there is perhaps no branch of Natural History which more fully illustrates the truth of this remark than Botany.

CONTENTS.

PART I.

PAGE
Introduction	1
Miscellaneous Orders—Preliminary Observations	3
CHAPTER I.
The Order Ranunculaceæ: illustrated by the Garden Ranunculus; the Butter-cup; the Peony; the Anemone; the Hepatica; the Clematis; the Christmas Rose; the Winter Aconite; Monkshood; the Larkspur; and the Columbine	9
The Genus Ranunculus, 110—The Genus Ficaria, 16—The Genus Pæonia, 18—The Genus Anemone, 19—The Genus Clematis, 23—The Genus Helleborus, &c. 25—The Genus Aconitum, 27—The Genus Delphinium, 29—The Genus Aquilegia, 31.
CHAPTER II.
The Order Leguminosæ: illustrated by the Sweet Pea; the Red Clover; Acacia armata; the Sensitive Plant; the Barbadoes Flower-fence; the Carob-tree; the Tamarind; the Senna; the Gleditschia; the Logwood; the Judas-tree; and the Kentucky Coffee-tree	35
Tribe I. Papilionaceous Flowers, 36—II. Mimosæ, 41—III. Cæsalpineæ, 44.
CHAPTER III.
The Order Rosaceæ: illustrated by different kinds of Roses; the Potentilla; the Strawberry; the Raspberry; Spiræa; Kerria or Corchorus japonica; the Almond; the Peach and Nectarine; the Apricot; the Plum; the Cherry; the Apple; the Pear; The Mountain Ash; the White Beam Tree; the Quince; Pyrus or Cydonia japonica; the Hawthorn; the Indian Hawthorn; the Medlar; Photinia; Eriobotrya; Cotoneaster; Amelanchier; Burnet; and Alchemilla, or Ladies’ Mantle	50
Tribe I. Roseæ, 51—II. Potentilleæ or Dryadeæ, 54—III. Spiræeæ, 58—IV. Amygdaleæ, 60—V. Pomeæ, 65—VI. Sanguisorbeæ, 73.
CHAPTER IV.
The Order Onagraceæ: illustrated by the different kinds of Fuchsia; Œnothera, or the Evening Tree-Primrose; Godetia; Epilobium, or the French Willow-herb; and Clarkia	75
The Genus Fuchsia, 75—The Genus Œnothera, 79—The Genus Clarkia, 83.
CHAPTER V.
The Order Rubiaceæ: illustrated by the Cinchona, or Peruvian Bark; Luculia gratissima; Cape Jasmine; Rondeletia; Coffee; Ixora; Ipecacuanha; Madder; Galium; Woodruff; and Crucinella stylosa	85
The Genus Cinchona and its allies, 86—The Genus Gardenia and its allies, 89—The Genus Rondeletia and its allies, 90—The Genus Coffea and its allies, 91—The Genus Galium and its allies, 94.
CHAPTER VI.
The Order Compositæ: illustrated by the Succory; the Sow-Thistle; the Dandelion; the Burdock; the Daisy; the Chrysanthemum; Feverfew; Pellitory of Spain; Wild Chamomile; True Chamomile; Yarrow; the Bur-Marigold; Groundsel; Ragwort; Bird’s Tongue; Purple Jacobæa; Cineraria; Sunflower; Mutisia; and Triptilion	98
Tribe I. Cichoraceæ, 101—II. Cynarocephalæ, 103—III. Corymbiferæ, 104—IV. Labiatæfloræ, 107.
CHAPTER VII.
The Order Ericaceæ: illustrated by the Common or Besom Heath; the Moor Heath; Cape Heaths; Ling or Heather; Andromeda; Lyonia; St. Dabæoc’s Heath; Arbutus; the Bearberry; Gaultheria; Clethra; Rhododendron; Indian or Chinese Azaleas; Yellow Azalea; American Azaleas; Rhodora; Kalmia; Menziesia; Loiseleuria; Ledum; Leiophyllum; the Bilberry; the Whortle-berry; the Cranberry; Pyrola; and Monotropa	109
Tribe I. Ericeæ, 110—Sub-Tribe I. Ericeæ Normales, 111—II. Andromedeæ, 115—Tribe II. Rhodoreæ, 120—III. Vaccinieæ, 130—IV. Pyroleæ, 132.
CHAPTER VIII.
The Order Oleaceæ, or Jasmineæ: illustrated by the Common White Jasmine; the Yellow Jasmine; the Privet; the Phillyrea; the Olive; the Fringe-tree (Chionanthus virginica); the Lilac; the Common Ash; and the Manna or Flowering Ash	133
Tribe I. Jasmineæ, 134—II. Oleineæ, 136.
CHAPTER IX.
The Order Solanaceæ: illustrated by the Bitter-Sweet; Garden Nightshade; Potato; Egg-Plant; Tomato; Capsicum; Winter Cherry; Cape Gooseberry; the Deadly Nightshade; Lycium, or Duke of Argyle’s Tea-tree; Cestrum; Vestia; Tobacco; Petunia; Nierembergia; Salpiglossis; Schizanthus; Henbane; Datura; Brugmansia; Solandra; Verbascum; Celsia; Nolana; &c.	141
Tribe I. Solanaceæ, 142—II. Nicotianeæ, 147; III. Verbascineeæ, 153—IV. Nolaneæ, 155.
CHAPTER X.
The Order Urticaceæ: illustrated by the Common Nettle; the Hop; the Hemp; the Pellitory of the Wall; the Bread-Fruit Tree; the Jack-tree; the Cow-tree, or Palo de Vacca; the Upas or Poison-tree of Java; the Mulberry; the Paper Mulberry; the Osage Orange, or Maclura; the Common Fig; Ficus Sycamorus; the Banyan Tree; the Indian-Rubber Tree; and Ficus religiosa	157
Tribe I. Urticaceæ, 158—II. Artocarpæ, 163.
CHAPTER XI.
The Catkin-bearing Trees: illustrated by the Walnut; the Hickory; the Willow; the Poplar; the Alder; the Birch; the Oak; the Beech; the Sweet Chesnut; the Hazel; the Hornbeam; the Hop Hornbeam; the Plane Trees; the Liquidambar; Myrica; Comptonia; Casuarina; and Garrya elliptica	174
Juglandaceæ, the Walnut Tribe, 176—the Genus Juglans, ib.—the Genus Carya, 180—Salicaceæ, the Willow Tribe, 181—the Genus Salix, 182—the Genus Populus, 184—Betulaceæ, the Birch Tribe, 187—the Genus Betula, 188—the Genus Alnus, 189—Cupuliferæ, the Cup-bearing Trees, 190—the Genus Quercus, 191—the Genus Fagus, 195—the Genus Castanea, 198—the Genus Corylus, 200—the Genus Carpinus, 201—the Genus Ostrya, 202—the Order Platanaceæ, ib.—the Genus Platanus, ib.—the Genus Liquidambar, 203—the Order Myricaceæ, ib.—the Genus Myrica, 204—the Order Garryaceæ, ib.—the Genus Garrya, ib
CHAPTER XII.
The Cone-bearing Trees: illustrated by the Scotch Pine; the Spruce Fir; the Silver Fir; the Larch; the Cedar; the Araucaria; the Arbor Vitæ; the Cypress; the Deciduous Cypress; the Juniper; the Yew; and the Cycadeæ	205
§ I. The Abietineæ, the Pine and Fir Tribe, 206—the Genus Pinus, 209—the Genus Abies, the Spruce Fir, 212—the Genus Picea, the Silver Fir, 214—the Genus Larix, the Larch, 216—the Genus Cedrus, the Cedar, 217—the Genus Araucaria, 219—§ II. Cupressineæ, the Cypress Tribe, 220—the Genus Callitris, 222—the Genus Cupressus, the Cypress, 223—the Genus Taxodium, the Deciduous Cypress, 224—the Genus Juniperus, the Juniper, 225—§ III. Taxineæ, the Yew Tribe, 228—the Genus Taxus, the Yew, ib.—the Order Cycadæ, 229.

PART II.

Sketch of the Natural System, according to Professor Decandolle		231
Introduction		ib.
CHAPTER I.
Phanerogamous Plants—Dicotyledoneæ—I. Dichlamydeæ		239
ORDER		PAGE
§ I.—Thalamifloræ.
1.	Ranunculaceæ	239
2.	Dilleniaceæ	240
3.	Magnoliaceæ	241
4.	Anonaceæ—the Custard-apple Tribe	245
5.	Menispermaceæ—the Cocculus Tribe	246
6.	Berberideæ—the Berberry Tribe	247
7.	Podophyllaceæ—the May-apple Tribe	253
8.	Hydropeltideæ	254
9.	Nymphæaceæ—the Water-lily Tribe	ib.
10.	Sarracenieæ—the Side-saddle Plant	259
11.	Papaveraceæ—the Poppy Tribe	ib.
12.	Fumariaceæ—the Fumitory Tribe	266
13.	Cruciferæ—Cruciferous Plants	ib.
14.	Resedaceæ—the Mignonette	271
15.	Datisceæ	273
16.	Capparideæ—the Caper Tribe	274
17.	Flacourtianeæ	275
18.	Bixineæ—the Arnotta Tribe	ib.
19.	Cistineæ—the Cistus Tribe	ib.
20.	Violaceæ—the Violet Tribe	279
31.	Droseraceæ—the Sun-dew Tribe	284
22.	Polygaleæ—the Milkwort Tribe	285
23.	Tremandreæ	286
24.	Pittosporeæ—the Pittosporum Tribe	287
25.	Frankeniaceæ—the Frankenia Tribe	288
26.	Caryophyllaceæ—the Carnation Tribe	289
27.	Linaceæ—the Flax Tribe	293
28.	Malvaceæ—the Mallow Tribe	296
29.	Bombaceæ—the Silk Cotton-tree Tribe	299
30.	Byttneriaceæ	300
31.	Tiliaceæ—the Linden Tribe	301
32.	Elæocarpæ—the Elæocarpus Tribe	302
32*.	Dipterocarpæ—the Camphor-tree Tribe	303
33.	Chelonaceæ, or Hugoniaceæ	ib.
34.	Ternstrœmiaceæ	ib.
35.	Camelliaceæ—the Camellia Tribe	304
36.	Olacineæ—the Olax Tribe	307
37.	Aurantiaceæ—the Orange Tribe	307
38.	Hypericineæ—the Hypericum Tribe	312
39.	Guttiferæ—the Mangosteen Tribe	313
40.	Marcgraaviaceæ	ib.
41.	Hippocrataceæ	ib.
42.	Erythroxyleæ—the Red Wood Tribe	314
43.	Malpighiaceæ—the Barbadoes Cherry Tribe	314
44.	Acerineæ—the Maple Tribe	315
45.	Hippocastaneæ, or Æsculaceæ—the Horse-chestnut Tribe	322
46.	Rhizoboleæ—the Caryocar Tribe	327
47.	Sapindaceæ—the Soap-tree Tribe	ib.
48.	Meliaceæ—the Bead-tree Tribe	328
48*.	Cedreleæ—the Mahogany Tribe	329
49.	Ampelideæ—the Vine Tribe	ib.
50.	Geraniaceæ—the Geranium Tribe	332
51.	Tropæolaceæ—the Nasturtium Tribe	337
51*.	Limnantheæ	ib.
52.	Balsamineæ—the Balsam Tribe	338
53.	Oxalideæ—the Wood-sorrel Tribe	339
54.	Zygophylleæ—the Bean-caper Tribe	340
55.	Rutaceæ—the Rue Tribe	ib.
56.	Simarubaceæ	342
57.	Ochnaceæ	ib.
58.	Coriareæ	ib.
§ II.—Calycifloræ.
59.	Celastrineæ	343
60.	Rhamnaceæ	345
61.	Bruniaceæ	346
62.	Samydeæ	ib.
63.	Homalineæ	ib.
64.	Chailletiaceæ	347
65.	Aquilarineæ	ib.
66.	Terebinthaceæ—the Turpentine Tribe	ib.
67.	Leguminosæ—(See Chap. II. in p. 35)	349
68.	Rosaceæ—(See Chap. III. in p. 50)	350
69.	Calycanthaceæ	351
70.	Granateæ	352
71.	Memecyleæ	353
72.	Combretaceæ	ib.
73.	Vochysieæ	ib.
74.	Rhizophoreæ	ib.
75.	Lophireæ	354
76.	Onagrariæ—(See Chap. IV. in p. 75)	ib.
77.	Halorageæ, or Cercodianæ	355
78.	Ceratophylleæ	ib.
79.	Lythrarieæ, or Salicariæ	356
80.	Tamariscineæ—the Tamarisk Tribe	ib.
81.	Melastomaceæ	357
82.	Alangieæ	ib.
83.	Philadelpheæ—the Mock-orange Tribe	358
84.	Myrtaceæ—the Myrtle Tribe	ib.
85.	Cucurbitaceæ—the Gourd Tribe	360
86.	Passifloreæ—the Passion-flower Tribe	361
86*.	Malesherbiaceæ	362
87.	Loaseæ	ib.
88.	Turneriaceæ	363
89.	Portulaceæ—the Purslane Tribe	364
90.	Paronychieæ	365
91.	Crassulaceæ—the House-leek Tribe	ib.
92.	Ficoideæ—the Fig-marigold Tribe	367
93.	Cactaceæ—the Cactus Tribe	368
94.	Grossularieæ—the Gooseberry Tribe	372
95.	Escalloniaceæ	376
96.	Saxifragaceæ	377
97.	Cunoniaceæ	378
98.	Umbelliferæ—Umbelliferous Plants, or the Parsley Tribe	ib.
99.	Araliaceæ	379
99*.	Hamamelideæ	380
100.	Caprifoliaceæ, or the Honeysuckle Tribe	381
101.	Lorantheæ	385
102.	Chlorantheæ	386
103.	Rubiaceæ (See Chap. V. p. 85)	386
104.	Opercularieæ	387
105.	Valerianeæ—the Valerian Tribe	ib.
106.	Dipsaceæ—the Teasel Tribe	389
107.	Calycereæ	390
108.	Compositæ (See Chap. VI. p. 98)	ib.
109.	Lobeliaceæ	391
110.	Stylideæ	393
111.	Goodenoviæ	ib.
112.	Campanulaceæ—the Campanula Tribe	394
113.	Gesnerieæ	395
114.	Vaccineæ (See Chap. VII. p. 130)	ib.
115.	Ericaceæ (See Chap. VII. p. 109)	ib.
116.	Peneaceæ	396
§ III.—Corollifloræ.
117.	Epacrideæ	396
118.	Symplocineæ	397
119.	Styracineæ	398
120.	Myrsineæ	399
121.	Sapoteæ	ib.
122.	Ebenaceæ	400
123.	Brexieæ	ib.
124.	Oleinæ (See Chap. VIII. p. 136)	401
125.	Jasmineæ (See Chap. VIII. p. 134)	401
126.	Strychneæ	ib.
127.	Apocyneæ	403
128.	Asclepiadeæ	ib.
129.	Gentianeæ—the Gentian Tribe	ib.
130.	Bignoniaceæ	404
131.	Cobæaceæ	405
132. 133.	⦘ Pedalineæ and Sesameæ	133.
134.	Polemoniaceæ	406
135.	Hydroleaceæ	407
136.	Convolvulaceæ	ib.
137.	Boragineæ	409
138.	Cordiaceæ	410
139.	Hydrophylleæ	ib.
140.	Solanaceæ (See Chap. IX. p. 141)	ib.
141.	Scrophularinæ	411
142.	Labiatæ	412
143.	Verbenaceæ—the Vervain Tribe	414
144.	Myoporinæ	415
145.	Acanthaceæ	ib.
146.	Orobancheæ	416
147.	Lentibulariæ	ib.
148.	Primulaceæ—the Primrose Tribe	ib.
149.	Globulariæ	418
150.	Plumbagineæ	ib.
CHAPTER II.
Phanerogamous Plants—Dicotyledoneæ—II. Monochlamydeæ		419
151.	Plantagineæ	419
152.	Nyctagineæ	420
153.	Amaranthaceæ	ib.
154.	Phytolaceæ	421
155.	Chenopodeæ	ib.
156.	Begoniaceæ	422
157.	Polygoneæ—the Buckwheat Tribe	423
158.	Laurineæ—the Sweet-bay Tribe	424
159.	Myristiceæ	425
160.	Proteaceæ	ib.
161.	Thymelææ	426
162.	Osyrideæ	427
163.	Santalaceæ	ib.
164.	Elæagneæ	428
165.	Asarineæ, or Aristolochieæ	ib.
166.	Cytineæ	429
167.	Euphorbiaceæ	429
168.	Stackhouseæ	431
169.	Antidesmeæ	ib.
170.	Urticeæ (See Chap. X. p. 157)	ib.
171.	Ulmaceæ	432
172.	Piperaceæ	ib.
173.	Juglandaceæ (See Chap. XI. p. 176)	ib.
174.	Amentaceæ (See Chap. XI. p. 174)	433
175.	Hamamelideæ	ib.
176.	Empetreæ	ib.
177.	Coniferæ (See Chap. XII. p. 205)	434
178.	Cycadeæ (See Chap. XII. p. 229)	ib.
CHAPTER III.
Phanerogamous Plants—Monocotyledoneæ		435
§ I.—Petaloideæ.
179.	Hydrocharideæ—the Frog’s-bit Tribe	435
180.	Alimaceæ—the Water-plantain Tribe	436
181.	Butomeæ—the Flowering-rush Tribe	437
182.	Juncagineæ—the Arrow-grass Tribe	438
183.	Orchidaceæ	ib.
184.	Scitamineæ	441
185.	Canneæ	442
186.	Musaceæ	ib.
187.	Iridaceæ	443
188.	Hæmodoraceæ	445
189.	Hypoxideæ	446
190.	Amaryllidaceæ	ib.
191.	Hemerocallideæ	447
192.	Dioscoreæ	ib.
193.	Tamaceæ	448
194.	Smilaceæ	ib.
195.	Asphodeleæ	449
196.	Tulipaceæ	450
197.	Melanthaceæ	451
198.	Bromeliaceæ	ib.
199.	Pontederaceæ	452
200.	Commelineæ	ib.
201.	Palmæ—the Palm Tribe	ib.
202.	Pandaneæ	453
203.	Typhineæ—the Bulrush Tribe	ib.
204.	Aroideæ—the Arum Tribe	454
205.	Fluviales, or Naiades—the Pond-weed Tribe	455
206.	Junceæ—the Rush Tribe	456
207.	Gillesieæ	ib.
208.	Restiaceæ—the Pipewort Tribe	ib.
§ II—Glumaceæ.
209.	Cyperaceæ—the Sedge Tribe	457
210.	Gramineæ—the Grass Tribe	458
CHAPTER IV.
Cryptogamous Plants		460
Sub-Class I—Foliaceæ.
211.	Filices—the Fern Tribe	461
212.	Lycopodineæ—the Club-moss Tribe	463
213.	Marsileaceæ	464
214.	Equisetaceæ—the Horse-tail Tribe	ib.
215.	Characeæ	465
216.	Musci—the Moss Tribe	466
217.	Hepaticæ	468
Sub-Class II.—Aphylleæ.
218.	Lichenes	ib.
219.	Fungi	470
220.	Algæ	471

Botany for Ladies / or, A Popular Introduction to the Natural System of Plants, According to the Classification of De Candolle.

About This Book

The Project Gutenberg eBook of Botany for Ladies

BOTANY FOR LADIES;

PREFACE.

CONTENTS.