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Cassell's book of birds; vol. 4

Chapter 32: SUB-ORDER XII.
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About This Book

This volume surveys a wide array of wading, waterfowl, and related bird groups, presenting systematic descriptions of families such as bustards, coursers, plovers, snipes, sandpipers, phalaropes, avocets, curlews, ibises, storks, herons, bitterns, cranes, and allied species. Entries combine morphological details, behaviors, habitats, and migratory tendencies with comparative natural-history notes. The text is organized taxonomically and supported by numerous wood engravings and colored plates that illustrate plumage, anatomy, and typical poses, aiding identification and conveying regional variety across this assemblage of shore and marsh birds.

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ORDER IV.
GALLINACEOUS BIRDS (GALLINÆ).


SUB-ORDER X.

PIGEONS (GYRATORES).

FAMILY I.—THE FRUIT PIGEONS (TRERONES), iii., 142.

Sub-Family 1.—The Parrot Pigeons (Phalacroteron), iii., 142; the Parrot Pigeon (P. Abyssinica), iii., 142.

FAMILY II.—THE DOVES (COLUMBÆ), iii., 143.

Sub-Family 1.—The Ring-doves (Palumbus), iii., 143; the Ring-dove (P. torquatus), iii., 143.
" " 2.--The Doves Proper (Columba), iii., 146; the Stock Dove (C. œnas), iii., 146; the Rock Dove (C. livia), iii., 147.

FAMILY III.—THE CUCKOO PIGEONS (MACROPYGIÆ), iii., 148.

Sub-Family 1.—The Passenger Pigeons (Ectopistes), iii., 148; the Passenger Pigeon (E. migratorius), iii., 148.

FAMILY IV.—THE TURTLE DOVES (TURTURES), iii., 154.

Sub-Family 1.—The Turtle Doves Proper (Turtur), iii., 154; The Turtle Dove (T. auritus), iii., 155.
" " 2.—The Indian Ring-doves (Streptopeleia), iii., 155; the Indian Ring-dove (S. risoria), iii., 155.
" " 3.—The Dwarf Pigeons (Chalcopeleia), iii., 157; the Dwarf Pigeon (C. Afra), iii., 157.

FAMILY V.—THE AMERICAN GROUND PIGEONS (ZENAIDÆ), iii., 158.

Sub-Family 1.—The Singing Doves (Melopeleia), iii., 158; the Kukuli (M. meloda), iii., 158.
" " 2.—The Sparrow Pigeons (Pyrgitænas), iii., 159; the Sparrow Pigeon (P. passerina), iii., 159.
" " 3.—The Sparrow-hawk Pigeons (Geopeleia), iii., 160; the Striped Sparrow-hawk Pigeon (G. striata), iii., 160.
" " 4.—The Wedge-tailed Pigeons (Stictopeleia), iii., 161; the Wedge-tailed Turtle Dove (S. cuneata), iii., 161.

FAMILY VI.—THE RUNNING PIGEONS (GEOTRYGONES), iii., 162.

Sub-Family 1.—The Partridge Doves (Starnœnas), iii., 162; the Partridge Dove (S. cyanocephala), iii., 162.

FAMILY VII.—THE BRONZE-WINGED PIGEONS (PHAPES), iii., 163.

Sub-Family 1.—The Crested Bronze-winged Pigeons (Ocyphaps), iii., 163; the Crested Bronze-wing (O. lophotes), iii., 163.
" " 2.—The True Bronze-winged Pigeons (Phaps), iii., 164; the Common Bronze-wing (P. chalcoptera), iii., 164.
" " 3.—The Quail Pigeons (Geophaps), iii., 166; the Partridge Bronze-wing (G. scripta), iii., 166.
" " 4.—The White-fleshed Pigeons (Leucosarcia), iii., 167; the Wonga-Wonga Pigeon (L. picata), iii., 167.

FAMILY VIII.—THE HACKLED PIGEONS (CALLŒNAS), iii., 167.

Sub-Family 1.—The Hackled Pigeons (Callœnas), iii., 167; the Hackled Ground Pigeon (C. Nicobarica), iii., 167.

FAMILY IX.—THE CROWNED PIGEONS (GOURÆ), iii., 168.

Sub-Family 1.—The Crowned Pigeons (Goura), iii., 168; the Crowned Pigeon (G. coronata), iii., 169; the Victoria Crowned Pigeon (G. Victoriæ), iii., 170.

FAMILY X.—THE TOOTHED PIGEONS (DIDUNCULUS), iii., 170.

Sub-Family 1.—The Toothed Pigeons (Didunculus), iii., 170; the Toothed Pigeon (D. strigirostris), iii., 170.


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SUB-ORDER XI.

THE TRUE GALLINACEOUS BIRDS (RASORES).

FAMILY I.—THE SAND GROUSE (PTEROCLÆ), iii., 173.

Sub-Family 1.—The Sand Grouse (Pterocles), iii., 173; the Ganga (P. arenarius), iii., 174; the Large Pin-tailed Grouse, or Khata (P. alchata), iii., 175; the Common Sand Grouse (P. exustus), iii., 176; the Striped Sand Grouse (P. Lichtensteinii), iii., 178.
" " 2.—Pallas's Sand Grouse (Syrrhaptes), iii., 178; Pallas's Sand Grouse (S. paradoxus), iii., 178.

FAMILY II.—THE GROUSE (TETRAONES), iii., 179.

Sub-Family 1.—The Grouse Proper (Tetrao), iii., 179; the Capercali (T. urogallus), iii., 181.
" " 2.—The Heath Cocks (Lyrurus), iii., 183; the Black Cock (L. tetrix), iii., 185.
" " 3.—The Hazel Grouse (Bonasia), iii., 190; the Hazel Grouse (B. sylvestris), iii., 190.
" " 4.—The Pinnated Grouse (Cupidonia), iii., 191; the Prairie Hen (C. Americana), iii., 191.
" " 5.—The Ptarmigans (Lagopus), iii., 195; the Willow Ptarmigan (L. albus), iii., 196; the Alpine or Grey Ptarmigan (L. Alpinus), iii., 198; the Red Grouse (L. Scoticus), iii., 200.

FAMILY III.—THE PARTRIDGES (PERDICES), iii., 202.

Sub-Family 1.—The Snow Partridges (Tetraogallus), iii., 203; the Caspian Snow Partridge (T. Caspius), iii., 203; the Himalayan Snow Cock (T. Himalayensis), iii., 203.
" " 2.—The Red-legged Partridges (Caccabis), iii., 206; the Greek Partridge (C. Græca or saxatilis), iii., 206; the Chuckore (C. Chukor), iii., 207; the Red-legged Partridge (C. rubra), iii., 208; the Barbary Partridge (C. petrosa), iii., 209.
" " 3.—The True Partridges (Perdix), iii., 210; the Common Partridge (P. cinerea), iii., 210.
" " 4.—The Francolins (Francolinus), iii., 212; the Black Partridge (F. vulgaris), iii., 212.
" " 5.—The Bare-necked Pheasants (Pternistes), iii., 213; the Red-necked Pheasant (P. rubricollis), iii., 213.

FAMILY IV.—THE AMERICAN PARTRIDGES (ODONTOPHORI), iii., 214.

Sub-Family 1.—The Tree Partridges (Odontophorus), iii., 214; the Capueira. (O. dentatus), iii., 214.
" " 2.—The Tree Quails (Ortyx), iii., 216; the Virginian Partridge (O. Virginianus), iii., 216.
" " 3.—The Tufted American Partridges (Lophortyx), iii., 219; the Californian Partridge (L. Californianus), iii., 219; Gambel's Partridge (L. Gambelii), iii., 220.

FAMILY V.—THE QUAILS (COTURNICES), iii. 222.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Quails (Coturnix), iii., 222; the Common Quail (C. communis), iii., 222.
" " 2.—The Dwarf Quails (Excalfactoria), iii., 224; the Chinese Quail (E. Chinensis), iii., 224.

FAMILY VI.—THE BUSH QUAILS (TURNICES), iii., 225.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Bush Quails (Turnix), iii., 225; the Black-breasted Bush Quail (T. pugnax), iii., 226; the African Bush Quail (T. Africanus), iii., 227.
" " 2.—The Plain Wanderers (Pedionomus), iii., 227; the Collared Plain Wanderer (P. torquatus), iii., 227.

FAMILY VII.—THE TUFTED PHEASANTS (PHASIANIDÆ), iii., 228.

Sub-Family 1.—The Tufted Pheasants (Lophophorus), iii., 228; the Monaul, or Impeyan Pheasant (L. resplendens), iii., 229; Lhuys' Pheasant (L. Lhuysii), iii., 232.
" " 2.—The Horned Pheasants, or Tragopans (Ceriornis), iii., 232; the Sikkim Horned Pheasant (C. Satyra), iii., 232; the Jewar, or Western Horned Pheasant (C. melanocephala), iii., 233.
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FAMILY VIII.—THE JUNGLE FOWLS (GALLI), iii., 235.

Sub-Family 1.—The Jungle Fowls (Gallus), iii., 235; the Kasintu, or Red Jungle Fowl (G. Bankiva), iii., 235; the Ceylon Jungle Fowl (G. Stanleyii), iii., 236; the Javanese Jungle Fowl (G. furcatus), iii., 236; the Sonnerat Jungle Fowl (G. Sonnerati), iii., 237.

FAMILY IX.—THE PHEASANTS (PHASIANI), iii., 237.

Sub-Family 1.—The Macartney Pheasants (Euplocamus), iii., 238; the Siamese Fireback (E. prælatus), iii., 238; the Sikkim Kaleege, or Black Pheasant (E. or Gallophasis melanotus), iii., 238; the Kelitsch, or White-crested Kaleege Pheasant (E. or Gallophasis albocristatus), iii., 239.
" " 2.—The Silver Pheasants (Nycthemerus), iii., 240; the Silver Pheasant (N. argentatus), iii., 240.
" " 3.—The Pheasants Proper (Phasianus), iii., 242; the Common Pheasant (P. colchicus), iii., 242; the Chinese Ring-necked Pheasant (P. torquatus), iii., 243; the Japanese Pheasant (P. versicolor), iii., 244; Sœmmering's Pheasant (P. Sœmmeringii), iii., 245; Reeves's Pheasant (P. Reevesii), iii., 246.
" " 4.—The Golden Pheasants (Thaumalea), iii., 247; the Golden Pheasant (T. picta), iii., 247; Lady Amherst's Pheasant (T. Amherstiæ), iii., 248.
" " 5.—The Eared Pheasants (Crossoptilon), iii., 250; the Chinese Eared Pheasant (C. auritum), iii., 250.
" " 6.—The Argus Pheasants (Argus), iii., 250; the Argus Pheasant (A. giganteus), iii., 250.
" " 7.—The Peacock Pheasants (Polyplectron), iii., 251; the Chinquis, or Assam Peacock Pheasant (P. chinquis), iii., 251.

FAMILY X.—THE PEACOCKS (PAVONES), iii., 253.

Sub-Family 1.—The Peacocks (Pavo), iii., 253; the Common Peacock (P. cristatus), iii., 254; the Black-winged Peacock (P. nigripennis), iii., 255; the Japan Peacock (P. muticus), iii., 255.

FAMILY XI.—THE GUINEA FOWLS (NUMIDÆ), iii., 256.

Sub-Family 1.—The Royal Guinea Fowls (Acryllium), iii., 256; the Vulturine Royal Guinea Fowl (A. vulturinum), iii., 256.
" " 2.—The Tufted Guinea Fowls (Guttera), iii., 257; Pucheran's Tufted Guinea Fowl (G. Pucheranii), iii., 257.
" " 3.—The True Guinea Fowls (Numida), iii., 258; the Common Guinea Fowl (N. meleagris), iii., 258; the Mitred Pintado (N. mitrata), iii., 258; the Tuft-beaked Pintado (N. ptilorhyncha), iii., 259.

FAMILY XII.—THE TURKEYS (MELEAGRIDES), iii., 259.

Sub-Family 1.—The Turkeys (Meleagris), iii., 259; the Puter, or Wild Turkey (M. gallopavo), iii., 259.

FAMILY XIII.—THE AUSTRALIAN JUNGLE FOWL (TALLEGALLI), iii., 264.

Sub-Family 1.—The Brush Turkeys (Catheturus), iii., 266; the Brush Turkey (C. Lathamii), iii., 266.
" " 2.—The Maleos (Megacephalon), iii., 268; the Maleo (M. Maleo), iii., 268.
" " 3.—The Leipoas (Leipoa), iii., 270; the Ocellated Leipoa (L. ocellata), iii., 270.

FAMILY XIV.—THE MEGAPODES (MEGAPODII), iii., 273.

Sub-Family 1.—The Megapodes (Megapodius), iii., 273; the Australian Megapode (M. tumulus), iii., 273.

FAMILY XV.—THE CURASSOWS (CRACIDÆ), iii., 275.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Curassows, or Hoccos (Craces), iii., 276; the Common or Crested Curassow (Crax alector), iii., 276; the Wattled Curassow (C. carunculata), iii., 278; the Red Curassow (C. rubra), iii., 278; the Galeated Curassow (C. pauxi), iii., 278.
" " 2.—The Mountain Curassows (Oreophasis), iii., 278; the Mountain Curassow (O. Derbyanus), iii., 278.
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FAMILY XVI.—THE GUANS (PENELOPÆ), iii., 279.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Guans (Penelope), iii., 279; the Supercilious Guan (P. superciliaris), iii., 280; the Pigmy, or Piping Guan (P. or Pipile leucolophus), iii., 280; the Aracuan (P. or Ortalida Aracuan), iii., 280.
" " 2.—The Crested Guans (Opisthocomus), iii., 281; the Hoactzin, or Stink Bird (O. cristatus), iii., 281.

FAMILY XVII.—THE TINAMOUS (CRYPTURIDÆ), iii., 282.

Sub-Family 1.—The Tinamous Proper (Crypturus), iii., 282; the Tataupa (C. Tataupa), iii., 283.
" " 2.—The Inambus (Rhynchotus), iii., 285; the Inambu (R. rufescens), iii., 285.
" " 3.—The American Quails (Nothura), iii., 285; the Lesser American Quail (N. nana), iii., 285.
" " 4.—The Macucas (Trachypelmus), iii., 285; the Macuca (T. Brasiliensis), iii., 285.

SUB-ORDER XII.

SHORT-WINGED CURSORIAL BIRDS (BREVIPENNES).

FAMILY I.—THE OSTRICHES (STRUTHIONES), iii., 287.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Ostriches (Struthio), iii., 287; the African Ostrich (S. Camelus), iii., 287.
" " 2.—The Nandus (Rhea), iii., 291; the Nandu, or American Ostrich (R. Americana), iii., 291; the Long-billed Nandu (R. macrorhynchus), iii., 299; the Dwarf Nandu (R. Darwinii), iii., 299.
" " 3.—The Emus (Dromæus), iii., 301; the Emu (D. Novæ:-Hollandiæ), iii., 301; the Spotted Emu (D. irroratus), iii., 301.

FAMILY II.—THE CASSOWARIES (CASUARII), iii., 302.

Sub-Family 1.—The Cassowaries (Casuarius), iii., 302; the Helmeted Cassowary (C. galeatus), iii., 302; the Mooruk (C. Bennettii), iii., 302; the Australian Cassowary (C. Australis), iii., 307.

FAMILY III.—THE KIVIS (APTERYGES), iii., 309.

Sub-Family 1.—The Kivis (Apteryx), iii., 309; the Australian Apteryx, or Kivi-Kivi (A. Australis), iii., 309; Mantell's Apteryx (A. Mantellii), iii., 310; Owen's Apteryx (A. Owenii), iii., 311.


SUB-ORDER XIII.

THE STILT-WALKERS (GRALLATORES).

FAMILY I.—THE BUSTARDS (OTIDES), iv., 2.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Bustards (Otis) iv., 2; the Great Bustard (O. tarda), iv., 2.
" " 2.—The Little Bustards (Tetrax), iv., 5; the Little Bustard (T. campestris), iv., 5.
" " 3.—The Houbaras (Hubara), iv., 6; the Indian Houbara (H. Macquenii), iv., 6; the African Ruffled Bustard (H. undulata), iv., 8.
" " 4.—The Florikins (Sypheotides), iv., 8; the Bengal Florikin (S. Bengalensis), iv., 8.
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FAMILY II.—THE COURSERS (TACHYDROMI), iv., 9.

Sub-Family 1.—The Desert Coursers (Cursorius), iv., 10; the Cream-coloured Courser (C. isabellinus), iv., 10.
" " 2.—The Crocodile Watchers (Trochilus), iv., 11; the Egyptian Crocodile Watcher (T. Ægyptiacus), iv., 11.

FAMILY III.—THE PRATINCOLES (TRACHELIÆ), iv., 12.

Sub-Family 1.—The Pratincoles (Glareola), iv., 12; the Collared Pratincole (G. pratincola), iv., 13.

FAMILY IV.—THE THICK-KNEESDICNEMI), iv., 14.

Sub-Family 1.—The Thick-knees (Œdicnemus), iv., 14; the Common Thick-knee (O. crepitans), iv., 14.

FAMILY V.—THE PLOVERS (CHARADRII), iv., 15.

Sub-Family 1.—The Golden Plovers (Charadrius), iv., 16; the Golden Plover (C. auratus), iv., 16; the Ringed Plover (C. hiaticula), iv., 18.
" " 2.—The Dotted Plovers (Eudromias), iv., 18; the Dotterel (E. Morinellus), iv., 19.
" " 3.—The Shore Plovers (Ægialites), iv., 20; the Little Shore Plover (Æ. minor), iv., 20.

FAMILY VI.—THE LAPWINGS (VANELLI), iv., 21.

Sub-Family 1.—The Peewits (Vanellus), iv., 21; the Peewit, or Lapwing (V. cristatus), iv., 22.
" " 2.—The Spur-winged Lapwings (Hoplopterus), iv., 23; the Spur-winged Lapwing (H. spinosus), iv., 23.
" " 3.—The Lappeted Peewits (Sarciophorus), iv., 24; the Lappeted Peewit (S. pileatus), iv., 24.

FAMILY VII.—THE TURNSTONES (STREPSILATES), iv., 24.

Sub-Family 1.—The Turnstones (Strepsilas), iv., 24; the Turnstone (S. interpres), iv., 24.

FAMILY VIII.—THE OYSTER-CATCHERS (HÆMATOPI), iv., 27.

Sub-Family 1.—The Oyster-catchers (Hæmatopus), iv., 27; the Pied Oyster-catcher (H. ostralegus), iv., 27.

FAMILY IX.—THE SNIPES (LIMICOLÆ), iv., 29.

Sub-Family 1.—The Woodcocks (Scolopax), iv., 30; the Woodcock (S. rusticola), iv., 30.
" " 2.—The Marsh Snipes (Gallinago), iv., 33; the Common Snipe (G. Scolopacinus), iv., 34.
" " 3.—The Moor Snipes (Philolimnos), iv., 35; the Jack Snipe (P. gallinula), iv., 35.

FAMILY X.—THE SANDPIPERS (TRINGÆ), iv., 35.

Sub-Family 1.—The Curlew Sandpipers (Limicola), iv., 36; the Pigmy Curlew Sandpiper (L. pygmæa), iv., 36.
" " 2.—The Sanderlings (Calidris), iv., 36; the Sanderling (C. arenaria), iv., 36.
" " 3.—The Mud Sandpipers (Pelidna), iv., 38; the Mud Sandpiper (P. subarquata), iv., 38.
" " 4.—The Dwarf Sandpipers (Actodroma), iv., 38; the Dwarf Sandpiper (A. minuta), iv., 38.
" " 5.—The Ruffs (Philomachus), iv., 39; the Ruff (P. pugnax), iv., 39.

FAMILY XI.—THE PHALAROPES (PHALAROPI), iv., 42.

Sub-Family 1.—The Hyperborean Phalaropes (Lobipes), iv., 43; the Hyperborean Phalarope (L. hyperboreus), iv., 43.
" " 2.—The Phalaropes Proper (Phalaropus), iv., 43; the Red Phalarope (P. rufus), iv., 43.

FAMILY XII.—THE LONGSHANKS (TOTANI), iv., 44.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Sandpipers (Actitis), iv., 45; the Common Sandpiper (A. hypoleucos), iv., 45.
" " 2.—The Greenshanks (Glottis), iv., 46; the Greenshank (G. chloropus), iv., 46.
" " 4.—The Godwits (Limosa), iv., 47; the Red or Bar-tailed Godwit (L. rufa), iv., 48.
" " 5.—The Stilts (Hypsibates), iv., 49; the Black-winged Stilt (H. himantopus), iv., 49.
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FAMILY XIII.—THE AVOCETS (RECURVIROSTRÆ), iv., 50.

Sub-Family 1.—The Avocets (Recurvirostra), iv., 50; the Scooping Avocet (R. avocetta), iv., 50.

FAMILY XIV.—THE CURLEWS (Numenii), iv., 51.

Sub-Family 1.—The Curlews (Numenius), iv., 51; the Great Curlew, or Whaap (N. arquatus), iv., 51.

FAMILY XV.—THE IBISES (Ibides), iv., 54.

Sub-Family 1.—The Falcinels (Falcinellus), iv., 55; the Glossy Ibis (F. igneus), iv., 55.
" " 2.—The Scarlet Ibises (Ibis), iv., 56; the Scarlet Ibis (I. rubra), iv., 56.
" " 3.—The True Ibises (Threskiornis), iv., 56; the Egyptian or Sacred Ibis (T. religiosa), iv, 56.

FAMILY XVI.—THE SPOONBILLS (PLATALEÆ), iv., 58.

Sub-Family 1.—The Spoonbills (Platalea), iv., 58; the Common Spoonbill (P. leucorodia), iv., 58.

FAMILY XVII.—THE BOAT-BILLS (CANCROMATA), iv., 59.

Sub-Family 1.—The Whale-headed Storks (Balæniceps), iv., 59; the Whale-headed Stork, or Shoe-beak (B. rex), iv., 59.
" " 2.—The Boat-bills (Cancroma), iv., 62; the Savaku, or Boat-bill (C. cochlearia), iv., 62.

FAMILY XVIII.—THE SHADOW BIRDS (SCOPI), iv., 62.

Sub-Family 1.—The Shadow Birds (Scopus), iv., 62; the Hammer-head, or Shadow-Bird (S. umbretta), iv., 62.

FAMILY XIX.—THE STORKS (CICONIÆ), iv., 63.

Sub-Family 1.—The Tantali (Tantalus), iv., 65; the Ibis-like Tantalus (T. ibis), iv., 66.
" " 2.—The True Storks (Ciconia), iv., 67; the White or House Stork (C. alba), iv., 69.
" " 3.—The Simbils (Sphenorhynchus), iv., 70; the Simbil (S. Abdimii), iv., 70.
" " 4.—The Giant Storks (Mycteria), iv., 71; the Senegal Jabiru (M. Senegalensis), iv., 71; the Jabiru (M. Australis), iv., 71.
" " 5.—The Adjutants, Argalas, or Marabous (Leptoptilos), iv., 74; the African Marabou (L. crumenifer), iv., 74; the Indian Adjutant, or Argala (L. argala), iv., 74.
" " 6.—The Clapper-billed Storks (Anastomus), iv., 75; the African Clapper Bill (A. lamelligerus), iv., 75.

FAMILY XX.—THE HERONS (ARDEÆ), iv., 76.

Sub-Family 1.—The Herons Proper (Ardea), iv., 78; the Common Heron (A. cinerea), iv., 78; the Giant Heron (A. Goliath), iv., 80.
" " 2.—The White Herons (Herodias), iv., 81; the Great White Heron (H. alba), iv., 81; the Lesser Egret (H. garzetta), iv., 82.
" " 3.—The Cattle Herons (Bubulcus), iv., 82; the Cattle Heron (B. ibis), iv., 82.
" " 4.—The Night Herons (Nycticorax), iv., 82; the Night Heron (N. Europæus), iv., 82.
" " 5.—The Dwarf Bitterns (Ardetta), iv., 83; the Little Bittern (A. minuta), iv., 83.
" " 6.—The Bitterns (Botaurus), iv., 85; the Common Bittern (B. stellaris), iv., 85.

FAMILY XXI.—THE SUN BITTERNS (EURYPYGÆ), iv., 86.

Sub-Family 1.—The Sun Bitterns (Eurypyga), iv., 86; the Sun Bittern (E. helias), iv., 86.

FAMILY XXII.—THE CRANES (GRUES), iv., 87.

Sub-Family 1.—The Cranes Proper (Grus), iv., 89; the Common Crane (G. cinerea), iv., 89.
" " 2.—The Demoiselle Cranes (Anthropoides), iv., 90; the Demoiselle Crane (A. virgo), iv., 90.

FAMILY XXIII.—THE AFRICAN CROWNED CRANES (BALEARICÆ), iv., 90.

Sub-Family 1.—The African Crowned Cranes (Balearica), iv., 90; the Crowned African Crane (B. pavonina), iv., 90.

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FAMILY XXIV.—THE FIELD STORKS (ARVICOLÆ), iv., 91.

Sub-Family 1.—The Snake Cranes (Dicholophus), iv., 91; the Brazilian Cariama (D. cristatus), iv., 91.
" " 2.—The Trumpeters (Psophia), iv., 94; the Agami (P. crepitans), iv., 94.

FAMILY XXV.—THE SCREAMERS (PALAMEDEÆ), iv., 95.

Sub-Family 1.—The Horned Screamers (Palamedea), iv., 96; the Aniuma (P. cornuta), iv., 96.
" 2.—The Tschajas (Chauna), iv., 97; the Chauna, or Tschaja (C. Chavaria), iv., 97.

FAMILY XXVI.—THE RAILS (RALLI), iv., 98.

Sub-Family 1.—The Snipe Rails (Rhynchæa), iv., 98; the Golden Rail (R. Capensis), iv., 99.
" " 2.—The Water Rails (Rallus), iv., 99; the Water Rail (R. aquaticus), iv., 99.
" " 3.—The Aramides (Aramides), iv., 100; the Serrakura (A. gigas), iv., 101.
" " 4.—The Land Rails (Crex), iv., 101; the Land Rail, or Corn Crake (C. pratensis), iv., 101.

FAMILY XXVII.—THE JACANAS (PARRÆ), iv., 102.

Sub-Family 1.—The Jacanas Proper (Parra), iv., 102; the Chilian Jacana (P. Jacana), iv., 102.
" " 2.—The Water Pheasants (Hydrophasianus), iv., 103; the Chinese Jacana, or Water Pheasant (H. Sinensis), iv., 103.

FAMILY XXVIII.—THE GALLINULES (GALLINULÆ), iv., 103.

Sub-Family 1.—The Gallinules (Porphyrio), iv., 105; the Hyacinthine Porphyrio (P. hyacinthinus), iv., 105; the Purple Gallinule (P. chloronotus), iv., 106.
" " 2.—The Water Hens (Stagnicola), iv., 106; the Common Moor-hen (S. chloropus), iv., 107.
" " 3.—The Coots (Fulica), iv., 110; the Common Coot (F. atra), iv., 111.

FAMILY XXIX.—THE FINFOOTS (PODOÆ), iv., 112.

Sub-Family 1.—The Finfoots (Heliornis), iv., 112; the Surinam Finfoot, or Picapare (H. Surinamensis), iv., 112.