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Caesar Borgia: A Study of the Renaissance

Chapter 21: INDEX
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About This Book

The author analyzes the life and career of a Renaissance prince whose ambition and violence, supported by a papal father, illustrate the endemic egoism and dynastic opportunism of fifteenth-century Italy. Combining biographical detail with political and economic interpretation, the study situates the subject among contemporary tyrants, examines methods of conquest—nepotism, extortion, treachery—and considers interpretations by thinkers such as Machiavelli. It treats the figure as a psychological product of his age, questions the great-man model of history, and argues that gains won by force and fraud were unstable and ultimately subordinate to broader social and institutional forces.

INDEX

  • Æneas Sylvius, see Pius II.
  • Agapito, see Gerardino, Agapito
  • Agramont, Count of, 300
  • Agrigentum, Bishop of, 101
  • Alain, Cardinal of Santa Prassede, 31
  • Albret, Alain d’, 131
  • Albret, Charlotte d’, 71, 131;
  • marries Caesar Borgia, 132, 137;
  • her death, 310
  • Albret, Jean d’, 131, 284, 291, 300, 301, 305
  • Aleson, Padre, 306
  • Alexander VI., Pope, 38;
  • nepotism of, 47, 48;
  • election of, 51;
  • his dissolute life, 51;
  • a temporal prince, 53, 64, 69, 70, 72, 78, 83, 86;
  • meets Alfonso of Naples, 88;
  • removes to Castle St. Angelo, 93;
  • treaty with Charles VIII., 93, 94;
  • avoids the King, 96;
  • goes to Perugia, 97;
  • his letter to the people of Orvieto, 98;
  • the Romagnol barons, 100;
  • creation of cardinals, 101;
  • declares the Orsini rebels, 101;
  • receives Giuffre and Sancia, 104;
  • grief for murder of Gandia, 109;
  • reform of the Church, 114;
  • goes to Ostia, 118;
  • alliance with Louis XII., 123, 124, 133, 149;
  • confiscates estates of the Riario, 151;
  • appoints Caesar gonfalonier, 151;
  • confers the Golden Rose on him, 153, 160;
  • Faenza banned, 163;
  • creates twelve cardinals, 164, 171;
  • threatens Bologna, 172, 177;
  • receives French officers, 179, 182;
  • places the ban on the Colonna and the Savelli, 186;
  • his son Giovanni, 187;
  • relations with Ferrara, 188, 189, 190;
  • his opinion of Caesar, 191;
  • goes to Piombino, 192;
  • to Elba, 193, 196;
  • seizes the Orsini, 221, 222, 229;
  • threatens Caesar, 230;
  • seizes the towns of the Savelli, 232;
  • watches Naples, 234;
  • stricken by the plague, 235;
  • death and rumours of poison, 236, 238;
  • obsequies, 248, 261
  • Alexius, Attilius, 41
  • Alfonso of Naples, Duke of Bisceglia, 73, 121;
  • murder of, 157–9, 161
  • Allegre, Yves d’, 92, 138, 144, 146, 147;
  • in Rome, 179
  • Alviano, Bartolomeo d’, declared a rebel, 101;
  • active about Rome, 103, 202, 257, 260
  • Alvisi, E., 232
  • Amananti, Jacopo, Cardinal of Pavia, 39
  • Amboise, Georges d’, Cardinal of Rouen, 123, 129, 245, 246;
  • in Rome, 247, 249;
  • defends Caesar, 261, 274
  • Anastasius, Pope, 28
  • Angelo, Michael, his “Cupid,” 201
  • Appiano, Giacomo d’, 176
  • Aquilano, Sebastiano, 119
  • Aragona, Luigi d’, comes to Rome, 247, 249
  • Aranda, Pedro de, Bishop of Calahorra, 124, 306, 307
  • Arignano, Domenico d’, 74
  • Aubigny, Count d’, 137
  • Auton, Jean d’, chronicler, 137;
  • account of Pope’s reception of French officers, 179–80;
  • account of the expedition against Naples, 181;
  • the taking of Capua, 182
  • Avignon, the Papal See at, 58
  • Ayala, Pedro de, 287
  • Baglioni, the, join the Pope’s enemies, 103, 257
  • Baglioni, Giampaolo, 164, 212;
  • attacks Perugia, 242, 274
  • Balue, Cardinal, 66
  • Barbo, Marco, Cardinal, 41
  • Barbo, Piero, 39
  • Beaumont, Luis de, 300, 301, 302, 305
  • Benavente, Count of, 286–7, 290
  • Benedict XIII., Anti-Pope, 32
  • Bentivoglio, the, 205
  • Bentivoglio, Annibale, 258
  • Bentivoglio, Ercole, 147
  • Bentivoglio, Giovanni, 164, 171, 172, 173;
  • his agreement with the Pope, 214, 276
  • Bessarion, Cardinal of Nicæa, 31, 32, 41
  • Bisceglia, Alfonso, Duke of, see Alfonso of Naples
  • Boccaccio, Gianandrea, 75;
  • account of Caesar Borgia, 82
  • Bologna, relations with the Pope, 205
  • Bona of Savoy, regent in Milan, 62, 88
  • Boniface VIII., Pope, 28, 58
  • Books, dedication of, 67
  • Borgia or Borja family, the, 31;
  • their character, 52, 68, 70;
  • family solidarity, 72;
  • their enemies, 242
  • Borgia, Alonzo, Cardinal (see Calixtus III., Pope), 31, 68
  • Borgia, Angela, 139
  • Borgia, Catalina, 69, 77
  • Borgia, Caesar, 38, 44, 53, 64, 67, 71, 73;
  • his birth, 75–6;
  • plans in central Italy, 76, 77;
  • student in Pisa, 78;
  • his letter to the Counsellors of Pamplona, 79;
  • in Spoleto, 81, 82, 83;
  • made cardinal, 85, 88, 93;
  • hostage of Charles VIII., 93, 94, 95, 96, 97;
  • Governor of Orvieto, 98, 99, 100;
  • meets the Duke of Gandia, 102–4;
  • legate to Naples, 105;
  • suspected of the murder of Gandia, 110–12;
  • crowns the King of Naples, 117;
  • returns to Rome, 118;
  • book dedicated to, 119;
  • to resign ecclesiastical offices, 123;
  • goes to France, 124–5;
  • meets Louis XII., 126, 129;
  • Duke of Valentinois, 130, 131;
  • marries Charlotte d’Albret, 132;
  • given Order of St. Michael, 135;
  • his daughter Louise, 137;
  • first campaign in Romagna, 139;
  • takes Forli, 144;
  • Vicar of Imola and Forli, 145;
  • in Rome, 147–9;
  • Vicar of Romagna, 150;
  • Governor of Imola, 151;
  • Gonfalonier of the Church, 151;
  • his oath, 152;
  • the Golden Rose, 153;
  • a bull-fighter, 154;
  • and the artists, 155;
  • murders Alfonso of Naples, 158, 159;
  • second campaign in Romagna, 164;
  • relations with the Gonzaga, 166;
  • enters Pesaro, 167;
  • his habits, 168;
  • returns to Rome, 173;
  • Florence, 175;
  • and Machiavelli, 175, 176;
  • in Rome, 179;
  • expedition against Naples, 182;
  • Capua, 185;
  • affairs in the north, 186, 189, 190, 191;
  • goes to Piombino, 192;
  • Elba, 193;
  • third campaign in Romagna, 194;
  • has Manfredi killed, 195, 196;
  • goes to Spoleto, 197, 199;
  • Duke of Urbino, 201;
  • his letter to Lucretia, 203;
  • goes to Milan, 204;
  • estranged from his captains, 205;
  • the conspiracy, 206–7;
  • and Machiavelli, 208–10, 211, 212;
  • his captains return to him, 215;
  • receives delegation from Ancona, 217;
  • goes to Sinigaglia 218;
  • the trap at Sinigaglia, 219;
  • has Oliverotto and Vitelli killed, 220;
  • seizes Città di Castello, 223;
  • has Paolo and Francesco Orsini strangled, 224, 226;
  • his letter to the Balia of Siena, 226–7, 228, 229, 230;
  • a power in Central Italy, 230, 231;
  • plots with Spain, 223, 234;
  • ill of the plague, 235, 237;
  • he recovers, 240;
  • seizes the Pope’s personal property, 241;
  • his domain crumbles, 242;
  • and the Sacred College, 243, 244, 245;
  • leaves Rome with troops, 246, 248, 251;
  • favoured by Pius III., 252;
  • deserted by Moncada and Romolino, 253;
  • brings his men to Rome, 255, 256;
  • his fortunes improve, 257;
  • again deserted, 258;
  • he escapes but returns to Rome, 259, 260, 261, 265;
  • lodged in the Vatican, 267;
  • relations with Julius II., 269;
  • leaves Rome, 270;
  • arrested, 272, 273, 274;
  • confined in the Borgia tower, 275;
  • goes to Ostia, 276–7;
  • goes to Naples, 278, 279;
  • arrested by Gonsalvo de Cordova, 280;
  • sent to Spain, 284;
  • attempts to kill his gaoler, 285, 286, 287;
  • escapes from prison, 289;
  • the investigation, 291–3;
  • informs friends of his escape, 294, 298, 299;
  • Captain-General of Navarre, 302;
  • is slain, 304;
  • his body taken to Viana, 305;
  • entombed in Santa Maria, 306;
  • news of his death reaches Italy, 308, 309;
  • his epitaph, 310, 312
  • Borgia, Francesco, Cardinal of Cosenza, 101, 146;
  • flees from Rome, 275
  • Borgia, Francina, 68
  • Borgia, Giovanni, Cardinal of Monreale, dies of the plague, 235
  • Borgia, Giovanni, Cardinal of Santa Susanna, his death, 145
  • Borgia, Giovanni, see Gandia, Duke of
  • Borgia, Giovanni, Lord of Camerino, 38, 73, 187
  • Borgia, Girolama, 73, 86
  • Borgia, Girolamo, son of Caesar, 311
  • Borgia, Giuffre, Prince of Squillace, 73, 83, 85;
  • marries Sancia of Naples, 87;
  • enters Rome, 104, 120, 248;
  • arrested and released, 281
  • Borgia, Gonzales Gil, 68
  • Borgia, Isabella, daughter of Rodrigo Borgia and wife of Pietro Giovanni Matuzzi, 73
  • Borgia, Isabella de, sister of Calixtus III., 70
  • Borgia, Juan Domingo, 68
  • Borgia, Juana de, wife of P. Guillem Lanzol, 71
  • Borgia, Laura, daughter of Alexander VI., betrothed to Niccolò della Rovere, 282
  • Borgia, Louise de, daughter of Caesar, 137, 310, 311
  • Borgia, Lucretia, daughter of Alexander VI., 71, 73;
  • her birth, 75;
  • under care of Adriana Mila, 77;
  • betrothed to Giovanni Sforza, 83;
  • married, 84, 104;
  • divorced, 120;
  • married to Alfonso, Prince of Bisceglia, 121, 158, 161, 187;
  • placed in charge of Vatican, 189;
  • married to Alfonso d’Este, 192;
  • the final estimate of her, 192, 285, 308;
  • her death and her descendants, 312
  • Borgia, Lucretia, daughter of Caesar, 311
  • Borgia, Ludovico, 145
  • Borgia, Pedro Luis, First Duke of Gandia, 72
  • Borgia, Pier Luigi, 33, 34;
  • made cardinal, 164
  • Borgia, Raymon, 68
  • Borgia, Ricardo, 68
  • Borgia, Rodrigo (see Alexander VI.), 32, 33, 34, 37;
  • made cardinal, 41;
  • crowns Sixtus IV., 32, 48, 50, 51;
  • a student of canon law, 52;
  • Bishop of Valencia, 52;
  • Vice-Chancellor, 52, 71, 77, 78;
  • elected pope, 80
  • Borgia, Ximenes Garcia, 68
  • Borja, see Borgia
  • Borja, Rodrigo Gil de, 70
  • Borja, y Doms, Jofre, 70
  • Braccio, Alessandro, 114
  • Brantôme, describes Caesar’s entry into Chinon, 126
  • Bretagne, Anne of, 131
  • Brissonet, Guillaume, Cardinal of Santa Prudenziana, comes to Rome, 247
  • Bugliotto, Odoardo, 246
  • Bull-fighting in Rome, 154
  • Burchard, Johann, his account of the murder of the Duke of Gandia, 107–14;
  • on the death of Cardinal Orsini, 226
  • Calderon, Pedro, murder of, 119
  • Calixtus III., Pope (Alonzo Borgia), 31, 32, 34, 39, 43, 70, 71, 72, 77
  • Calmeto, Vincenzo, 223
  • Camerino, fall of, 202
  • Canale, Carlo, 74
  • Capello, Paolo, relation of, 114, 116, 119;
  • describes Caesar, 155, 158;
  • on Alexander VI., 162, 165
  • Capranica, Bartolomeo, 211
  • Capranica, Domenico, Cardinal, 31, 33
  • Capua, capture of, 183
  • Caraffa, Oliviero, Cardinal, 51
  • Caranza, Pedro, 81
  • Cardenas, Bernardino de, 288–9
  • Cardinals, the, their wealth, 64;
  • their character, 65
  • Carilli, Alonzo, 302
  • Carlotta of Aragon, 121, 130
  • Carniola, the Bishop of, 239
  • Carvajal, Bernardino, Cardinal, 41, 275
  • Casio, Jeronimo, his epitaph on Caesar, 310
  • Castiglione, Baldessare, 138
  • Catanei, Vanozza de’, 72–3;
  • her character, 74;
  • her house plundered, 93, 248, 275, 311
  • Catherine, St., 39
  • Cecco d’Ascoli, 27
  • Cesarini, Giuliano, 86
  • Charles VIII., claims Naples, 83;
  • prepares to invade Italy, 88;
  • his character, 89, 90;
  • enters Tuscany, 92;
  • enters Naples, 95;
  • returns to Rome, 95, 97;
  • returns to France, 98, 103;
  • his death, 122, 136
  • Chinchilla, Caesar sent to, 284
  • Church, States of the, 43
  • Churches, murders in, 65
  • Cibo, Franceschetto, 48, 49
  • Cibo, Giambatista, elected pope, 48;
  • his nepotism and avarice, 49
  • Cibo, Lorenzo, 50, 51
  • Clement VII., Pope, 232
  • Collennuccio, Pandolfo, 167;
  • on Caesar’s habits and character, 168
  • Colonna, feud with the Orsini, 60;
  • they hold to the Pope, 103;
  • banned by the Pope, 186, 203
  • Colonna, Cardinal, 50, 66, 93;
  • returns to Rome, 249
  • Colonna, Fabrizio, 84, 103, 182;
  • captured, 184
  • Colonna, Prospero, 182;
  • returns to Rome, 242, 244, 246, 247
  • Commines, Philippe de, envoy to Venice, 90
  • Communes, the Italian, 56–7
  • Condottieri, the, 59
  • Cordova, Juan de, 211
  • Cordova, see Gonsalvo de Cordova
  • Corio, Bernardino, 41
  • Corneto, Adriano di, Cardinal, the dinner in his garden, 236
  • Corrella, Michelotto, 158, 173, 211, 260;
  • captured, 274;
  • examined for crimes, 281
  • Cosimo, Pietro di, 156
  • Costabili, Beltrando, 191;
  • on death of Alexander VI., 238
  • Crime during the Renaissance, 115
  • Croce, Giorgio de, 72, 74
  • Dante, his “Convito,” 26
  • Da Vinci, Leonardo, 137, 155, 193, 205
  • Decio, Filippo, 78
  • Dijon, the Bailli of, 138, 146
  • Dolcino di Novara, 27
  • Doms, family arms, 70
  • Doms, Sibilla, 70
  • Doria, Andrea, 223
  • Dracaz, Giacomo, 99
  • Empire, the, 56
  • Enea, Silvio, see Pius II.
  • Enriquez, Maria, 73, 102, 284
  • Este family, 58;
  • arms, 71
  • Este, Alfonso d’, 71, 73;
  • marries Lucretia Borgia, 187–8, 192
  • Este, Ercole d’, 188, 191
  • Este, Fernando d’, 191
  • Este, Ippolito d’, 105, 188, 191, 308
  • Este, Isabella d’, 188, 221
  • Estouteville, Cardinal, 104, 187
  • Faenza, invested, 170;
  • surrenders, 173
  • Farnese, Alessandro, 64, 84;
  • made cardinal, 86
  • Farnese family, 86
  • Farnese, Giulia (La Bella), 38, 64, 73, 77, 81;
  • captured by the French, 92
  • Federico, Caesar’s secretary, arrested by Julius, 11, 297
  • Feo, Giacomo, 140
  • Ferdinand II. of Spain, 77, 286;
  • goes to Naples, 287, 289, 300–1
  • Ferdinand II. of Naples, 98
  • Ferdinand of Naples, 83
  • Ferrara, 188;
  • her orator complains to the pope, 189
  • Ferrer, Luis, 289
  • Ferrerio, Vincenzo, 32
  • Foix, Gaston de, 286
  • Foix, Germaine de, 286
  • Forli surrenders, 143–4
  • Fornovo, battle of, 98
  • Florence, 45, 175
  • Flores, Antonio, 94
  • Flores, Bartolomeo, 83
  • Francesco da Pistoja, 27
  • France, superiority of armies of, 91
  • Frederic II. of Naples, 105, 130;
  • declared deprived of Naples, 182;
  • goes to France, 185
  • Gaetani, the, robbed by Alexander VI., 164, 167
  • Gandia, Giovanni Borgia, Duke of, 73;
  • made Captain-General, 102;
  • wounded, 103;
  • the murder of, 107–14
  • Gasparino da Verona, 37
  • Gerardino, Agapito, 124, 154, 208, 213, 224;
  • deserts Caesar, 272
  • Ghibellines, the, 57
  • Giovanni, Don, Infans Romanus, see Borgia, Giovanni, Lord of Camerino
  • Giovio, Paolo, 184
  • Giulia Bella, see Farnese, Giulia
  • Giustinian, Antonio, Venetian ambassador, 214, 225, 236, 247, 252, 253, 255, 260;
  • his opinion of Julius II., 266, 269, 270, 273, 275, 277, 278, 280
  • Gonsalvo de Cordova, defeats the French, 233, 258, 275;
  • victory at the Garigliano, 276, 279, 280, 285;
  • sends Caesar to Spain, 282, 287, 288
  • Gonzaga family, 58
  • Gonzaga, Francesco, Cardinal, 41, 74, 97, 165
  • Got, Bertrand, made pope, 58
  • Grammont, French ambassador, 245
  • Grasica, Juanico, Caesar’s equerry, 305;
  • goes to Ferrara, 308
  • Gregorovius, Ferdinand, opinion of Caterina Sforza, 140;
  • on Letter to Silvio Savelli, 190, 283
  • Guelphs, 57
  • Guevara, Antonio de, 307
  • Guicciardini, Francesco, his opinion of Alexander VI., 52, 184;
  • account of Alexander’s death, 238
  • Guilds, 55
  • Gurk, Cardinal (Raymond Perrault), 93
  • Guzman, Gabriel, 284
  • Illegitimacy during the Renaissance, 42, 54–5
  • Infessura, Stefano, his opinion of Sixtus IV., 45;
  • his opinion of Innocent VIII., 50, 84
  • Innocent VIII., Pope (Giambatista Cibo), 48, 49;
  • death of, 50, 78
  • Investiture, Wars of, 56
  • Isabella of Aragon, daughter of Alfonso of Naples, 89
  • Isabella of Spain, 285
  • Italy, corruption in, 48
  • Jeanne la Folle, 285, 288, 292
  • Jubilee of 1300, 58
  • Julius II., Pope (Giuliano della Rovere), 115, 266;
  • statement to Giustinian, 267;
  • attitude towards Caesar, 269, 270, 272;
  • arrests Caesar, 273, 275, 277, 280, 281, 283, 289
  • La Trémoille, Louis de, 154
  • La Trémoille, Louis II. de, 310
  • League of the Conservation, 95
  • League against France, 95
  • Lenzol, the, family arms, 70, 71
  • Lenzol, Jofre, 69
  • Lenzol, Pedro Luis, 69
  • Lenzol, Rodrigo, 69, 71
  • Lenzol y Borja, Jofre, 71
  • Lenzol y Moncada, 71
  • Ligny, Louis de, 137
  • Lopez, Juan, 81, 97
  • Lorca, Remiro de, 124, 193;
  • put to death, 216
  • Louis XII., King of France, 122;
  • alliance with Alexander VI., 123, 124, 131;
  • his claim to Milan, 136, 137, 171, 176, 177, 178;
  • league with Pope against Naples, 182;
  • thanks Caesar for his services, 185, 186, 200;
  • receives Caesar at Milan, 204, 212, 229;
  • restores Pandolfo Petrucci to Siena, 232–3;
  • sends troops to the Regno, 234;
  • his Prime Minister, 246, 258, 286, 289;
  • deprives Caesar of his French fiefs, 299, 300, 310
  • Luna, Pietro de, 103
  • Machiavelli, 76;
  • on Giampaolo Baglioni, 115, 175;
  • sent to Caesar, 199;
  • his opinion of Caesar, 200, 208–10, 216, 219, 232, 261, 271, 272
  • Maillard, Benoit, his description of a banquet given to Caesar, 125
  • Malatesta family, lords of Rimini, 59
  • Malatesta, Pandolfo, 164, 169, 257
  • Mancini, Jeronimo, 191
  • Manfredi family, lords of Faenza, 59
  • Manfredi, Astorre, 163, 168, 169;
  • his bravery, 172;
  • surrenders, 173;
  • murder of, 194, 196
  • Mantua, Marquis of (Gian Francesco Gonzaga), 248
  • Marades, Juan, 81
  • Marches, the Lords of the, 101
  • Marciano, Rinuccio da, 182;
  • wounded and captured, 184
  • Mariana, Juan de, historian, 69, 72
  • Marsini, Niccolò, 203
  • Martin V., Pope, 32
  • Martyr, Peter, of Anghiara, 239
  • Matarazzo, 186;
  • on Caesar, 231
  • Matilda, Countess, 56
  • Maximilian, his ambassador arrives in Spoleto, 96, 165, 190, 286, 298, 300
  • Medici, the, 45, 58
  • Medici, Giovanni de’, made Cardinal, 49, 51, 64
  • Medici, Giuliano de’, murder of, 45, 65, 174
  • Medici, Lorenzo de’, attempted murder of, 45
  • Medici, Maddalena de’, married to Franceschetto Cibo, 48
  • Medici, Piero de’, 90, 174
  • Medino del Campo, fortress of, 285, 290
  • Mendoza, Diego de, 276
  • Mendoza, Pedro de, his letter, 295–6
  • Mercenaries in Italy, 59
  • Michele, see Corrella, Michelotto
  • Michelotto, see Corrella, Michelotto
  • Michiel, Giovanni, Cardinal, 41, 51
  • Middle Ages, 62;
  • the Arts during, 63
  • Mila, Adriana, 69, 77
  • Mila, Juan del, Cardinal, 69
  • Mila, Juan, Bishop of Zamora, 32, 69
  • Mila, Juan, Luis de, 32
  • Mila, Perot del, 69
  • Mirandola, Antonio Pico della, suspected of the murder of Gandia, 110
  • Moncada, Juan de, 71
  • Moncada, Ugo, 211, 253
  • Montefeltre, Federico, made Duke of Urbino, 44, 198, 210, 234, 267
  • Montefeltre, Giovanna, 44
  • Montefeltre, Guido, 215
  • Montefeltre, lords of Urbino, 59
  • Montpensier, Gilbert de, Vice-Regent in Naples, 98
  • Moret, the chronicler, 289, 304
  • Moro, Ludovico il, 62, 83, 88, 89, 95, 97, 98, 136, 137, 140, 146;
  • returns to Milan, 147;
  • defeated by the French, 154
  • Mottino, Admiral, 259, 277, 278
  • Mugnone, Lucchesina, 42
  • Naples, Federico of, 85
  • Naples, Ferdinand of, 45
  • Naples, league against, 83
  • Naples, Sancia of, see Sancia of Naples
  • Nepotism, 39, 47, 80
  • Nicæa, Cardinal-Bishop of, see Bessarion
  • Niccolò da Verona, 26
  • Nicholas III., Pope, 28
  • Nicholas V., Pope, 31, 68
  • Oliverotto da Fermo, 202, 213;
  • put to death by Caesar Borgia, 220
  • Olivieri, Giovanni, 154
  • Ordelaffi family, lords of Forli, 59
  • Orsini, the, 50;
  • their feuds, 60;
  • and Charles VIII., 101, 103;
  • strongholds in Rome, 116;
  • active about Rome, 228;
  • return to Rome, 242, 244, 257;
  • protest to the Pope against Caesar, 259, 260, 261
  • Orsini, Carlo, declared a rebel, 101;
  • captures the Duke of Urbino, 103
  • Orsini, Giambattista, Cardinal, 41;
  • made camerlengo, 42;
  • arrested by Alexander VI., 221;
  • his palace plundered, 222;
  • death in prison, 225
  • Orsini, Gian Giordano, declared a rebel, 101, 230
  • Orsini, Giulio, 174, 257
  • Orsini, Ludovico, Lord of Bassanello, 69, 77
  • Orsini, Niccolò, 229
  • Orsini, Paolo, declared a rebel, 101, 164, 174, 211, 213;
  • takes Urbino, 215
  • Orsini, Virginio, 50, 84, 85;
  • declared a rebel, 101;
  • made prisoner, 102
  • Orvieto, 98
  • Oviedo, Pedro de, 198, 274
  • Palavicini, Antoniotto Gentile, Cardinal of Sta Anastasia, 96
  • Panvinio, 69
  • Papacy, the, 28, 42;
  • secularisation of, 45–6;
  • politics of, 262
  • Paul II., Pope, 37, 40, 41;
  • his avarice, 45
  • Pavia, Cardinal of (Francesco Alidosio), 37
  • Pazzi, conspiracy, 45, 47
  • Pepoli, the, lords of Bologna, 59
  • Perugia, Bishop of, see Romolino, Francesco
  • Pesaro, surrenders, 167
  • Petrarch, 26, 28
  • Petrucci, Pandolfo, 212;
  • leaves Siena, 228, 251
  • Philippe le Beau, 285, 287;
  • his death, 288
  • Philippe le Bel, 58
  • Piccolomini, the, 51
  • Piccolomini, Enea Silvio, see Pius II.
  • Piccolomini, Francesco, Cardinal of Siena, elected Pope, 250
  • Pigna, Ferrarese ambassador, 113
  • Pinturicchio, Bernardo, 71
  • Piombino, surrender of, 176, 186
  • Pius II., Pope (Enea Silvio Piccolomini), his letter to Rodrigo Borgia, 34, 35, 39, 43, 54
  • Pius III., Pope (Francesco Piccolomini), compels French troops to withdraw from Romagna, 250;
  • death and rumours of poison, 251;
  • favours Caesar, 252;
  • makes Caesar Gonfalonier, 256, 258;
  • his death, 260
  • Plague of 1503, 235
  • Polentani, the, lords of Ravenna, 59
  • Politics, Italian, 166;
  • papal, 262
  • Pompilio, Paolo, dedicates a work to Caesar, 67, 77
  • Popes, the character of, 42;
  • temporal sovereigns, 46;
  • their nephews, 46;
  • corruption of, 48
  • Rationalism in Italy, 63
  • Renaissance, the Italian, 23–8, 38;
  • illegitimacy during, 42, 54–5, 62;
  • murder during, 65;
  • palaces of, 66;
  • lack of moral sense in, 67;
  • politics and rulers of, 77;
  • warfare during, 91
  • Requesenz, Caesar’s Majordomo, 285, 299
  • Riario, the, deprived of their domain, 151
  • Riario, Girolamo, 44, 140
  • Riario, Pietro, 41;
  • made cardinal, 43
  • Riario, Raffaele, Cardinal, 44, 50, 65;
  • returns to Rome, 249
  • Ribera, Juan de, Captain-General of Spain, 300–1
  • Rimini, surrender of, 169
  • Rio, Francesco, 277
  • Roccamura, Francesco de, 243
  • Rodrigo, son of Alfonso of Naples and Lucretia Borgia, 187
  • Romagna, feudal families of, 42;
  • lords of, 101;
  • Caesar’s first campaign in, 139;
  • second campaign in, 164;
  • third campaign in, 194;
  • remains faithful to Caesar, 213;
  • lack of order in, 282
  • Rome, corruption in, 49;
  • plague in, 235;
  • threatened by civil war, 242, 249
  • Romolino, Francesco, made Cardinal of Perugia, 78, 81, 101;
  • deserts Caesar, 253, 272;
  • flees from Rome, 275
  • Rouen, Cardinal of, see Amboise Georges d’
  • Rovere, della, the, 103
  • Rovere, Francesco della, 41, 42
  • Rovere, Giuliano della (Julius II.), made cardinal, 42, 43;
  • a skilful campaign manager, 48, 84, 93, 103, 124, 125, 130;
  • abandons the Riario, 139, 215;
  • returns from France, 249, 250, 251, 254;
  • complains of Caesar’s presence in Rome, 255, 262;
  • elected pope, 266, 268
  • Rovere, Giovanni della, 44, 45
  • Sacred College, treats with Caesar, 243
  • Saluzzo, Marquis of, 234
  • Sancia of Naples, 85;
  • marries Giuffre Borgia, 87;
  • enters Rome, 104;
  • her character, 105, 160, 177, 247
  • San Clemente, Cardinal of, 255
  • Sanctuary, right of, 65
  • Sangallo, Antonio di, 189, 193
  • San Giorgio, Cardinal, complains of Caesar’s presence in Rome, 255
  • San Malo, Bishop of, see Brissonet, Guillaume
  • San Marco, Cardinal of, 39
  • Sannazzaro, Jacopo, 185;
  • on Caesar’s death, 309
  • San Niccolò in Carcere Tulliano, Cardinal of, see Borgia, Rodrigo
  • San Pietro ad Vincola, Cardinal of, see Rovere, Giuliano della
  • Sant Angelo, Cardinal, 275
  • Santa Croce, Cardinal of, 276;
  • releases Caesar, 278
  • Santa Prudenziana, Cardinal, see Brissonet, Guillaume
  • Santi Quattro Coronati, Cardinal, see Borgia, Alonzo
  • Sanudo, 119–20, 145
  • Sasseta, Ranieri della, 279
  • Savelli, the, support the Pope, 103;
  • banned by the Pope, 186;
  • their estates seized, 187
  • Savelli, Giambattista, Cardinal, 51, 66, 93
  • Savelli, Silvio, the letter to, 114, 186, 190;
  • joins the Orsini, 228;
  • returns to Rome, 242
  • Savonarola, Girolamo, 27, 78
  • Scalla, the, family, 58
  • Scarampo, Ludovico, Cardinal, 33
  • Scipione, Baldassare di, 279, 281
  • Sclafenati, Gian Giacomo, Cardinal, 51, 74
  • Segovia, Bishop of, made cardinal, 101
  • Sforza, Ascanio, made cardinal, 44;
  • bribed with office of Vice-Chancellor, 50;
  • suspected of murder of Gandia, 110, 116, 246;
  • comes to Rome, 247, 249
  • Sforza, Caterina, 44, 140, 142, 144;
  • a prisoner, 147
  • Sforza, Francesco, seizes Milan, 61
  • Sforza, Galeazzo, 44, 88
  • Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, 44, 62
  • Sforza, Gian Galeazzo, 62
  • Sforza, Gian Galeazzo Maria, 88;
  • his death, 90
  • Sforza, Giovanni, of Pesaro, 73;
  • marries Lucretia Borgia, 84;
  • meets Gonsalvo, 103, 167
  • Siena, surrenders, 228
  • Sinigaglia, 216;
  • captured, 217
  • Sixtus IV., Pope (Francesco della Rovere), 42, 43;
  • his nepotism, 44–5;
  • a politician, 45, 46, 47, 48, 52, 76–7
  • Soderini, Francesco, sent to Caesar, 199;
  • his account of Cardinal Orsini’s funeral, 226
  • Spanocchi, Alessandro, 253
  • Spanocchi, Ambrogio, 39
  • Squillace, Prince of, see Borgia, Giuffre
  • Squillace, Princess of, see Sancia of Naples
  • Strozzi, Ercole, his Epicedium on Caesar, 309
  • Stuart, Berault, comes to Rome with the French Army, 179
  • Suere, Marco, 169
  • Toledo, Fabrique de, Duke of Alva, 286
  • Tomasi, Tomaso, his “Duca Valentino,” 69;
  • his opinion of Vanozza and Alexander VI., 74
  • Torrella, Gaspare, dedicates a work to Caesar, 119, 124, 203, 240
  • Trans, Baron of, see Villeneuve, Louis de
  • Trivulzio, Gian Giacopo, 146
  • Tyranny and tyrants, the Italian, 55–7, 58–9, 61, 101, 166
  • Umbria, the lords of, 101
  • Valentino, Valentinois see Borgia, Caesar
  • Valentinois, Duchess of, see Albret, Charlotte d’
  • Valgulio, Carlo, 102
  • Vannozza, see Catanei, Vannozza de’
  • Varano, Giulio Cesare, 202
  • Varano, lords of Camerino, 59, 202
  • Vasari, Giorgio, 155
  • Vatican, Orgies in, 84, 186
  • Venice, the Patriarch of, 51;
  • aids Montefeltre, 211–12
  • Vera, Juan, 78, 81
  • Verastegui, Ogier, 302
  • Vettori, Francesco, 195
  • Viana, the Castle of, 300, 301, 302, 303;
  • Santa Maria de, 306
  • Villeneuve, Louis de, Baron of Trans, 123
  • Virago, the, 142
  • Visconti, Filippo Maria, last of the, 61
  • Visconti, the, lords of Milan, 60
  • Visconti, Gian Galeazzo, 60
  • Visconti, Valentina, 136
  • Vitelli, the, return to Rome, 242
  • Vitelli, Vitellozzo, 103, 169, 174, 201, 213, 214;
  • put to death, 220
  • Warfare during the Renaissance, 91
  • Worms, Concordat of, 56
  • Yriarte, Charles, his genealogy of the Borgia, 69;
  • searches for Caesar’s remains, 307
  • Zapata, Martin, 78
  • Zeno, Battista, Cardinal, 41, 51