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Caesar Borgia: A Study of the Renaissance

Chapter 20: FOOTNOTES
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About This Book

The author analyzes the life and career of a Renaissance prince whose ambition and violence, supported by a papal father, illustrate the endemic egoism and dynastic opportunism of fifteenth-century Italy. Combining biographical detail with political and economic interpretation, the study situates the subject among contemporary tyrants, examines methods of conquest—nepotism, extortion, treachery—and considers interpretations by thinkers such as Machiavelli. It treats the figure as a psychological product of his age, questions the great-man model of history, and argues that gains won by force and fraud were unstable and ultimately subordinate to broader social and institutional forces.

FOOTNOTES

1 Loria, “Economic Bases of Society,” London, n.d., p. 37.

2 Lanzol, Llançol, Llanzol, &c.

3 Gebhart, E., “Les Origins de la Renaissance en Italie,” Paris, 1879.

4 Gebhart.

5 The Roman day of twenty-four hours ended at sunset—about eight in the evening in June.

6 Infessura, “Diario,” Rome, 1890, p. 155.

7 Medin, “Il Duca Valentino nella Mente di Machiavelli,” Florence, 1883.

8 “Pii Secundi Comentarii,” Rome, 1583, Lib. 2.

9 Burckhardt, “Renaissance in Italy,” London, 1892.

10 Tomaso Tomasi, “Vita del Duca Valentino,” ed. by G. Leti, Montechiaro, 1670.

11 Yriarte, “César Borgia, sa Vie, sa Captivité, sa Mort,” Paris, 1889.

12 Burchard, “Diarium,” ed. by Thuasne, vol. ii., p. 84.

13 Villari, “Savonarola,” English translation, London, p. 742.

14 Fumi, “Alessandro VI. e il Valentino in Orvieto,” Siena, 1874.

15 Fumi, Appendix, Document VIII.

16 Burchard, “Diarium,” ed. by Thuasne, Paris, 1884, vol. iii., p. 387.

17 Machiavelli, “Opere,” Florence, 1820, vol. iii. “Discorsi,” Lib. 1, Chap. XXVII.

18 Gaspare Torrella, “Tractatus Contra Pudendagra,” Rome, 1497.

19 Pierre de Bourdeille, “Œuvres,” Paris, 1838, vol. i., p. 156, “Caesar Borgia.”

20 Yriarte, “César Borgia,” Paris, 1889.

21 Jean d’Auton, “Chroniques,” Paris, 1834.

22 Varsari, “Vite de’ più, Eccellenti Pittori, Scultori et Architetti,” Bologna, 1647. “Vita di Pietro di Cosimo.”

23 Auton, Jean d’, “Chroniques,” Paris, 1834, Pt. III., vii.

24 Alvisi, “Cesare Borgia,” Document 40.

25 Gregorovius, “Storia della Città di Roma,” Venice, 1875, Bk. 13, Chap. V., sec. 4.

26 Burchard’s statement is incorrect: the last named was spared, but was assassinated August 28, 1504.

27 Guillaume Brissonet of Tours, Bishop of San Malo, Cardinal of Santa Prudenziana; Luigi d’Aragona, Cardinal-Deacon of the title of Santa Maria in Cosmedin.