Cave Hunting / Researches on the evidence of caves respecting the early inhabitants of Europe

Chapter 200: INDEX.

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The author surveys the formation and variety of caves and relates their geological processes to the archaeological and paleontological deposits they preserve, explaining types such as sea-formed, volcanic, and limestone water-caves and the development of stalagmitic deposits. He reviews the history of cave exploration across Europe and provides detailed case studies (for example Wookey Hole, Victoria Cave, Kent’s Hole, Brixham, Auvergne, and Denbighshire), describing discoveries of human tools, artworks, and bones alongside extinct Pleistocene fauna. The account interprets these associations to trace palæolithic and neolithic occupations, later historic cave use, and the climatic and geographical implications for early inhabitants and regional ethnological links.

INDEX.

Abbeville, flint implements of, 16.
Aborigines (palæolithic) of India, 428, 429.
Acid-worn joint, Doveholes, Derbyshire, 52.
Adams, Dr. Leith, explores bone-caves of Malta, 377;
finds tooth of pigmy hippopotamus in Candia, 378.
Adriatic Sea, the, 388.
Africa, mainland of, 379;
moraines in, 387;
physical geography of, in pleistocene age, 370;
species of European mammalia found in, 380.
African animals in the Iberian peninsula, 372;
elephant, the, 372, 376.
Age of cavern deposits, test of, 410.
Albert Cave, the, Settle, 101.
Alessi, Canon, cited, 376.
Algeria, fossil mammalia in, 379.
Alps, the, animals living to the North of, 359, 360;
glaciers of, 403.
Altai mountains, the, Irish elk in, 401;
panther in, 403.
America, animals in, 396–399.
Amiens, flint implements in the gravels of, 16.
Anatolia, the glaciers of, 383–385.
Anca, Baron, on caves of northern Sicily, 376.
Andalusia, prehistoric antiquities in, 209.
Animals in Brit-Welsh caves, 130, 131;
classificatory value of, 78;
domestic, derived from Asia, 137;
evidence of, as to climate, 392;
extinct species of, 400;
historic, 75, 76;
living under the care of man, 77;
migration of, 366;
northern group of, 395;
pleistocene, living to the north of the Alps, 359–361;
unknown in Britain in the prehistoric age, 266;
prehistoric, 265;
probable cause of association of species, 397;
southern group of, 393;
temperate group of, 399.
Antelope saiga, the, 336, 348, 399.
Antelopes, spread of, into Europe, 370.
Antiquity of Man in Europe, 424.
Aquitaine, implements in the caves of, 354, 355;
palæolithic hunters in, 347;
the people of, 356, 357.
Ardennes, rock denuded from the, 61.
Arenaceous rocks, caves in, 24.
Arnould, M., on the cave of Sclaigneaux, 218.
Arrows used by palæolithic hunters, 342.
Art of the Eskimos, 356.
Arthur’s cave, King, 290.
Ashmolean Museum, harpoons in the, 354, 356.
Asia, domestic animals of Europe derived from, 137;
the lion in, 393.
Ass, the, 77.
Atlantic Ocean, the, 380;
shore, the, at one hundred fathom line, 365.
Atlas mountains, glaciers of the, 386.
Aurignac, the cave of, 19;
bones found in, 246;
discovery of, 243;
interment in, 242;
skeletons of man above palæolithic stratum of, 245.
Austen, Mr. Godwin- (see Godwin-Austen).
Auvergne, palæolithic men in, 21.
Avison, cave of, 18.
Axe, the river, 29.
Aymard, M., cited, 330.
B.
Badger, the (see Meles taxus).
Banwell, cave at, 293.
Basques, the, eastern derivation of, 227, 228;
elements of, in British and French populations, 225;
in Britain and Ireland in the neolithic age, 215;
the Dolicho-cephali cognate with, 213;
the oldest neolithic population, 223.
Baumann’s Hole, 12.
Baume, the cave of, animals found in, 337.
Bayle, M., on animals from Mansourah, 379.
Bear, the, 75, 79, 131, 146;
in Germany, 278;
in the care of Kühloch, 27;
the cave, 138, 278, 401;
the grizzly, 278, 348, 376, 399.
Beard, Mr., of Banwell, cited, 15, 33;
explorations of, 292.
Beaumont, Mr. John, describes Wookey Hole, 29;
on fungoid structures, 69.
Beaver, the, 76, 79, 132.
Behrens, Dr., cited, 12.
Belgium, brachy-cephalic skulls found in, 228;
caves in, 20, 347;
dolicho-cephalic skulls in, 215.
Bell, Professor, on the ass, 77.
Bertrand, M. Eugène, cited, 175.
Billaudel, M., cited, 18.
Birkbeck, Mr., cited, 35;
descends into Helln Pot, 43.
Bishofferode, cave at, 4.
Bison, the, 80, 266, 359.
Blackmore, Dr., cited, 268, 269.
Black-Rock Cave, the, near Tenby, 68.
Blake, Mr. Carter, cited, 144.
Blyth, Mr., cited, 393.
Boar, the wild, 76, 79.
Bone-beds, the, in Wookey Hole Hyæna-den, 305–307.
Bone-caves, before and after the ice-period, 408;
exploration of, in Great Britain, 13;
in Southern Europe, 21, 370, 373, 375, 377;
the three classes of, 10.
Bone harpoon, found in Victoria Cave, 111.
Bones gnawed by hyænas, 282.
Bonney, Rev. T. G., cited, 28.
Bos longifrons, 78, 88, 125, 131, 133, 136, 144, 150, 166, 194, 256, 262, 269.
Bos namadicus, 428.
Bosco’s Den, 288.
Boulder clays, 403.
Brachy-cephali, the Belgian, 199, 219;
British, 193, 199;
French, 199, 202, 203;
represented by Celts, 229.
Bradley, Mr., cited, 190.
Brandt, Professor, cited, 399;
on the Irish Elk, 401.
Brenan, Mr., discoveries of, in Ireland, 335.
Bristol Channel, the, 290.
Britain, cave exploration in, 13;
during the second ice age, 406;
historic caves in, 81;
historic period in, 75;
inhabitants of, in the neolithic age, 191;
in the pleistocene age, 366;
mammalia in, during the second ice age, 406;
population of in time of Cæsar, 224;
raids of Picts and Scots in, 105;
range of dolicho-cephali in, and Ireland, 194;
Roman dominion in, 103;
two periods of glaciation in, 401;
wild animals in, 75.
British brachy-cephali, 198, 199.
Brit-Welsh caves, 129, 130.
Brixham, caves at, 16, 319;
implements and animals in, 320;
history of deposits in, 321.
Broca, M., cited, 156;
on Basque crania, 213;
on the Caverne de l’Homme Mort, 198, 200, 201;
derivation of the Basques from Africa, 227, 228;
on platycnemic tibiæ, 175;
sepulchral cave of Orrouy, 202.
Brome, Captain, researches of, 21, 204.
Bronze age in Britain, caves of the, 141;
armlet from Thor’s cave, 128;
articles from Heathery Burn, 142.
Brooches found in the Victoria cave, 98.
Brown, Mr. Edwin, on Thor’s cave, 128.
Browne, the Rev. G. F., explorations of, 26;
on the temperature of caves, 72.
Bruniquel, cave of, 40;
description of, 247;
interments of doubtful age in, 248.
Bryce, Dr., cited, 405.
Brysgill, cave of, 160.
Bubalus namadicus, 428.
Buckland, Dr., cited, 13, 18, 30, 120, 240, 293, 295, 300;
on Gailenreuth cave, 273, 274;
Kirkdale, 14, 280, 281, 283;
Kühloch, 276;
Paviland, 234.
Buffalo in Italy, 81.
Busk, Professor, cited, 13, 120, 155, 162, 189, 259;
on fossil bones in the Iberian peninsula, 372;
human bones from Perthi-Chwareu caves, 166–179;
human remains from Cefn tumulus, 180–186;
human skull from caves of Césaroda, 146, 147;
skulls found in Spain, 208, 209;
the Berbers, 212;
the fauna of Mentone, 373;
researches of, in caves of Gibraltar, 204–208, 371.
C.
Calcareous rocks, caves in, 25.
Caldy, cave of, 62, 63;
cave-pearls in, 66;
fungoid stalagmites in, 67;
island of, 289.
Campbell, Dr., cited, 196.
Canis familiaris, 131, 144, 150, 157, 166, 256;
lupus, 166;
vulpes, 131, 150, 166.
Capellini, Professor, cited, 258;
on the Grotta dei Colombi, 259.
Capra hircus, 131, 150, 166.
Carbonate of lime, circulation of, 71;
in Thames water, 70;
removed by streams, 69.
Cartaillac, M., cited, 247.
Carte, Dr., cited, 335.
Cat, Caffir, 394; domestic, 77, 81.
Cat-Hole cave, in Gower, 145.
Cave-pearls, 66.
Caves, biological division of, 6–9;
classification of palæolithic, 351;
conclusions as to prehistoric, 261;
containing remains of doubtful age, 232;
contents of historic, 131;
deposits in valleys and in, 272, 273;
exploration of European, 11;
filling up of, 61;
formation of, 50;
historic, in Britain, 81;
in the region of Craven, 106;
legends and superstitions of, 2;
not generally found in line of faults, 57;
of bronze age in Britain, 141;
of neolithic age, 149;
physical division of, 5;
physical history of, 23, 65;
relation of, to Pot-holes, “Cirques,” and Ravines, 27, 54;
results of the exploration of European, 430;
temperature of, 71;
test of age of deposits in, 410;
used as places of refuge, 102;
various ages of, 58;
Albert, 101;
of Andalusia, 208, 209;
Aquitaine, 347, 354;
Aurignac, 243;
Avison, 18;
Banwell, 293;
Baumann’s Hole, 12;
Baume, 337;
Belgium, 347;
Bishofferode, 4;
Black Rock, 68;
Bosco’s Den, 288;
Britain, 278;
Brit-Welsh, 130;
Brixham, 319;
Bruniquel, 247;
Brysgill, 160;
Caldy, 62;
Canary Isles, 211;
Cat-Hole, 145;
Cavillon, 257;
Cefn, 164, 166, 286;
Césareda, 145;
Chauvaux, 215;
Colombi, 258;
Crawley Rocks, 288;
Cro-Magnon, 249;
Denbighshire, 18;
Derbyshire, 284;
Devonshire, 317;
Dowkerbottom, 101;
Dream, the, 284;
Engis, 234;
Fingal, 24;
France, 336;
Franconia, 12;
Gailenreuth, 273;
Gatekirk, 50;
Gendron, 239;
Genista, 205, 371;
Gibraltar, 204, 371;
Goatchurch, 31–34;
Gower, 288;
Heathery Burn, 141;
Hutton, 292;
Ingleborough, 36;
Ireland, 365;
Kelko, 101;
Kent’s-Hole, 324;
King Arthur, 290;
King’s Scar, 112;
Kirkdale, 280;
Kirkhead, 125;
Kühloch, 276;
Laugerie Basse, 339;
L’Homme Mort, 198, 200;
Llandebie, 194;
Llanamynech, 34;
Lombrive, 256;
Longberry Bank, 133;
Long Churn, 41;
Lunel-viel, 336, 375;
Maccagnone, 376;
Maghlak, 377;
Malta, 377;
Moustier, 341;
Naulette, 349;
Neanderthal, 240;
North Wales, 286;
Oban, 195;
Orrouy, 202;
Paviland, 232;
Peak, 34;
Pembrokeshire, 289;
Périgord, 337;
Perthi-Chwareu, 152, 157, 167;
Plas Heaton, 160, 287;
Poole, 34, 126;
Provence and Mentone, 373;
Reggio, 148;
Rians, 373;
Rhosdigre, 156, 166, 188;
San Ciro, 376;
Sclaigneaux, 218;
Sicily, 375;
South Wales, 288;
Thor’s, 127;
Uphill, 294;
Victoria, 81, 110, 118, 121, 284, 411;
Weathercote, 47;
Whitcombe, 140;
Woman’s, 210;
Wookey, 17, 29;
Yorkshire, 101, 278.
Caverne de l’Homme Mort, 198, 200.
Cavillon, cave of, 257;
palæolithic skeletons in, 257;
strata in, 374.
Cedars of Lebanon, the, Dr. Hooker on, 382.
Cefn, caves at, 286;
chambered tomb near, 161;
discovery of bones at, 15, 159;
Professor Busk on human remains from tumulus at, 180–184;
on skull from, 184–167.
Celts, brachy-cephali represented by, 229.
Cervus alcis, 137;
capreolus, 131, 150, 166;
carnutorum, 419, 424;
elaphus, 131, 150, 166;
Polignacus, 418, 419, 424;
Sedgwickii, 419, 424;
verticornis, 419, 424.
Césareda, caves of, 145;
evidence of cannibalism in, 147.
Chautre, M., cited, 403.
Chapel-en-le-Dale, valley of, 49, 56.
Chauvaux, cave of, 20, 215.
Chester, sack of, 110.
Chierici, l’Abbé, on remains from the cave of Reggio, 148.
Chillingham ox, the, 77, 90.
Christol, M. de, cited, 376.
Christy, Mr., cited, 19;
on the caves of Périgord, 337.
“Cirques” in calcareous rocks, 56.
Classification of pleistocene strata, 412–414.
Classificatory value of historic animals, 78.
Close, Rev. H. M., cited, 402.
Climate, evidence of animals as to, 392, 401;
pleistocene, 398.
Coast line of North-Western Europe in pleistocene age, 362.
Cochrane, Sir James, cited, 208.
Coins in the Victoria cave, Settle, 93.
Corsica, absence of cliffs in, 390.
Crania from Genista cave, 207.
Cranial terms, definition of, 190.
Craven, caves near, 106.
Crawley Rocks, the cavern of, 288.
Crayford, discovery of a flint-flake at, 416.
Cro-Magnon, cave of, 249;
ornaments found in, 254;
position of human skeletons in, 253;
section of deposits in, 250;
the human tibiæ of, 176;
traces of occupation in, 251.
Cuvier, Baron, cited, 12, 13, 18.
D.
Dalebeck, the, course of, 49.
Dana, Professor, on caverns, 58.
Darbishire, Mr. R. D., reference to, 93.
Dauphiny, the hills of, 404.
Delgado, Senhor J. L., on researches in the caves of Césareda, 145, 146.
De Luc, M., cited, 12.
Denbighshire, sepulchral caves in, 18.
Denny, Mr., cited, 120.
Derbyshire, caves of, 284.
Desnoyers, M., cited, 25, 26, 28;
on the analogy between caverns and mineral veins, 57;
relation of caves to ravines, 55.
Devonshire, caves of, 317.
Dio Chrysostom Rhetor on the lion, 80.
Dog, the (see Canis familiaris).
Dolicho-cephali, British, 191, 192;
their range in Britain and Ireland, 194–197;
cognate with the Basque, 218;
of Gibraltar, 204–207.
Dormouse of Malta, the, 267.
Dowkerbottom cave, 101, 102.
Dream-cave, near Wirksworth, 284.
Dubrueil, M., cited, 18.
Dupont, M., cited, 216, 237, 239;
discoveries of, 21, 235;
investigations of, in Dinant-sur-Meuse, 348;
on the Trou de Naulette, 349.
Durdham Down, fissures of, 291.
Dürnten, the lignite bed of, 404.
E.
Eagle, the, 150.
“Ebur fossile,” 11.
Egerton, Sir Philip, cited, 273.
Elephant, the African, 21;
found near Madrid, 372;
in Sicily, 376, 394.
Elephas antiquus, 266, 281, 373, 376, 400, 404, 417;
melitensis, 378, 400;
meridionalis, 266, 379, 419, 422, 424;
namadicus, 427;
primigenius (see Mammoth);
(stegodon) insignis, 427.
Elk, the, 79, 137.
Elmet, conquest of, 109.
Enamels in the north of England, 100;
mentioned by Philostratus, 101.
Engis, cave of, 234.
English invasion, the, 107.
Enniskillen, Lord, cited, 273.
Equus fossilis of pleiocene age, 421.
Eskimos, art of the, 356;
implements of the, 354;
in Europe, 425;
probably the representatives of cave-dwellers, 358;
relation of cave-dwellers to, 353.
Esper, cited, 273.
Europe, Antiquity of man in, 424;
climatal changes on the continent of, 403;
pleistocene mammalia pre-glacial in, 404;
species of mammalia in Africa, and, 380;
Southern, bone-caves of, 370;
fauna in caves of, 368.
Evans, Mr. John, cited, 17, 147, 158, 243, 248, 267;
on coins, 94;
on the iron, bronze, and stone ages, 139;
on the palæolithic cave-dwellers, 351.
Evidence of soundings in Southern Europe, 380.
F.
Fairy Chamber, the, Caldy, 63, 64.
Falconer, Dr., cited, 17, 21, 156, 175, 281, 288, 316, 362, 404, 416, 418, 421, 425, 427;
on bones from San Ciro, 376;
on mammals in the Iberian peninsula, 372;
on the fauna of the forest bed, 420;
on the hippopotamus, 377;
on the Hippopotamus namadicus, 428, 429;
researches of, in caves of Gibraltar, 204–207.
Fallow deer, the, 77;
in Britain, 131;
in France, 80;
in Spain and Africa, 380.
Falsan, M., cited, 403.
Farrer, Mr., explorations of, 36;
on coins, 102;
on remains from Dowkerbottom cave, 113;
stalagmite, 39.
Fauna, cave, identical with river-bed, 362;
changes in the, of Great Britain, 78;
of Montpellier, 421;
of Southern Europe, 368, 373;
the pleiocene, 420;
the pleistocene, 393, 417;
the prehistoric, 136, 137.
Felis caffer, the, 138, 266, 388;
in Iberian peninsula, 372;
in Somerset, 394.
Fellowes, Sir Charles, cited, 164.
Fibulæ, enamelled, 99.
Fingal’s cave, 24.
Fischer, Dr. Gothelf, on the panther, 400.
Fisher, Rev. O., discovers a flint-flake at Crayford, 416.
Fisherton, valley-gravels at, 268.
Fissures, 37, 58;
of Durdham Down, 291;
of Mentone, 373;
of Windmill Hill, 371.
Flint flakes and scrapers in caves of Périgord, 339;
in caves of Mentone, 373;
in Perthi-Chwareu, 166;
Wookey Hole, 298.
Florus on the Aquitani, 7.
Foote, Mr. Bruce, cited, 156;
on flint implements from Madras, 426.
Fossil mammalia from the German Ocean, 364, 365.
Foville, M., cited, 170.
Fowl, the domestic, 77, 80.
Fox, the Arctic, 348, 396, 400.
Fraas, Professor, cited, 350, 409.
France, Basque peoples in, 226;
caves in, 18, 242, 336;
skulls from tumuli in, 203;
the dolicho-cephali and brachy-cephali in, 198.
Franconia, caves of, 12.
Franks, Mr., cited, 206;
on drawings of palæolithic hunters, 345;
on enamelling, 100;
on “late Celtic” art, 96, 99.
Freeman, Mr. E. A., on the dominion of West Wales in the days of Ecgberht, 130;
on the Norman Conquest, 108.
Freshford, pleistocene deposits at, 269.
Fuhlrott, Dr., skull found by, 240.
G.
Gailenreuth, cave of, 12, 240, 273;
filled by a stream, 275.
Garonne, valley of the, 366.
Garrigou, M., cited, 316.
Gatekirk cavern, 50.
Gaudin, M. Charles, cited, 376.
Gaudry, Professor, cited, 421;
on fossil remains at Pickermi, 369.
Gaul and Spain, the peoples of, 220.
Gautier, M., cited, 247.
Geikie, Mr. James, cited, 263.
Geikie, Professor A., cited, 405.
Gendron, cave of, 239.
Genista, caves, the, 205;
articles in, 206;
human remains in, 207, 371.
Geography, pleistocene, 398.
German Ocean, fossil mammalia in, 364.
German race, the ancient, 230.
Germany, bears in, 278;
cave-exploration in, 11, 12.
Gervais, M., cited, 19;
list of pleiocene mammalia by, 420;
on Equus robustus, 421;
on mammalia from Algeria, 379.
Gesner, Dr., cited, 11.
Gibraltar, the neolithic caves of, 204, 371;
the Straits of, 389.
Gildas on the character of the English conquest, 104, 108.
Glacial period, the, 407;
the relation of palæolithic man to, 409.
Glaciation in Britain, two periods of, 401.
Glaciers of Alps, 403;
of Anatolia, 383;
of Lebanon, 382;
in Mediterranean area caused partly by elevation, 387;
of Pyrenees, 404.
Glutton, the, 206, 275, 396;
jaw of, from Plas Heaton cave, 287.
Goat, the (see Capra hircus).
Goatchurch cave, 31, 32;
legend of the dog at, 34.
Goldfuss cited, 18, 273.
Godwin-Austen, Mr., cited, 263, 388, 405;
on the fresh-water mussel, 364;
researches of, 15.
Gosse, M., cited, 170, 193, 350.
Gower, caves of, 288.
Great Britain, cave-exploration in, 13;
historic period in, 75.
Green, Rev. J. R., on the conquest of Britain, 96.
Greenwell, Rev. Canon, discoveries of, in tumuli, 195.
Grey clays in Victoria cave, 116.
Grotto di Maccagnone, 376;
dei Colombi inhabited by cannibals, 258;
thigh-bone of child from, 260.
Guanches of the Canary Isles, the, 211.
Gunn, Rev. John, cited, 418.
H.
Harkness, Professor, cited, 402.
Hamy, Dr., cited, 349, 352;
on the cave-bear, 352.
Hare, the, at Perthi-Chwareu, 150, 166;
in Suabia, 395;
mentioned, 266, 348;
used for food in neolithic times, 165, 217, 373.
Harpoons used by palæolithic hunters, 342.
Heathery Burn, cave of, 141;
bronze articles in, 144.
Heaton, Mr., cited, 287.
Heer, Professor, on vegetables used in Swiss lake dwellings, 137.
Helln Pot, descent into, 41;
description of, 45;
exploration of, 43.
Hipparion found in Suffolk, 422;
gracile, 424.
Hippopotamus, 266;
amphibius, 138, 370, 394, 395, 417;
liberiensis, 377;
major, 377, 418;
namadicus, 428;
palæindicus, 427;
Pentlandi (pigmy), 267, 377, 378, 400.
Historic animals, 75, 78;
period, definition of, 75;
period, difference between, and prehistoric, 134.
History, the evidence of, as to the peoples of Gaul and Spain, 220.
Hooker, Dr., cited, 386;
on the cedars of Lebanon, 382, 383.
Horse, the, 136, 150, 166, 399, 418.
Horseflesh, the use of, 132.
Howel Dha, the laws of, 77.
Hughes, Professor, cited, 287.
Hull, Professor, cited, 402.
Hunting grounds of palæolithic tribes, 367.
Hutton, cave of, 292.
Huxley, Professor, cited, 144, 155, 179;
on brachy-cephalic skulls, 193;
on dolicho-cephalic skulls, 195;
on the classification of crania, 190;
on the skull from Engis cave, 235;
on the skull from Neanderthal cave, 241.
Hyæna, the, animals at Wookey Hole introduced by, 310;
bones gnawed by, 282, 316;
gnawed jaw of, from Wookey, 313;
man coeval with, in Somerset, 300;
Perrieri, 421;
the, pleistocene occupation of, in Victoria cave, 118;
spelæa (spotted), 138, 266, 372, 375, 394;
striped, 266, 336, 394.
Hyæna-den, characters of a, 314;
Kirkdale, 279.
I.
Iberian peoples, 225;
peninsula, the mammals in, 372.
Iberic dolicho-cephali, the, 212.
Ice period in Britain, 402, 406, 408.
Implements used by palæolithic hunters, 340, 366.
India, man in, in pleistocene age, 426.
Ingleborough cave, 36, 37.
Ireland, caves in, 335;
dolicho-cephalic skulls in, 194–197.
Irish-Celtic art, 97.
Irish Elk, the, 79, 137, 278, 401.
Iron age, the, cave of, 140, 141.
Issoire, pseudo-pleiocene mammalia of, 420.
Italy, animals in the museums of, 422.
J.
Jackson, Mr. Joseph, discovers the Victoria cave, 81, 84.
Jamieson, Mr., cited, 405.
Jeanjean, M., cited, 18.
Jewellery in Victoria cave, 95.
Jones, Professor Rupert, cited, 350.
K.
Kelko cave, 101.
Kent’s Hole cavern, 14, 17, 324, 325;
age of machairodus of, 330;
deposits in, 326, 327;
the breccia in, 328, 329.
King, Rev. S. W., researches of, 246.
King’s Scar, cave in, carinate human femur in, 112, 195.
Kirkdale cave, 14, 279.
Kirkhead cave, 125.
Kühloch cave, 276, 277.
L.
Laing, Mr., cited, 178;
skulls obtained by, 195, 196.
Lagneaux, M., cited, 238, 239.
Lances used by palæolithic hunters, 342.
Laugerie Basse, cave at, 339.
Lartet, Professor E., cited, 19, 340, 414;
explorations of, 244;
on fossil remains found near Madrid, 372;
on the cave of Aurignac, 243;
on the cave of Périgord, 337;
on palæolithic caves, 351.
Lartet, Professor Louis, on the cave of Cro-Magnon, 250–252.
Lastic, Vicomte de, cited, 247.
Lebanon, the glaciers of, 382, 383.
Ledbury Hill, skull found near, 242.
Leibnitz, cited, 12.
Lemming, the, 138, 237, 266, 348.
Lepus cuniculus, 146, 150, 166, 373;
timidus (see Hare).
Ligurian tribes, the, 220, 222.
Limestone, caverns in, 26;
composition of, 51;
erosion of, 52.
Lion, the, 266, 348, 373;
extinct in Europe, 80;
range of, 393.
Littorina littorea found in Cro-Magnon cave, 254.
Llanamynech, caves at, 34.
Llandebie, cave of, 194.
Lloyd, Mr., cited, 15, 286.
Lombrive, cave of, 256.
Longberry Bank, cave of, 133.
Long Churn cavern, the, 41.
Lortet, M., cited, 344.
Luard, Captain, discovers fossil mammals at Windsor, 365.
Lubbock, Sir John, cited, 243, 359;
on the stone age, 139.
Lunel-viel, cave of, 336, 375.
Lunier, Dr., cited, 170.
Lyell, Sir Charles, cited, 19, 235, 257, 267, 333, 402;
on the cave of Aurignac, 243, 245;
on the glacial period, 408.
Lynx, the, 146, 266.
M.
Maccagnone, Grotto di, 376.
Machairodus cultridens, 266;
latidens, 400, 417;
a pleiocene species, 332;
at Kent’s Hole, 324, 334;
in the cave at Baume, 337;
probable age of, 330.
Mackay, Mr., cited, 195.
Madras, flint implements found near, 426.
Madrid, fossil animals near, 372.
Maghlak cave, 377.
Malham Cove, 55.
Malta, bone-caves of, 377.
Mammalia, classification of pleistocene strata by means of, 412–415;
early pleistocene, 417;
evidence of, as to climate, 392;
in Algeria, 379;
in Britain during the second ice-age, 406;
in the Iberian peninsula, 372;
the pleiocene, 420.
Mammoth, the, 266, 278, 359, 401;
figure of, 346.
Man, antiquity of, in Europe, 424;
coeval with hyænas in Somerset, 300;
in India in pleistocene age, 426;
in Palestine, 429.
Manchester Museum, mammoth from Bacton in the, 420.
Mangousta Widdringtoni, the, in Spain and Africa, 380.
Marcel de Serres, cited, 18, 336, 375.
Marmot, the, 337, 395;
the pouched, 395.
Marion, M., cited, 373.
Martinez, Don Manuel Gongaray, on the prehistoric antiquities of Andalusia, 209.
Mastodon arvernensis, 331, 332, 422–424;
Borsoni, 423, 424;
brevirostris, 422.
Maw, Mr. George, on coast of Mediterranean, 389;
on glaciers of the Atlas, 386;
on level in the Sahara, 390.
McEnery, Rev. J., discovers the Machairodus latidens in Kent’s Hole cavern, 330;
manuscripts of, 15.
McPherson, Mr., cited, 210.
Mediterranean area in meiocene age, changes of level in, 369, 390.
Mediterranean, the, physical condition of, in pleistocene age, 381, 388;
the shores of, 382.
Medlicott, Mr., cited, 427.
Meles taxus, 131, 144, 150, 166.
Mendip Hills, the, 59;
the caves of, 292;
the district of, 314.
Mentone, bone-caves of, 373.
Metcalfe, Mr., cited, 35;
descends into Helln Pot, 43.
Mineral condition of deposits in caves, 273.
Moggridge, Mr., cited, 373;
on the exploration of Mentone, 374.
Montpellier, the fauna of, 421.
Moraines in Anatolia, 384.
Morris, Mr. J. P., explores Kirkhead cave, 125.
Mortillet, M. de, on palæolithic caves, 353;
on pottery in the palæolithic age, 347.
Moustier, cave of, 341.
Murcièlagos, Cueva de los, description of, 209.
Musk sheep, the, 138, 266;
at Crayford, 416;
range of, 396.
Myoxus Melitensis, 377.
N.
Naulette, Trou de, remains found in the, 349.
Neanderthal cave, the, 21;
human skull found in, 240.
Neolithic age, interments of, 158.
Neolithic caves of France, 198;
of Gibraltar, 204;
of Spain, 208;
of Wales, 159, 166.
Neolithic races, range of, 189.
Nilsson, Professor, cited, 163;
on dwarfs, 2;
on origin of chambered tombs, 164, 165.
North Wales, the caves of, 286.
O.
Oban, remains in a cave at, 195.
Oreston cave, 13, 317;
Rhinoceros megarhinus of, 415.
Orrouy, the sepulchral cave of, 202.
Owen, Professor, cited, 196, 324;
on the cave of Bruniquel, 247, 248.
Oxford Museum, the, human skull from cave of Llandebie in, 194;
molar of pigmy hippopotamus in, 378.
P.
Palæolithic art, 257;
caves, classification of, 351, 352;
hunters, instruments used by, 340;
hunters, not cannibals, 347;
implements, 354, 366;
man in Europe, 395, 429;
man, relation of, to glacial period, 409;
man in India, 426;
man in Palestine, 429;
man of the river-gravels, 351;
tribes, hunting grounds of, 367.
Palestine, palæolithic man in, 429.
Palgrave, Mr. Gifford, on glaciers of Anatolia, 383–385.
Panther, the, 266, 400.
Parker, Mr. James, cited, 30, 141, 194.
Paviland cave, 232.
Peak, cavern of the, 34.
Pembrokeshire, caves in, 289.
Pengelly, Mr., cited, 333;
on Brixham cave, 16, 323;
on Cavillon cave, 258;
on Devonshire caves, 317.
Pennington, Mr., cited, 126, 285.
Périgord, caves of, 19;
articles found in the, 337–339.
Perthes, M. Boucher de, on flint implements, 16, 17.
Perthi-Chwareu, pottery and implements from, 157;
Professor Busk on human bones from, 167–179;
refuse heap at, 149;
remains of animals at, 151, 153–155, 187;
remains of man at, 153–155;
sepulchral caves at, 152.
Phahlbauten, the Swiss, 165.
Phillips, Professor, cited, 284, 405, 411;
on formation of caves, 53;
on stalagmite, 39, 40;
on the Ingleborough cave, 36;
on the origin of caves, 26.
Physiography of Great Britain in late pleistocene age, 363;
of Mediterranean in pleistocene age, 381.
Picts and Scots, raids of, in Britain, 105.
Pickermi, fossil remains at, 369.
Plas Heaton, the tunnel-cave of, 160, 287.
Platycnemic leg-bones, 173–176.
Platycnemism, Professor Busk on, 177–179.
Pleiocene and pleistocene characteristic animals, 423;
species in Europe, mixture of, 418.
Pleiocene mammalia, the, 420;
period, the, 424;
species, machairodus a, 332, 333.
Pleistocene age, the, 10;
animals living in, 359–361;
physiography of Mediterranean in, 381, 388;
remains of animals before the, 60;
climate and geography, 395;
coast-line of North-Western Europe, 362;
divisions, early, 417;
divisions, late, 414;
divisions, middle, 415;
relation of, to prehistoric period, 264, 265;
strata, classification of, 412.
Po, the river, 389.
Poole’s cavern, 34, 126.
Pot-holes and “cirques” in calcareous rocks, 56.
Porcupine, in Spain and Africa, 380;
found in Belgium, 395.
Prehistoric period, the, archæological classification of, 138;
conditions of life in, 262;
difference between the historic and, 134;
relation of pleistocene to, 264.
Prestwich, Mr., cited, 267, 271, 416;
on Brixham cave, 321, 322;
on carbonate of lime in Thames water, 69;
on the discoveries in the valley of the Somme, 17;
on the denudation of the Mendips and Ardennes, 61;
on palæolithic man, 410.
Provence, bone-caves of, 373.
Pruner-Bey, Dr., cited, 193.
Prunières, Dr., cited, 200.
Purpura lapillus in cave of Cro-Magnon, 254.
Pyrenees, the, animals living to the North of the Alps and, 359–361;
glaciers of, 403.
Q.
Quatrefages, M. de, cited, 238.
R.
Rabbit, the (see lepus cuniculus).
Ramsay, Professor, cited, 402.
Rat, the common, migrations of, 76.
Rattonneau, island of, 373.
Ravines, 54.
Reggio, cave of, in Modena, 148.
Reindeer, the, 76, 79, 278;
absence of, in middle pleistocene division, 416;
engraving of, 345, 356;
in the cave of Lombrive, 256;
in the caves of Périgord, 338;
in the Trou du Frontal, 237;
—period of M. Lartet, 414;
range of, 396.
Rhætic age, fossils of, 59.
Rhinoceros etruscus, 418, 419, 424;
hemitœchus, 281, 288, 372, 400, 417;
megarhinus, 266, 334, 400, 404, 415, 416–418;
tichorhinus (woolly), 119, 138, 278, 400.
Rhosdigre cave, 188;
contents of, 166;
greenstone celt from, 156.
Rians, cave of, 373.
Richard, the Abbé, cited, 429.
Rivière, M., explorations of, 257, 373, 375.
Roedeer, the, 76.
Rolleston, Dr., cited, 195;
discovery of pigmy hippopotamus by, 378.
Roman dominion in Britain, 103, 104.
Rosenmüller, cited, 12, 13, 273.
Rütimeyer, Professor, cited, 136, 404.
S.
Sahara, the, changes of level in, 309.
Samian ware in the Victoria cave, 92;
in the Dowkerbottom cave, 102.
San Ciro, cave of, 376.
Schaaffhausen, M., cited, 147;
on the skull from Neanderthal, 241.
Schmerling, Dr., cited, 395;
researches of, 20, 234, 347.
Sclaigneaux, cave of, 218;
platycnemic tibia from, 219.
Sanford, Mr., Ayshford, cited, 31, 63, 140, 293, 307, 394.
Second ice or glacial period, 406.
Selsea, remains found at, 405.
Serres, M. de, cited, 19.
Serval, the, 21, 372, 394.
Sicily, bone-caves of, 21;
the Iberians in, 222;
species from, 376.
Skulls, measurements of brachy-cephalic and dolicho-cephalic, 199;
from Perthi-Chwareu, 171;
of doubtful antiquity, 236;
table of dolicho-cephalic, found in Britain and Ireland, 197.
Smith, Mr. Roach, on Roman coins, 83.
Smith, Rev. G. N., on Tenby bone-caves, 289.
Solutré, horse’s skeleton from, 344.
Somerset, hyænas in, 301;
mammalia in the caves of, 366.
Soreil, M., on the cave of Chauvaux, 216.
Soundings, evidence of, in Southern Europe, 380.
South Wales, caves of, 288;
mammalia in, 366.
Southern Europe, bone-caves of, 21.
Spain, articles found in a copper-mine in, 208;
historical evidence as to the peoples of Gaul and, 220–222.
Spratt, Admiral, explorations of, 21, 377.
Spring, Dr., discoveries of, 20;
on the cave of Chauvaux, 215, 216.
Stag, the, 76, 138.
Stalagmite, rate of the accumulation of, 39.
Stanley, Rev. E., cited, 286.
Sus Indica, the, 137.
Sus palustris, 262.
Sus scrofa, 131, 150, 166.
Switzerland, caves of, 350.
Symonds, Rev. W. S., explores King Arthur’s cave, 290, 291.
T.
Tapir, the 423.
Temperature of caves, 71.
Tenby, cave of Caldy near, 62;
the Black Rock near, 68.
Thames water, carbonate of lime in, 69, 70.
Thomas, Rev. D. R., on chambered tomb at Cefn, 163.
Thor’s cave, near Ashbourne, 127;
occupied by Brit-Welsh, 129.
Thurnam, Dr., cited, 144;
on classification of crania, 190;
on craniology of Britain in neolithic age, 191;
on dolicho-cephalic skulls, 192;
on skulls from cave of Orrouy, 202.
Tiddeman, Mr., on the Victoria cave, 85, 122.
Troglodytes, name of, 6.
Trogontherium cuvieri, 419, 424.
Tropical and cold climates, animals common to, 400.
Trou du Frontal, 236;
crania in, 238.
Tunbridge Wells, rocks at, 25.
Turner, Professor, on remains in a cave at Oban, 195.
Turritella communis in cave of Cro-Magnon, 254.
Tuto, islands of, caves in, 59.
Tyddyn Bleiddyn, cairn of, 188.
U.
Ultz, burial-places of, in Westphalia, 147.
Unio pictorum dredged from bottom of English Channel, 364.
Uphill, cave of, 294; skull from, 194.
Urus, the, 77, 80, 136, 373, 399.
Ursus arctos, 166, 335.
Ursus arvernensis, 418, 419, 422, 424.
Ursus spelæus, 375.
V.
Val d’Arno, fauna of the, 422.
Valleys, change in physical conditions of, 271;
deposits in caves and, 272;
in limestone districts, 54;
strata of sand and gravel in, 267, 268.
Victoria cave, the, bones of animals in, 88;
Brit-Welsh stratum in, 87;
bronze articles in, 90;
coins in, 93;
date of neolithic occupation in, 115;
discovery of, 81;
exploration of, 85;
grey clays in, 116;
human bone from oldest ossiferous stratum in, 411;
implements and ornaments in, 83, 95;
miscellaneous articles in, 90;
period of Brit-Welsh occupation in, 110;
pleistocene occupation by hyænas in, 118, 284;
pre-glacial age of pleistocene stratum in, 121–123, 411.
Vivian, Mr., cited, 15.
Virchow, Professor, cited, 238;
on dolicho-cephalic skulls, 217.
Vogt, Professor, cited, 257.
W.
Water, action of, in caves, 62.
Water caves of Derbyshire, 34;
of Somersetshire, 29;
of Yorkshire, 35, 50.
Weathercote, caves at, 47.
Whidbey, Mr., cited, 13.
Whitcombe’s Hole, a cave of the Iron Age, 140, 141.
Willett, Mr., cited, 295, 303.
Williams, Rev. D., explorations of, 292.
Williams, Rev John, on caverns in island of Tuto, 59.
Williamson, Rev. J., cited, 295, 296.
Wilson, Professor, cited, 196.
Winterbourne Stoke, the barrow of, 192.
Winwood, Rev. H. H., cited, 163;
discovers remains of animals at Freshford, 269;
explores the cave at Longberry Bank, 133.
Wolf, the, 400;
in Britain, 131;
in Spain, 146;
last, in Scotland, 76.
Woman’s cave, the, near Alhama, 210.
Wood, Colonel, cited, 17.
Wookey Hole, hyæna den of, 17, 295, 301, 302;
ashes and implements found at, 308;
bone-beds at, 305;
flint implements found at, 298;
hyæna den of, inhabited by man, 313;
legend of the dog at, 34;
the water cave of, 29.
X.
Xenophon on the panther, 80.
Y.
Yorkshire, caves in, 101, 278.