WeRead Powered by ReaderPub
Cassell's book of birds; vol. 4 cover

Cassell's book of birds; vol. 4

Chapter 18: SUB-ORDER I.
Open in WeRead

About This Book

This volume surveys a wide array of wading, waterfowl, and related bird groups, presenting systematic descriptions of families such as bustards, coursers, plovers, snipes, sandpipers, phalaropes, avocets, curlews, ibises, storks, herons, bitterns, cranes, and allied species. Entries combine morphological details, behaviors, habitats, and migratory tendencies with comparative natural-history notes. The text is organized taxonomically and supported by numerous wood engravings and colored plates that illustrate plumage, anatomy, and typical poses, aiding identification and conveying regional variety across this assemblage of shore and marsh birds.


[Pg 269]

CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS,
ACCORDING TO DR. BREHM.

—♦—

ORDER I.

CRACKERS (ENUCLEATORES).


SUB-ORDER I.

THE PARROTS (PSITTACINI).

FAMILY I.—THE TRUE PARROTS (PSITTACINÆ), i., 34.

Sub-Family 1.—The Grey Parrots (Psittacus), i., 34; Jako (P. erithacus), i., 35.
" " 2.—The Green Parrots (Chrysotis), i., 39; Amazon Parrot (C. Amazonica), i., 39.
" " 3.—The Blunt-tailed Parrots (Pionus), i.,40; the Maitakka (P. menstruus), i., 41.
" " 4.—The Crested Hawk Parrots (Deroptyus), i., 42; the Crested Hawk Parrot (D. accipitrinus), i., 42.
" " 5.—The Dwarf Parrots (Agapornis), i., 43; Swinder's Love Bird (A. Swinderiana), i., 43.
" " 6.—The Sparrow Parrots (Psittacula), i., 44; the Sparrow Parrot (P. passerina), i., 44.
" " 7.—The Siskin Parrots (Nasiterna), i., 45; the Siskin Parrot (N. pygmæa), i., 45.

FAMILY II.—THE COCKATOOS (PLYCTOLOPHI), i., 45.

Sub-Family 1.—The Cockatoos Proper (Cacatua), i., 42; the Lemon-crested Cockatoo (C. galerita), i., 47.
" " 2.—The Helmet Cockatoos (Callicephalus), i., 47; the Helmet Cockatoo (C. galeatus), i., 47.
" " 3.—The Nose Cockatoos (Licmetis), i., 48; the Nose Cockatoo (L. nasicus), i., 48.
" " 4.—The Nestor Cockatoos (Nestor), i., 50; the Nestor Cockatoo (N. productus), i., 50.
" " 5.—The Eagle Cockatoos (Dasyptilus), i., 51; the Eagle Cockatoo (D. Pequetii), i., 51.
" " 6.—The Long-billed Cockatoos (Microglossus), i., 51; the Casmalos (M. aterrimus), i., 52.
" " 7.—The Raven Cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus), i., 54; the Raven Cockatoo (C. Banksii), i., 54.

FAMILY III.—THE NIGHT PARROTS (STRIGOPES), i., 55.

Sub Family 1.—The Night Parrots (Strigops), i., 55; the Kakapo (S. habroptilus), i., 55.

FAMILY IV.—THE ARARAS (A), i., 58.

Sub-Family 1.—The Araras (Ara), i., 58; the Scarlet Macaw (A. Macao), i., 58; the Soldier Arara (A. militaris), i., 60; the Anakan (A. severa), i., 60; the Ararauna (A. Sittace Ararauna), i., 62.
" " 2.—The Blue Macaws (Anodorhynchus), i., 62; the Hyacinth-coloured Arara (A. hyacinthinus), i., 62.
" " 3.—The Wedge-tailed Parrots (Conurus), i., 63; the Garuba (C. luteus), i., 64; the Tiriba (C. leucotis), i., 63; the Carolina Parrakeet (C. Carolinensis), i., 64.
" " 4.—The Long-nosed Parrakeets (Enicognathis), i., 66; the Choroy (E. leptorhynchus), i., 66.
[Pg 270]

FAMILY V.—THE PARRAKEETS (PALÆORNITHES), i., 66.

Sub-Family 1.—The Noble Parrakeets (Palæornis), i., 67; the Collared or Rose-ringed Parrot (P. torquata), i., 67; the Bettet (P. pondiceriana), i., 68.
" " 2.—The Superb Parrots (Polytelis), i., 69; the Scarlet-crested Superb Parrot (P. Barrabandi), i., 69.
" " 3.—The Grass Parrots (Platycercus), i., 70; the Rosella (P. eximius), i., 70.
" " 4.—The Variegated Parrots (Psephotus), i., 71; the Variegated Parrot (P. multicolor), i., 71.
" " 5.—The Ornamented Parrots (Melopsittacus), i., 72; the Waved Parrot (M. undulatus), i., 72.
" " 6.—The Gay Parrots (Nymphicus), i., 77; the Corella (N. Novæ-Hollandiæ), i., 77.
" " 7.—The Ground Parrakeets (Pezoporus), i., 78; the Ground Parrakeets (P. formosus), i.,78.

FAMILY VI.—THE LORIES (LORII), i., 79.

Sub-Family 1.—The Lories Proper (Lorius), i., 79; the Purple-capped Lory (L. domicella), i., 79.
" " 2.—The Lorikeets (Psitteuteles), i., 79; the Dappled Lorikeet (P. versicolor), i., 79.
" " 3.—The Purple Lories (Coryphilus), i., 81; the Maiden Lorikeet (C. Tahitianus), i., 81.
" " 4.—The Long-tailed Lories (Pyrrhodes), i., 82; the Rasmalas (P. Papuensis), i., 82.

SUB-ORDER II.

PASSERINE BIRDS (PASSERES).

FAMILY I.—THE CROSS-BILLS (LOXIÆ), i., 85.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Cross-bills (Loxia), i., 85; the Large-beaked Cross-bill (L. pityopsittacus), i., 86; the Pine-tree Cross-bill (L. curvirostra), i., 86; the Banded Cross-bill (L. tænioptera), i., 86.
" " 2.—The Parrot Greenfinches (Psittirostra), i., 91; the Parrot Greenfinch (P. psittacea), i., 91.

FAMILY II.—THE BULLFINCHES (PYRRHULÆ), i., 92.

Sub-Family 1.—The Parrot Bullfinches (Paradoxornis), i., 92; the Parrot Bullfinch (P. flavirostris), i., 92.
" " 2.—The Pine Grosbeaks (Pinicola), i., 93; the Pine Grosbeak (P. enucleator), i., 93.
" " 3.—The Carmine Grosbeaks (Erythrothorax), i., 95; the Rose Bullfinch (E. roseus), i., 95; the Carmine Bullfinch, (E. erythrinus), i., 95.
" " 4.—The Long-tailed Bullfinches (Uragus), i., 97; the Siberian Bullfinch (U. Sibericus), i. 97.
" " 5.—The Desert Bullfinches (Bucanetes), i., 98; the Vinous Grosbeak (B. githagineus), i., 98.
" " 6.—The True Bullfinches (Pyrrhula), i., 102; the Bullfinch (P. vulgaris), i., 102.
" " 7.—The Garden Bullfinches (Serinus), i., 106; the Girlitz (S. hortulanus), i., 106.
" " 8.—The Tree Bullfinches (Dryospiza), i., 108; the Canary-bird (D. Canaria), i., 108.

FAMILY III.—THE FINCHES (FRINGILLÆ), i., 114.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Finches (Fringilla), i., 114; the Chaffinch (F. cœlebs), i., 115; the Mountain Finch (F. montifringilla), i., 118.
" " 2.—The Mountain Finches (Montifringilla), i., 119; the Snow Finch (M. nivalis), i., 119.
" " 3.—The Winter Finches (Nyphæa), i., 119; the Winter Finch (N. hyemalis), i., 119.
" " 4.—The Linnets (Cannabinæ), i., 122; the Brown Linnet (C. linota), i., 122; the Mountain or Grey Linnet (C. montium), i, 124.
" " 5.—The Birch Siskins (Linaria), i., 124; the Birch-tree Siskin (L. rubra), i., 124.
" " 6.—The True Siskins (Spinus), i., 127; the Common Siskin (S. viridis), i., 127.
" " 7.—The Thistle Finches (Carduelis), i., 129; the Goldfinch (C. elegans), i., 129.
" " 8.—The Golden Thistle Finches (Astragalinus), i.. 130; the Golden Thistle Finch (A. tristis), i., 130.
[Pg 271]

FAMILY IV.—THE SPARROWS PROPER (PASSERES), i., 131.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Sparrows (Passer), i., 131; the Common Sparrow (P. domesticus), i., 131; the Spanish Sparrow (P. Hispanicus), i., 135; the Field or Tree Sparrow (P. montanus), i., 136.
" " 2.—The Plain Sparrows (Pyrgitopsis), i., 137; the Plain Sparrow (P. simplex), i., 137.
" " 3.—The Golden Sparrows (Chrysospiza), i., 137; the Golden Sparrow (C. lutea), i., 137.
" " 4.—The Mountain Sparrows (Petronia), i., 138; the Rock Sparrow (P. rupestris), i., 138.

FAMILY V.—THE HAWFINCHES (COCCOTHRAUSTÆ), i., 139.

Sub-Family 1.—The Greenfinches (Chloris), i., 139; the Green Grosbeak, or Greenfinch (C. hortensis), i., 139.
" " 2.—The True Hawfinches (Coccothraustes), i., 141; the Hawfinch (C. vulgaris), i., 141.
" " 3.—The Evening Hawfinches (Hesperiphona), i., 142; the Evening Cherry Hawfinch (H. vespertina), i., 142.
" " 4.—The Large-beaked Hawfinches (Geospiza), i., 143; the Large-beaked Hawfinch (G. magnirostris), i., 143.

FAMILY VI.—THE PARROT FINCHES (PITYLI), i., 143.

Sub-Family 1.—The Rose-breasted Grosbeaks (Coccoborus), i., 143; the Rose-breasted Hawfinch (C. Ludovicianus), i., 143.
" " 2.—The Tufted Grosbeaks (Cardinalis), i., 145; the Cardinal Grosbeak (C. Virginianus), i., 145.
" " 3.—The Grey Finches (Paroaria), i., 146; the Dominican Finch (P. dominicana), i., 146.
" " 4.—The Bullfinch Finches (Sporophila), i., 146; the Tiny Finch (S. minuta), i., 146.
" " 5.—The Diadem Grosbeaks (Catamblyrhynchus), i., 147; the Diadem Grosbeak (C. diadematus), i., 147.
" " 6.—The True Parrot Finches (Pitylus), i., 147; the Ashy-blue Parrot Finch (P. cœrulescens), i., 147.
" " 7.—The Masked Parrot Finches (Caryothraustes), i., 147; the Masked Parrot Finch (C. Brasiliensis), i., 147.
" " 8.—The Habias (Saltator), i., 148; the Capi (S. cœrulescens), i., 148.
" " 9.—The Plant Cutters (Phytotoma), i., 149; the Rarita, or Rara (P. rara), i., 150.

FAMILY VII.—THE TANGARAS (TANAGRÆ), i., 150.

Sub-Family 1.—The Tangaras Proper (Tanagra), i., 151; the Ornate Tangara (T. ornata), i., 151.
" " 2.—The Fire Tangaras (Pyranga), i., 151; the Flax Bird (P. rubra), i., 151; the Summer Red Bird (P. æstiva), i., 152.
" " 3.—The Callistes (Calliste), i., 153; the Red-necked Calliste (C. festiva), i., 153.
" " 4.—The Callous-beaked Tangaras (Ramphocelus), i., 153; the Tapiranga (R. Brasiliensis), i., 154.
" " 5.—The Butcher-Bird Tangaras (Lanio), i., 154; the Black-headed Butcher-Bird Tangara (L. atricapillus), i., 154.
" " 6.—The Organist Tangaras (Euphone), i., 154; the Violet Organist, or Guttarama (E. violacea), i., 155.

FAMILY VIII.—THE BRIGHT-COATED FINCHES (AMADINÆ), i., 155.

Sub-Family 1.—The Band-Birds, or Collared Finches (Amadina), i., 156; the Collared Finch (A. fasciata), i., 156.
" " 2.—The Hooded Finches (Spermestes), i., 157; the Magpie Finch (S. cucullata), i., 158.
" " 3.—The Reed Finches (Donacula), i., 158; the Chestnut Reed Finch (D. castaneothorax), i., 158; the Double-banded Reed Finch (D. bivittata), i., 158.
" " 4.—The Grass Finches (Poëphila), i., 159; the Admirable Chaff-finch (Chloëbia mirabilis), i., 159.
" " 5.—The Rice Finches (Padda), i., 160; The Rice Bird (P. oryzivora), i., 160.
" " 6.—The Striped Finches (Pytelia), i., 161; the Little Gold-breast (P. subflava), i., 161.
" " 7.—The Speckled Finches (Lagonosticta), i., 162; the Blood Finch (L. minima), i., 162.
" " 8.—The Variegated Finches (Emblema), i., 162; the Variegated Finch (E. picta), i., 162.[Pg 272]
" " 9.—The Bright Finches (Hypochera), i., 163; the Steel Finch (H. ultramarina), i., 163.
" " 10.—The Butterfly Finches (Mariposa), i., 163; the Butterfly Finch (M. phœnicotis), i., 163.
" " 11.—Astrilds (Astrilda), i., 164; the Pheasant Finch (A. undulata), i., 164.

FAMILY IX.—THE WEAVER BIRDS (PLOCEI), i., 166.

Sub-Family 1.—The Social Weaver Birds (Philetaërus), i., 167; the Social Weaver Bird (P. socius), i., 167.
" " 2.—The Yellow Weaver Birds (Ploceus), i., 168; the Golden Weaver Bird (P. galbula), i., 168.
" " 3.—The Bayas, or Bunting Weaver Birds (Nelicurvius), i., 170; the Baya (N. Baya), i., 170.
" " 4.—The Crimson-beaked Weaver Birds (Quelea), i., 171; the Crimson-beaked Weaver Bird, or Diock (Q. sanguinirostris), i., 171.
" " 5.—The Tahas (Taha), i., 174; the Taha (T. dubia), i., 174.
" " 6.—The Fire-finches (Euplectes), i., 174; the Flame-coloured Fire-finch (E. ignicolor), i., 175.
" " 7.—The Buffalo Weaver Birds (Textor), i., 176; the Alecto Buffalo Weaver Bird (T. Alecto), i., 177.

FAMILY X.—THE WHYDAH OR WIDOW BIRDS (VIDUÆ), i., 178.

Sub-Family 1.—The Mourning Widows (Coliuspasser), i., 179; the Yellow-shouldered Mourning Widow (C. flaviscapulatus), i., 179.
" " 2.—The Long-tailed Widow Birds (Chera), i., 179; the Long-tailed Widow Bird (C. caffra), i., 179.
" " 3.—The Cock-tailed Widow Birds (Steganura), i., 180; the Paradise Widow Bird (S. paradisea), i., 180.

FAMILY XI.—THE BUNTING FINCHES (PASSERELLÆ), i., 181.

Sub-Family 1.—The Morning Finches (Zonotrichia), i., 181; the White-throated Sparrow (Z. albicollis), i., 182; the Morning Finch (Z. matutina), i., 182.
" " 2.—The Bunting Finches Proper (Spizella), i., 183; the Tree Bunting Finch (S. Canadensis), i., 183.
" " 3.—The Prairie Bunting Finches (Passerculus), i., 184; the Prairie Bunting Finch (P. savannus), i., 184.
" " 4.—The Shore Finches (Ammodromus), i., 184; the Sea Bunting Finch (A. maritimus), i., 184.

FAMILY XII.The Buntings (EMBERIZÆ), i., 185.

Sub-Family 1.—The Crested Buntings (Gubernatrix), i., 185; the Crested Bunting (G. cristatella), i., 185.
" " 2.—The Grey Buntings (Miliaria), i., 186; the Grey Bunting (M. valida), i., 186.
" " 3.—The True Buntings (Emberiza), i., 187; the Golden or Yellow Bunting (E. citrinella), i., 187; the Ortolan (E. or Glycyspina hortulana), i., 188; the Red Bunting (E. or Glycyspina cia), i., 190.
" " 4.—The Ornate Buntings (Euspiza), i., 190; the Black-headed Bunting (E. melanocephala), i., 190.
" " 5.—The Reed Buntings (Cynchramus), i., 191; the Reed Bunting (C. Schœniclus), i., 191.
" " 6.—The Spurred Buntings (Centrophanes), i., 191; the Lark Bunting (C. Lapponicus), i., 192.
" " 7.—The Winter Buntings (Plectrophanes), i., 194; the Snow Bunting (P. nivalis), i., 194.

FAMILY XIII.—THE LARKS (ALAUDÆ), i., 195.

Sub-Family 1.—The Calandra Larks (Melanocorypha), i., 196; the Calandra Lark (M. calandra), i., 197; the Short-toed Lark, or Calandrelle (M. or Calandritis brachydactyla), i., 198.
" " 2.—The Black Larks (Saxilauda), i., 199; the Black or Moor Lark (S. Tatarica), i., 199.
" " 3.—The Sand Larks (Ammomanes), i., 199; the Desert Lark (A. deserti), i., 199.
" " 4.—The Bunting Larks (Pyrrhulauda), i., 200; the Black-headed Bunting Lark (P. leucotis), i., 201.
" " 5.—The Mountain Larks (Phileremos), i., 201; the Alpine Lark (P. alpestris), i., 201.
" " 6.—The Tufted Larks (Galerita), i., 203; the Tufted Lark (G. cristata), i., 203.[Pg 273]
" " 7.—The Wood Larks (Corys), i., 204; the Wood Lark (Corys or Alauda arborea), i., 204.
" " 8.—The Larks Proper (Alauda), i., 206; the Skylark (Alauda arvensis), i., 206.
" " 9.—The Spur Larks (Macronyx), i., 208; the Sentry Lark (M. capensis), i., 208.
" " 10.—The Courser Larks (Alæmon), i., 209; the Desert Courser Lark (A. desertorum), i., 209.

SUB-ORDER III.

RAVENS (CORACIROSTRES).

FAMILY I.—THE YELLOW STARLINGS (ICTERI), i., 211.

Sub-Family 1.—The Rice-eaters (Dolichonyx), i., 212; the Boblink, or Rice-bird (D. oryzivorus), i., 212.
" " 2.—The Marsh Troopials (Agelaius), i., 214; the Red-winged Troopial (A. Phœniceus), i., 214.
" " 3.—The Cow-Birds (Molothrus), i., 215; the Cow-Starling (M. pecoris), i., 215.
" " 4.—The Yellow or Golden Starlings (Icterus), i., 215; the Jamaica Yellow Bird (I. Jamaicaii), i., 216.
" " 5.—The Hang-nests (Hyphantes), i., 218; the Baltimore Golden Starling (H. Baltimori), i., 218.
" " 6.—The Cassicans (Cassicus), i., 218; the Japu, or Tufted Cassican (C. cristatus), i., 219.
" " 7.—The Boat-tails (Quiscalus), i., 222; the Great Boat-tail (Q. major), i., 222.

FAMILY II.—THE STARLINGS (STURNI), i., 223.

Sub-Family 1.—The Starlings Proper (Sturni), i., 223; the Common Starling (S. vulgaris), i., 223; the Sardinian Starling (S. unicolor), i., 227.
" " 2.—The Blackbird Starlings (Pastor), i. 227; the Rose Starling (P. roseus), i., 227.
" " 3.—The Mina Birds (Acridotheres), i., 228; the Mina Bird (A. tristis), i., 228.
" " 4.—The Grakles (Gracula), i., 230; the Musical Grakle (G. musica or religiosa), i., 230.
" " 5.—The Ox-biters (Buphaga), i., 231; the African Ox-biter (B. Africanus), i., 231; the Red-beaked Ox-biter (B. erythrorhyncha), i., 231.

FAMILY III.—THE GLOSSY STARLINGS (LAMPROTORNITHES), i., 232.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Glossy Starlings (Lamprocolius), i., 234; the Bronze-coloured Glossy Starling (L. chalybeus), i., 234.
" " 2.—The Glossy Thrush-Starlings (Notauges), i., 234; the Golden-breasted Glossy Starling (N. chrysogaster), i., 234; the Superb Glossy Starling (N. superbus), i., 234.
" " 3.—The Scaly Glossy Starlings (Pholidauges), i., 235; the Scaly Glossy Starling (P. leucogaster), i., 235.
" " 4.—The Glossy Magpies (Lamprotornis), i., 236; the Brazen Glossy Magpie (L. aënea), i., 236.
" " 5.—The Rock Glossy Starlings (Ptilorhinus), i., 237; the White-beaked Rock Glossy Starling (P. albirostris), i., 237.
" " 6.—The Mountain Glossy Starlings (Amydrus), i., 238; the Naburup (A. Naburup), i., 238.

FAMILY IV.—THE ORIOLES (ORIOLI), i., 238.

Sub-Family 1.—The Satin Birds (Ptilonorhynchus), i., 239; the Satin Bower Bird (P. holosericus), i., 239.
" " 2.—The Collar Birds (Chlamydera), i., 240; the Spotted Collar Bird (C. maculata), i., 240.
" " 3.—The Orioles Proper (Oriolus), i., 242; the Golden Oriole (O. galbula), i., 242.
" " 4.—The Silky Orioles (Sericulus), i., 243; the Golden-crested Oriole (S. chrysocephalus), i., 243.

FAMILY V.—THE BIRDS OF PARADISE (PARADISEÆ), i., 245.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Birds of Paradise (Paradisea), i., 245; the Footless Bird of Paradise (P. apoda), i., 246; the Wumbi (P. Papuana), i., 246; the Ruby or Red Bird of Paradise (P. rubra), i., 247.[Pg 274]
" " 2.—The Spiral-tailed Birds of Paradise (Cincinnurus), i., 250; the King of the Birds of Paradise (C. regius), i., 250.
" " 3.—The Collared Birds of Paradise (Lophorina), i., 251; the Collared Bird of Paradise (L. superba), i., 251.
" " 4.—The Ornate Birds of Paradise (Parotia), i., 251; the Six-feathered Birds of Paradise (P. sex-pennis), i., 251.
" " 5.—The Resplendent Epimachi (Seleucides), i., 251; the Resplendent Epimachus (S. resplendens), i., 251.
" " 6.—The Epimachi Proper (Epimachus), i., 252; the Collared Epimachus (E. magnus), i., 252.
" " 7.—The Magpie Birds of Paradise (Astrapiæ), i., 253; the Magpie Bird of Paradise (A. gularis), i., 253.

FAMILY VI.—THE RAVENS (CORACES), i., 254.

Sub-Family 1.—The Choughs (Fregilus), i., 254; the Chough (F. graculus), i., 254.
" " 2.—The Alpine Choughs (Pyrrhocorax), i., 255; the Alpine Chough (P. alpinus), i., 255.
" " 3.—The Ravens Proper (Corax), i., 257; the Raven (C. nobilis), i., 257.
" " 4.—The Vulture Ravens (Corvultur), i., 259; the White-necked Vulture Raven (C. albicollis), i., 259; the Thick-billed Vulture Raven (C. crassirostris), i., 259.
" " 5.—The Ornamented Ravens (Pterocorax), i., 260; the Scapulated Raven (P. scapulatus), i., 260.
" " 6.—The Crows (Corvus), i., 262; the Carrion Crow (C. corona), i., 262; the Hooded Crow (C. cornix), i., 262.
" " 7.—The Rooks (Frugilegus) i., 264; the Rook (F. segetum), i., 264.
" " 8.—The Jackdaws (Monedula), i., 266; the Jackdaw (M. turrium), i., 266.
" " 9.—The Glossy Crows (Anomalocorax), i., 267; the Glossy Crow (A. splendens), i., 267.
" " 10.—The Nutcrackers (Nucifraga), i., 269; the Nutcracker (N. caryocatactes), i., 269.
" " 11.—The Piping Crows (Gymnorhina), i., 270; the Flute Bird (G. tibicen), i., 270.
" " 12.—The Bell Magpies (Strepera), i., 271; the Bell Bird (S. graculina), i., 271.
" " 13.—The Bald-headed Crows (Picathartes), i., 271; the Bald-headed Crow (P. gymnocephalus), i., 271.

FAMILY VII.—THE JAYS (GARRULI), i., 272.

Sub-Family 1.—The Magpies (Pica), i., 272; the Magpie (P. caudata), i., 272.
" " 2.—The Blue Magpies (Cyanopica), i., 274; the Blue Magpie (C. Cookii), i., 274.
" " 3.—The Blue Ravens (Cyanocorax), i., 275; the Hooded Blue Raven (C. pileatus), i., 275.
" " 4.—The Blue Jackdaws (Cyanocitta), i., 275; the Crested Blue Jackdaw (C. cristata), i., 275.
" " 5.—The Jays Proper (Garrulus), i., 278; the Common Jay (G. glandarius), i., 278.
" " 6.—The Unlucky Jays (Perisoreus), i., 279; the Unlucky Jay (P. infaustus), i., 279.
" " 7.—The Tree Magpies (Dendrocitta), i., 280; the Wandering Magpie (D. vagabunda), i., 280.
" " 8.—The Benteots (Crypsirhina), i., 281; the Benteot (C. varians), i., 281.
" " 9.—The Stump Jays (Temnurus), i., 282; the Saw-tail (T. truncatus), i., 282.
" " 10.—The Long-tailed Kittas (Urocissa), i., 282; the Long-tailed Kitta (U. Sinensis), i., 282.
" " 11.—The Feather-Beaks (Cissa), i., 283; the Sirgang (C. Sinensis), i., 283.

FAMILY VIII.—THE PLANTAIN EATERS (AMPHIBOLÆ), i., 283.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Plantain Eaters (Musophagæ), i., 283; the Banana Eater (M. violacea), i., 284.
" " 2.—The Helmet Birds (Corythaix), i., 285; the White-cheeked Helmet Bird (C. leucotis), i., 285.
" " 3.—The Turakos (Corythacola), i., 286; the Crested Turako (C. cristata), i., 286.
" " 4.—The Split-beaks (Schizorhis), i., 287; the Alarm Bird (S. zonurus), i., 287.
" " 5.—The Mouse Birds (Colii), i., 288; the Wiriwa, or White-cheeked Mouse Bird (C. leucotis), i., 289.