APPENDIX C
FACTS AND DOCUMENTS OF POSITIVISM, 1841–1865
Preparatory Work, 1841–1850
- 1841.
- Joule: Thermogenic Effects of the Electric Current.
- Herschel: Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences.
- List: Das nationale System der politischen Ökonomie.
- 1842.
- R. Mayer: Erhaltung der Energie.
- R. Wagner: Handwörterbuch der Physiologie.
- A. Comte: Cours de philosophie positive.
- L. Feuerbach: Wesen des Christentums.
- 1843.
- J. S. Mill: Inductive Logic.
- Matteucci: Discovery of the Nerve-Current.
- 1844.
- Faraday: Electrical Conduction and the Nature of Matter.
- 1845.
- Discovery of the Electrical Incandescent Lamp.
- 1846.
- W. Weber: Electrodynamic Measurements.
- Discovery of Anæsthesia by Ether.
- 1847.
- Helmholtz: Die Erhaltung der Kraft (Conservation of Energy).
- Discovery of Anæsthesia by Chloroform.
- 1848.
- Quetelet: Du système social.
- Dubois-Reymond: Animal Electricity.
- Discovery of Gold in California.
- 1849.
- Discoveries of Bacillus of Anthrax and of Aniline Dyes.
- 1850.
- Herbert Spencer: Social Statics (Identity of Laws of Organic and Social Evolution).
Dominance of Positivism, 1851–1860.
1851–1860. Mileage of European Railway Systems increases by 250 per cent.
- 1851.
- Lyell: Principles of Geology.
- Lombroso: Concerning Marzolo’s “Monumenti storici rivelati dall’ analisi della parola.”
- Schopenhauer: Parerga und Paralipomena.
- Discovery of the Neanderthal Skull and Other Evidences of the Antiquity of Man.
- Helmholtz: Ophthalmoscope.
- Ruhmkorff: Induction Coil.
- Richard Wagner: Oper und Drama.
- Millet: Le Semeur; und Courbet: Das Begräbnis von Ornans.
- 1852.
- Moleschott: Kreislauf des Lebens.
- 1855.
- Pflüger: Electrotonus.
- Naegeli: Investigations Regarding Vegetable Physiology.
- Büchner: Kraft und Stoff (Force and Matter).
- Faraday: Magnetic Philosophy.
- Discovery of Hot-air Engine, of Bessemer Steel, and of Aniline-violet.
- Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass.
- 1856.
- Discovery of the Annular Kiln, of the Regenerative Gas Furnace, and of the Mercurial Air-pump.
- J. von Liebig: Theory and Practice of Agriculture.
- Le Play: Les Ouvriers Européens.
The Four Classical Years of Positivism, 1857–1860.
- 1857.
- Bunsen: Exact Methods for the Analysis of Gases.
- Morel: Traité des Dégénérescences.
- Marx: Materialist Conception of History.
- Buckle: History of Civilization.
- Tocqueville: La Révolution et l’Ancien Régime.
- Flaubert: Madame Bovary.
- 1858.
- Virchow: Cellularpathologie.
- M. Schiff: Lehrbuch der Physiologie.
- 1859.
- Kirchhoff und Bunsen: Spectrum Analysis.
- Darwin: Origin of Species.
- J. S. Mill: On Liberty.
- Discovery of the Telephone, the Ice Machine, and the Azo Colouring Matters.
- 1860.
- Fechner: Psyohophysik.
- Boucher de Perthes: De l’Homme Antédiluvien et de ses Œuvres.
- Boucher de Perthes: Discovery of the Gas Engine.
- Semper: Der Stil.
After-Effects, 1861–1865.
- 1861.
- Bachofen: Das Mutterrecht (Matriarchy).
- Griesinger: Pathology of Mental Disorders.
- Schleicher: Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen.
- Manet: Frühstück im Grünen.
- Dostoieffsky: Raskolnikow.
- Fontane: Wanderungen durch die Mark.
- Liberation of Serfs in Russia.
- 1862.
- Herbert Spencer: First Principles.
- Ibsen: The Comedy of Love.
- Tourgueneff: Fathers and Sons.
- Construction of Pacific Railway.
- Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation.
- Bismarck’s Realpolitik (Blood and Iron).
- 1863.
- Huxley: Man’s Place in Nature.
- Lyell: Antiquity of Man.
- Huggins: Spectra of Fixed Stars and Nebulæ.
- Broca: Sur le Siège, le Diagnostic et la Nature de l’Aphémie.
- Pasteur: Theory of Fermentation.
- Renan: Vie de Jésus.
- Wundt: Vorlesungen über die Menschen und Tierseele.
- 1864.
- Lombroso: Genio e follia.
- A. Wagner: The Reign of Law in the Apparently Voluntary Actions of Human Beings.
- Lassalle: Bastiat-Schultze.
- De Goncourt: Renée Mauperin.
- Zola: Confession de Claude.
- Tolstoy: War and Peace.
- 1865.
- Meynert: Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex and its Relations to the Sensory Surface of the Body.
- Lubbock: Prehistoric Times.
- Lombroso: Aliénations Mentales Étudiées par la Méthode Expérimentale.
- Haeckel: Generelle Morphologie.
- Von Liebig: Induktion und Deduktion.
- Cannizzaro: L’ emancipazione della ragione.
- J. S. Mill: Comte and Positivism.
- Taine: Le Positivisme Anglais.
- Extension of Democracy in England by Russell and Gladstone.
- Martin Steel, Gas-engines, Influence Machines.