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British Bees / An Introduction into the Studies of the Natural History and Economy of the Bees Indigenous to the British Isles

Chapter 14: GENERAL AND GLOSSARIAL INDEX.
By William Edward Shuckard
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About This Book

A comprehensive natural-history manual surveys the bees native to the British Isles, opening with their ecological roles and a practical division between social and solitary species. It follows insect development from egg through larva, pupa, and imago, outlines geographic distribution, and sketches prominent foreign genera for comparison. Sections cover parasites and predators, principles of scientific classification, and methods for cultivating bees, then present an arrangement of families and genera with identification tables and facile keys. Detailed genus accounts list native species, describe habits and economy, and are supplemented by plates and practical notes for collectors and naturalists.

GENERAL AND GLOSSARIAL INDEX.

  • Abdomen, 25.
    • and its differences of form, 47.
    • causes of differences of clothing and form lie in its use, 48.
    • colour and marking and clothing of, characteristic, 47.
    • elliptical, or lanceolate and truncated, 48.
  • Acari infest bees, 110.
  • Activity of a hive at work, 348.
  • Acuminate, terminating gradually in a sharp point.
  • Affinity, doctrine of, 136.
  • Agassiz’ ‘Nomenclator Zoologicus,’ 130.
  • Analogies between the stages of bees and flowers, 15.
  • Analogy, doctrine of, 138.
  • Andrena, general observations upon, 264
    • geography of, 67.
    • infested by Stylops and Nomada, 208.
    • list of native species, 201.
    • natural history of, 205.
    • scientific description of, 200.
  • Andrenidæ, abnormal bees, 160.
    • diagram of mode of folding the tongue in repose, 39.
  • Animals, domestication of, 5.
  • Antennæ, 26, 28.
    • apparatus for cleaning, 42.
    • form and structure in Eucera, 29.
    • possible complex function of, 57.
  • Antennæ, sexual differences in length, 233.
    • their probable use, 55, 57.
    • used as means of communication, 58.
  • Anthidium, general observations on, 281.
    • geography of, 75.
    • native species, 279.
    • natural history of, 282.
    • scientific description of, 279.
  • Anthocopa, general observations on, 292.
    • geography of, 76.
    • native species of, 292.
    • natural history of, 293.
    • scientific description of, 290.
  • Anthophora, general observations on, 238.
    • geography of, 70.
    • infested by Melecta, 240.
    • list of native species, 238.
    • natural history of, 238.
    • scientific description of, 236.
    • trophi of, 29.
  • Apathus, general observations on, 304.
    • geography of, 77.
    • list of native species, 304.
    • scientific description of, 302.
    • the Bombi they infest, 306.
  • Apidæ, diagram of the mode of folding the tongue in repose, 39.
  • Apis, general observations on, 321.
    • geography of, 79.
    • native species, 321.
    • natural history of, 322.
    • origin of names, 321.
    • scientific description of, 318.
    • see “Bee” and “Bees.”
  • Appearance of bees intermittent, 54.
  • Appendiculated, when there is a small appendage, as in the lip of Halictus, and at the end of the marginal cell of the wings, etc.
  • Arrangement and description of British bees, 184.
  • Artesian well, peculiar results from its soil, 223.
  • Articulate, where jointed, or the point of attachment.
  • Artisan bees = Dasygasters, 272.
  • Aryans, one of the primitive divisions of the human race, 4.
  • Atmosphere, its conditions affect bees, 50.
  • Aulacus, 287.
  • Auriculated, with a small ear-like appendage.
  • Bee, constructive habits of the, early noticed, 93.
    • general history of the, 17.
    • parasites, 115.
    • parasitism limited, 264.
    • probably earlier known to man than the silkworm, 6.
    • Queen, description of, 322.
    • see “Apis.”
    • several species of, 87.
    • symbol of royalty with the Egyptians, 5.
    • The, one of the Suras of the Koran, 90.
    • why attractive, 1.
  • Bee-bread, 347.
  • Bees, amount of their susceptibility of pain, 57.
    • construction of cells, 327.
    • duties performed in the hive, 325.
    • duties transferable, 336.
    • early cultivated, 3, 90, 91.
    • economy, early known, 92.
    • emit an odour, 52.
    • enemies, 51.
    • extent of flight, 340.
    • flight, modes of, varies, 49.
    • found in the Orkneys, 7.
    • genera of, determined by an artificial mode, 170.
    • habits of, in America, 7.
    • hairiness of, reason of, 14.
    • intimately connected with flowers, 3.
    • largely contribute to the impregnation of plants, 11.
    • make about ten journeys a day, 351.
    • many disclosed in autumn for the following year’s spring flight, 53.
    • not early risers, 51.
    • number of eyes, 355.
    • other than social, also known, 8.
    • rarely walk, 50.
    • sagacity in finding the honey of flowers, 13.
    • scientific arrangement and description of the genera of, 184.
    • secretion of wax, 325.
    • stages of life of,—
      • egg, 18.
      • larva, 19.
      • pupa, 22.
      • imago, 23.
    • swarming, 337.
    • their relative perfection, 56.
    • voice, a scale of music, 49.
  • Beehive represented on a tomb at Thebes, 6.
  • Beehives moved on rafts, 84.
  • Bifid, divided into two parts.
  • Binomial system invented by Linnæus, 129.
  • Body of the bee, its structure, 25.
  • Bombus, difficulty in determining the species of the males, 311.
    • general observations on, 310.
    • geography of, 78.
    • infested by Apathus, 311.
    • list of native species, 308.
    • natural history of, 312.
    • peculiarities in times of appearance, 312.
    • scientific description of, 307.
  • Boss of mesothorax, 45.
  • Bougie, derivation of, 84.
  • British bees, new arrangement of, 153, 158.
  • Carder-bees, 316.
  • Carelessness of describers of new species, 125.
  • Carinated, having a longitudinal elevated line.
  • Carpenter bees, 286.
  • Cells of hive, geometrical form of, 343.
    • results from instinct, 343.
    • how constructed, 342.
    • of wings characteristic, 44.
  • Cenobites = social bees, 167, 302.
  • Ceratina, disputed parasitism of, 247.
    • general observations on, 246.
    • geography of, 71.
    • list of native species, 246.
    • natural history of, 247.
    • scientific description of, 245.
  • Cereal plants early cultivated, 4.
  • Chelostoma, general observations on, 286.
    • geography of, 76.
    • infested by Fœnus, 287.
    • native species of, 285.
    • natural history of, 286.
    • scientific description of, 283.
  • Chrysis infests Chelostoma, 287.
    • infests Halictus, 219.
    • infests Osmia, 302.
  • Cibarial apparatus = trophi = collective organs of the mouth, 163.
  • Cilissa, general observations on, 213.
    • geography of, 67.
    • list of native species, 213.
    • scientific description of, 211.
  • Clavate, club-shaped.
    • antennæ, 28.
  • Claws, 42.
    • reflected, 285.
  • Climate inoperative on low forms of life, 24.
  • Clothing of bees, 60.
  • Clypeus, 26, 28.
  • Coadunate, closely united without perceptible articulation.
  • Cœlioxys, difficulty of their specific separation, 267.
    • general observations on, 267.
    • geography of, 74.
    • list of native species, 267.
    • parasitical on Megachile and Saropoda, 267.
    • scientific description of, 265.
  • Collar, 41.
  • Colletes, general observations on, 187.
    • geography of, 64.
    • list of native species, 187.
    • natural history of, 187.
    • parasites upon, 190.
    • scientific description of, 185.
  • Colour of bees, 60.
    • more intense in males than females, 52.
    • most conspicuous in parasites, 66, 105.
  • Combs, structure of, 345.
  • Corbiculum, 319.
  • Correlative relations of structure and function, 10.
  • Cotton, Rev. Chas. Wm., a distinguished apiarian, 361.
  • Coxa, or hip, 41.
    • useful as a specific character, 42.
  • Compound eyes, 26, 27.
  • Compressed, when the transverse section is shorter than the vertical.
  • Constricted, with tightened edges.
  • Conterminous, where the joints follow each other in a straight line of succession.
  • Crenulated, cut into segments of very small circles.
  • Cubital cells of wings, 45.
  • cuckoo-bees = Nudipedes, 249.
  • ‘Cui bono?’ answer to, 141.
  • Curtis, inferior merit of his system, 152.
  • Dasygasters, artisan bees, 167, 269.
  • Dasypoda, general observations on, 225.
    • geography of, 69.
    • native species, 225.
    • natural history of, 226.
    • scientific description of, 224.
  • Deflected, when bent downwards.
  • Dentate, toothed.
  • Depressed, when the vertical section is shorter than the transverse.
  • Describers, duties of, 125.
  • Describing, modes of, before Linnæus, 129.
  • Differences of appearance between the parasite and the sitos, 260.
  • Digiti, anterior tarsi, 42.
  • Dissimilarity frequent between the sexes, 52.
  • Domestication of animals, 5.
  • Dorylus, 311.
  • Drone = male bee, description of, 323.
  • Edentate, without teeth.
  • Egg of bees, 18.
  • Egyptian hieroglyphics and sculptures represent the bee, 6.
  • Elenchus, habits of, described by Dale, 113.
  • Elliptical, oval but with the longitudinal diameter more than twice the length of the transverse.
  • Enemies of bees, 51.
  • Epeolus, general observations on, 260.
    • geography of, 73.
    • native species, 260.
    • parasitical on Colletes, 190, 260.
    • scientific description of, 258.
  • Epipharynx, 29, 30.
  • Eucera, general observations on, 232.
    • geography of, 70.
    • infested by Nomada sexcincta, 235.
    • native species, 232.
    • natural history of, 234.
    • scientific description of, 231.
  • Face of bees, 26, 27.
  • Families, characteristics of, differ, 136.
  • Family, 134.
  • Feeling of bees, 56.
  • Femur, or thigh, 41.
  • Fertilization of flowers produced by bees, 11, 51.
  • Feuds of animals, the occasion of, 352.
  • Filiform, thread-like, of uniform thickness.
    • antennæ, 28.
  • Fimbriated, = fringed.
  • Flagellum of antennæ, 18.
  • Flight of bees, variation of their modes, 49.
  • Floral clock of Linnæus, 50.
  • Flowers, the, chiefly agreeable to bees, 15.
    • earliest, sought by the bees, 14.
    • fertilized by bees, 11, 51.
  • Fœnus infests Chelostoma, 287.
  • Forcipate, when crossing each other.
  • Foreign bees, conspicuous genera of, 101.
  • Form of parasitical bees often adapted to that of their sitos, 48.
    • determined by function, 48.
  • Fossorial Hymenoptera, 45.
  • Fruit preserved in honey, 83.
  • Fusiform, = spindle-shaped.
  • Genæ, 26, 28.
  • Genera of bees determined artificially, 176.
    • that emit scents, 296.
    • with and without parasites, 264.
  • Geniculated, bent like a knee or angle.
  • Genus, 132.
    • type of, 133.
  • Geography of the British genera of bees, 61.
  • Gibbous, = irregularly swollen.
  • Glabrous, without hair or pubescence.
  • Gregarious, its application to bees, 57.
  • Habit, 127.
  • Habitat, 127.
  • Habits, 127.
    • and structure correlative, 24.
  • Halictophagus, 115.
  • Halictus, general observations on, 216.
    • geography of, 68.
    • its enemies, 220.
    • list of native species, 215.
    • natural history of, 217.
    • parasites that infest it, 219.
    • peculiar autumnal appearance, 218.
    • scientific description of, 214.
    • structure of labrum, 30.
  • Hastate, halberd shaped.
  • Head of bees, 26.
  • Hedychrum infests Halictus, 219.
  • Heriades, general observations on, 288.
    • geography of, 76.
    • native species of, 288.
    • scientific description of, 288.
  • Hindoo Koosh, supposed cradle of the human race, 3.
  • Hirsute, covered with long stiffish hairs, thickly set.
  • Hives, darkness of, 355.
    • moved on rafts, 85.
  • Homer mentions bees, 6.
  • Honey, different kinds of, 87.
    • green, 87.
    • its use in the East, 83.
    • mode of lapping, described by Réaumur, 35.
    • mode of storing, 350.
    • prescribed by Mahomet, 91.
    • quantity in a well-filled hive, 360.
    • sometimes poisonous, 86.
    • used in medicine by the Egyptians, 90.
  • Honey-bee, see “Apis,” “Bee,” “Bees.”
      • mode of secreting wax, 330.
  • Hypopharynx, 29.
  • Imago of bees, 23.
  • Inosculation, point of close contact or attachment.
  • Insect-feeding reptiles before glacial period, 5.
  • Inserted, where joined.
  • Instinct, its applications, 56.
    • occasional divergence of, 55.
    • of bees, 55.
  • Job mentions bees, 6.
  • Kirby’s merits, 144.
    • system of bees, 147.
  • Labial palpi, 30, 32.
    • number of joints invariable, 32.
    • structure in Andrenidæ, 32.
    • structure in Apidæ, 32.
  • Labium = lower lip, 30, 31.
  • Labrum = upper lip, 28, 30.
  • Lacerate, with a roughened irregular edge.
  • Lanceolate, oblong but gradually tapering.
  • Latreille’s classification not adopted, 168.
  • Leg, diagram of, 42.
  • Legs, general description of, 41.
  • Length of an insect is taken from the front of the head to the apex of the abdomen; the breadth, or the expansion of the wings, it is not usual to give, excepting under such circumstances as would be particularly mentioned, viz. in cases of an excessive enlargement or diminishment of the typical size.
  • Life, duration of, of bees, 54.
  • Line, the twelfth part of an inch; the ordinary measure used in entomology for the fractions of an inch, unless the insect is much more than an inch long.
  • Linnæus, author of the binomial system, 129.
    • great merits of, 129.
  • Lobated, divided into equal rounded parts.
  • Low forms of life unaffected by climate, 24.
  • Lunate, semicircular.
  • Lunulate, crescent-shaped.
  • Macropis, general observations on, 222.
    • geography of, 68.
    • native species, 221.
    • scientific description of, 220.
    • strong analogy to the Scopulipedes, 222.
  • Maculæ indicantes, 13.
  • Mahomet prescribes honey, 91.
  • Males, how to be united to their partners, 179.
  • Mandibles, 30, 40.
    • used for boring, 44.
  • Marginal cells of wings, 45.
  • Marginate, edged with a ridge.
  • Mason bees, 296.
  • Maxillæ, 30, 31.
  • Maxillary palpi, 30, 32.
    • number of joints invariable in Andrenidæ, 32.
    • number of joints variable in the Apidæ, 32.
  • Megachile, general observations on, 272.
    • geography of, 74.
    • infested by Cœlioxys, 275.
    • list of native species, 271.
    • natural history of, 273.
    • scientific description of, 269.
  • Melecta, general observations on, 255.
    • geography of, 72.
    • list of native species, 255.
    • parasitical on Anthophora, 240.
    • scientific description of, 255.
    • very pugnacious, 258.
  • Melittobia, a parasite upon Anthophora, 241.
  • Meloë proscarabæus, parasitical on bees, 110.
    • said to infest Andrena, 209.
  • Mesothorax, 26, 44.
  • Metallic colouring of bees, 248.
  • Metathorax, 26.
  • Metropolis, 128.
  • Miltogramma, parasitical upon Colletes, 190.
  • Mode of killing coloured insects, 253.
  • Moniliform, bead-like.
    • antennæ, 129.
  • Monodontomerus, parasitical on Anthophora and Osmia, 302.
  • Moths help to fertilize flowers, 13.
  • Motives for new arrangement, 163.
  • Mouth, organs of = trophi = cibarial apparatus, 163.
  • Mucronated, having one or more short stout processes.
  • Mutilla, parasitical on bees, 117.
  • Names usually given from a sexual peculiarity, 232.
  • Natural history, attractions of, 141.
    • modes of treating, 140.
  • Natural system, 139.
  • Nature, its large operations, 8.
  • Nectaria of plants indicated to bees by a difference of colour, 12.
  • Nervures of wings, 44.
  • Nomada, general observations on, 252.
    • geography of, 72.
    • intermittent appearance of N. Fabriciana, 230.
    • list of native species, 250.
    • scientific description of, 249.
    • sexcincta infests Eucera, 235.
    • the bees infested by them, 253.
  • Nomenclature simplified by Linnæus, 130.
  • Nudipedes, = cuckoo-bees or parasites, 116, 167, 249.
  • Nylander’s mode of determining the species of Cœlioxys, 268.
  • Obsolete, more or less inapparent.
  • Ocelli = simple eyes = stemmata, 26, 27.
  • Oman, no bees in the province of, 84.
  • Osmia, general observations on, 296.
    • geography of, 76.
    • list of native species, 295.
    • natural history of, 296.
    • parasites of, 302.
    • scientific description of, 294.
  • Ovate, oval, but with the ends circumscribed by unequal segments of circles.
  • Ovipositor = egg-depositor, 17.
  • Pain, doubtful susceptibility of, 57.
  • Palmæ, 41.
  • Palmated, spread like a hand.
  • Palpi, their probable use, 55.
  • Panurgus, general observations on, 229.
    • geography of, 69.
    • infested by Nomada Fabriciana, 230.
    • list of native species, 228.
    • natural history of, 229.
    • scientific description of, 227.
  • Paraglossæ, 33.
    • obsolete in the artisan bees, 33.
    • where attached, 33.
  • Parasites, different kinds of, 110.
    • of bees, 109.
  • Parasitical bees always the most highly coloured, 66, 105.
    • unlike the sitos, 116.
    • Cenobites, 302.
  • Passions of bees, 56.
  • Pecten or comb, a fringe of very short stiff hair attached to an organ, for various purposes.
  • Pectinated, having an edge like a comb.
  • Pediculus Melittæ, 209.
  • Petiole, a foot stalk.
  • Pharynx, 29, 30.
  • Pile, long loose hair.
  • Pilose, with long, distinct, flexible hair.
  • Plantæ, 42, 46.
    • structure of, in hive bee, 46.
  • Plants agreeable to bees, 15.
    • impregnated by bees, 11.
  • Pleasures attending the pursuit of natural history, 14.
  • Plumose, with long hair, but not thick.
  • Pollen, collection of, 351.
  • Pollen, mode of collecting and transferring from limb to limb, 43.
    • probable reasons for the ways of carrying, 47.
    • quantity usually collected, 360.
  • Polliniferous, = pollen-collecting.
  • Posterior legs, their structure for the conveyance of pollen, 46.
    • where attached, 46.
  • Post-scutellum, 26, 45.
  • Priority, law of, the basis of synonymy, 131.
  • Proboscis, 39.
  • Process, a protuberance.
  • Processes in bees, peculiarities of, 258.
  • Propolis, nature of, 340.
  • Prosopis emits an agreeable odour, 195.
    • general observations upon, 193.
    • geography of, 65.
    • list of native species, 192.
    • presumed parasitism of, 193.
    • scientific description of, 191.
    • supposed liable to Stylops, 195.
  • Prothorax, 26, 41.
  • Pubescent, covered with short fine hair.
  • Pubescent, hirsute, setose, pilose, plumose, various relative conditions of hairiness.
  • Pulvillus, 42.
  • Punctate, impressed with many points.
  • Punctulate, with fine impressed points.
  • Punctured, with coarsely impressed points.
  • Pupa of bees, 22.
  • Queen-bee, administrative function of, 336.
    • and worker constitute a unity, 331.
    • description of, 322.
    • etiquette of attendants, 329.
  • Queen-bee, great fertility of, 334.
    • loss of, disorganizes the hive, 335.
    • number of eggs laid by, 346.
  • Ray’s merits, 142.
  • Réaumur’s description of the mode of lapping honey, 35.
    • description of the structure of the tongue, 35.
  • Recurrent nervures of wings, 45.
  • Retuse, with an obtuse cavity.
  • Ridged, with a slight projecting margin.
  • Rugose, rough or irregularly wrinkled.
  • St. Fargeau’s merits, 151.
  • Sanskrit notice of bees and honey, 92.
  • Saropoda, general observations, 243.
    • geography of, 71.
    • native species of, 243.
    • rapidity of flight, 245.
    • scientific description of, 242.
    • vivacity of its eyes, 244.
  • Scape of antennæ, 28.
  • Scent emitted by bees, 52.
  • Scientific arrangement and description of the genera, 184.
    • principles of, 118.
    • cultivation of British bees, 142.
  • Scopulipedes = brush-legged bees, 163, 227.
  • Sculpture, 60.
  • Scutellum, 26, 45.
  • Senses of bees, 56.
  • Sensorium of bees, 55.
  • Serrate, edged like a saw.
  • Serratulate, edged like a fine saw.
  • Setæ, slightish bristles.
  • Setiform, like bristles.
  • Setose, bristled.
  • Shakespeare on the polity of the bee, 1.
  • Shemitic branch of the human race, 4.
  • Sight of bees, 56.
  • Simple eyes = ocelli = stemmata, 26, 27.
  • Sinus, a cavity.
  • Sitos, the supporter of a parasitical bee.
  • Sizes, differences of, what caused by, 41.
  • Smell of bees, 56.
  • Social bees = Cenobites, 302.
  • Species, 122.
    • name of, 128.
    • the basis of natural science, 121.
    • vary in number of individuals, 123.
  • Specific character, 124.
    • descriptions, 125.
    • differences, 123.
  • Sphecodes, difficulty of specific distinction in, 198.
    • doubts as to its parasitism, 199.
    • general observations on, 197.
    • geography of, 66.
    • list of native species, 197.
    • scientific description of, 196.
  • Spines at apex of abdomen of bees, 268.
  • Spinose, with minute spiny processes.
  • Spinulose, with fine spiny processes.
  • Spiral hair of the scopa, 226, 229.
  • Spurs, 42.
  • Squamulæ = epaulettes = wing-scales, 26, 44.
  • State of Great Britain before the glacial period, 5.
  • Stelis, general observations on, 263.
    • geography of, 73.
    • infests Osmia, 302.
    • list of native species, 263.
    • scientific description of, 262.
  • Stemmata = simple eyes = ocelli, 26, 27.
  • Stephens, inferior merit of his system, 152.
  • Strepsiptera parasitical on bees, 111.
  • Strigilis, 42.
  • Structure and habits correlative, 24.
    • of the body of the bee, 25.
    • similarity of, caused by direct and proximate affinities, 48.
  • Stylops infests Andrena, 208.
    • infests Halictus, 219.
    • Kirby’s description of, 112.
    • manners of, described by Thwaites, 114.
    • some particulars of its history, 208.
  • Sub, a prefix indicating the diminution of a condition, as subhastate, subovate, subtruncate, etc. etc.
  • Submarginal cells of wings, 45.
  • Swarming, 358.
  • Synonymy, 130.
  • System, value of, 119.
  • Tarsus of fore legs in some males greatly dilated, 43.
    • or foot, 41.
  • Taste of bees, 56.
  • Thorax, 26, 41.
  • Tibia, or shank, 41.
  • Tomb at Thebes with representation of a beehive, 6.
  • Tongue improperly called labium, 34.
    • of Andrenidæ folded in repose, 39.
    • of Apidæ folded in repose, 39.
    • once thought tubular, 34.
    • where situated, description of it, 33.
  • Topical geography of British bees, 96.
  • Tooth, a long sharp process.
  • Toothed, spinose, spinulose, tuberculated, mucronated, dentate, the various conditions of extraneous prominences or processes.
  • Transformations of worker bee, 347.
    • of the drone, 356.
    • of the Queen, 357.
  • Transverso-cubital nervures of wings, 45.
  • Travellers, suggestions to, 64, 95.
  • Trifid, divided into three parts.
  • Trivial name, 128.
  • Trochanter, 41.
  • Trophi = organs of the mouth, 26, 29.
    • diagram of, 30.
  • Truncated, abruptly terminated.
  • Tuberculated, with small processes.
  • Turonian branch of the human race, 4.
  • Uses of bees in the impregnation of plants, 11.
  • Vedas mention bees, 6.
  • Velum, 42.
  • Ventilation of the hives, 328.
  • Ventral segments, peculiarities of structure of, 234.
  • Vernacular names of insects, 9.
  • Vertex, 26.
  • Vertigo of bees, 87.
  • Voice of bees, 49.
  • Wagtails destroy fossorial Hymenoptera, 306.
  • Wax, secretion of, 325.
  • Wax used by the Romans, 85.
  • Westwood’s classification not adopted, 168.
  • Wild bees, 8.
    • come forth early in the spring, 10.
  • Will of bees, 56.
  • Willughby’s merits, 143.
  • Wing, treatise on the, 45.
  • Wing-hooklets for uniting the upper and lower wings, 45.
  • Wing-scales = squamulæ, 26.
  • Wings, 44.
    • diagram of, 45.
  • Worker bee, description of, 324.
    • duties performed by, 325.
    • peculiarities of structure, 330.
    • secretion of wax, 325.
  • Xenophon’s description of poisonous honey, 86.