Within the last few weeks another edict has gone forth, directed against the practice of foot-binding. Let us hope it will have a better fate.
Many years ago the prefect of T'ai-wan Fu said to me, in the course of an informal conversation after a friendly dinner, "Do you foreigners fear the inner ones?"—and on my asking what was meant, he told me that a great many Chinese stood in absolute awe of their wives. "He does," added the prefect, pointing to the district magistrate, a rather truculent-looking individual, who was at the dinner-party; and the other guests went into a roar of laughter.
The general statement by the prefect is borne out by the fact that the "henpecked husband" is constantly held up to ridicule in humorous literature, which would be quite impossible if there were no foundation of fact.
I have translated one of these stories, trivial enough in itself, but, like the proverbial straw, well adapted for showing which way the wind blows. Here it is:—
Ten henpecked husbands agreed to form themselves into a society for resisting the oppression of their wives. At the first meeting they were sitting talking over their pipes, when suddenly the ten wives, who had got wind of the movement, appeared on the scene.
There was a general stampede, and nine of the husbands incontinently bolted through another door, only one remaining unmoved to face the music. The ladies merely smiled contemptuously at the success of their raid, and went away.
The nine husbands them all agreed that the bold tenth man, who had not run away, should be at once appointed their president; but on coming to offer him the post, they found that he had died of fright!
To judge by the following story, the Chinese woman's patience is sometimes put to a severe test.
A scholar of old was so absent-minded, that on one occasion, when he was changing houses, he forgot to take his wife. This was reported to Confucius as a most unworthy act. "Nay," replied the Master, "it is indeed bad to forget one's wife; but 'tis worse to forget one's self!"
Points of this kind are, no doubt, trivial, as I have said above, and may be regarded by many even as flippant; but the fact is that a successful study of the Chinese people cannot possibly be confined to their classics and higher literature, and to the problem of their origin and subsequent development where we now find them. It must embrace the lesser, not to say meaner, details of their everyday life, if we are ever to pierce the mystery which still to a great extent surrounds them.
In this sense an Italian student of Chinese, Baron Vitale, has gone so far as to put together and publish a collection of Chinese nursery rhymes, from which it is not difficult to infer that Chinese babies are very much as other babies are in other parts of the world.
And it has always seemed to me that the Chinese baby's father and mother, so far as the ordinary springs of action go, are very much of a pattern with the rest of mankind.
One reason why the Chinaman remains a mystery to so many is due, no doubt, to the vast amount of nonsense which is published about him.
First of all, China is a very large country, and from want of proper means of communication for many centuries, there has been nothing like extensive intercourse between North, South, East, West, and Central. Of course the officials visit all parts of the Empire, as they are transferred from post to post; but the bulk of the people never get far beyond the range of their own district city.
The consequence is that as regards manners and customs, while retaining an indelible national imprint, the Chinese people have drifted apart into separate local communities; so that what is true of one part of the country is by no means necessarily true of another.
The Chinese themselves say that manners, which they think are due to climatic influences, change every thirty miles; customs, which they attribute to local idiosyncrasies, change every three hundred miles.
Now, a globe-trotter goes to Canton, and as one of the sights of that huge collection of human beings, he is taken to shops,—there used to be three,—where the flesh of dogs, fed for the purpose, is sold as food.
He comes home, and writes a book, and says that the Chinese people live on dogs' flesh.
When I was a boy, I thought that every Frenchman had a frog for breakfast. Each statement would be about equally true. In the north of China, dogs' flesh is unknown; and even in the south, during all my years in China I never succeeded in finding any Chinaman who either could, or would, admit that he had actually tasted it.
Take the random statement that any rich man condemned to death can procure a substitute by payment of so much. So long as we believe stuff of that kind, so long will the Chinese remain a mystery for us, it being difficult to deduce true conclusions from false premises.
As a matter of fact, that is, so far as my own observations go, the Chinese people value life every whit as highly as we do, and a substitute of the kind would be quite unprocurable under ordinary circumstances. It is thinkable that some poor wretch, himself under sentence of death, might be substituted with the connivance of the officials, to hoodwink foreigners; but even then the difficulties would be so great as to render the scheme almost impracticable.
For in China everything leaks out. There is none of that secrecy necessary to conceal and carry out such a plot.
At any rate, the uncertainty which gathers around many of these points emphasises the necessity of more and more accurate scholarship in Chinese, and more and more accurate information on the people of China and their ways.
How the latter article is supplied to us in England, you may judge from some extracts which I have recently taken from respectable daily and weekly newspapers.
For instance, "China has only one hundred physicians to a population of four hundred millions."
To me it is inconceivable how such rubbish can be printed, especially when it is quite easy to find out that there is no medical diploma in China, and that any man who chooses is free to set up as a doctor.
By a pleasant fiction, he charges no fees; a fixed sum, however, is paid to him for each visit, as "horse-money,"—I need hardly add, in advance.
There are, as with us, many successful, and consequently fashionable, doctors whose "horse-money" runs well into double figures. Their success must be due more to good luck and strictly innocent prescriptions than to any guidance they can find in the extensive medical literature of China.
All together, medicine is a somewhat risky profession, as failure to cure is occasionally resented by surviving relatives.
There is a story of a doctor who had mismanaged a case, and was seized by the patient's family and tied up. In the night he managed to free himself, and escaped by swimming across a river. When he got home, he found his son, who had just begun to study medicine, and he said to him, "Don't be in a hurry with your books; the first and most important thing is to learn to swim!"
Here is another newspaper gem: "In China, the land of opposites, the dials of the clocks are made to turn round, while the hands stand still."
Personally, I never noticed this arrangement.
Again: "Some of the tops with which the Chinese amuse themselves are as large as barrels. It takes three men to spin one, and it gives off a sound that may be heard several hundred yards away."
"The Chinese National Anthem is so long that it takes half a day to sing it."
"Chinese women devote very little superfluous time to hair-dressing. Their tresses are arranged once a month, and they sleep with their heads in boxes."
What we want in place of all this is a serious and systematic examination of the manners and customs, and modes of thought, of the Chinese people.
Their long line of Dynastic Histories must be explored and their literature ransacked by students who have got through the early years of drudgery inseparable from the peculiar nature of the written language, and who are prepared to devote themselves, not, as we do now, to a general knowledge of the whole, but to a thorough acquaintance with some particular branch.
The immediate advantages of such a course, as I must point out once more, for the last time, to commerce and to diplomatic relations will be incalculable. And they will be shared in by the student of history, philosophy, and religion, who will then for the first time be able to assign to China her proper place in the family of nations.
The founder of this Chinese Chair has placed these advantages within the grasp of Columbia University.
INDEX
INDEX
- Account of Strange Nations, book in Cambridge collection, 58.
- Albinos, Chinese, 181.
- Alchemy, Taoist practice, 166.
- Analects, Confucian Canon, 42.
- Ancestral worship, China, 199.
- Ancestry of Chinese traced through mother in ancient times, 27.
- Ancient Greece, see Greece.
- "And," idea in Chinese written character, 28.
- Archæology—
- Athenian and Chinese women, points of resemblance, 121.
- Baby Towers, Chinese infanticide, 190.
- Bactria—
- Bamboo tables, style of Chinese writing, 26.
- Biographies—
- Biographies of Eminent Women, description, 50.
- Bird-Bishop, Mrs., statement as to infanticide, 192, 193.
- Black art, Taoism, 168.
- Black-haired People, title of Chinese, 181.
- Book of Changes, Confucian Canon, 40.
- Book of History, Confucian Canon, 41.
- Book of Odes, see Odes.
- Book of Music, Confucian Canon, 42.
- Books of Rites, Confucian Canon, 42.
- Books, Chinese, see Library, Cambridge University.
- Buddhism in China—
- Burning of the Books, 44, 129.
- Butchers, tax on, resisted, 93.
- Calendars, Greek and Chinese, similarities, 129.
- Cambridge University library, see Library.
- Canon, see Confucian Canon.
- Canton—
- Catalogue of books in Imperial Library, China, 69.
- Ceremonies, valued by Confucius, 182.
- Chamberlain, J., eyeglass remarked on by Li Hung-chang, 182.
- Chang Ch'ien, mission to Bactria, 130.
- Chang Chih-tung, viceroy, bridge incident, 97.
- Changes, Book of, Confucian Canon, 40.
- Charities, Chinese, 193.
- Characters of Chinese language, see Language.
- Ch'ien Lung, Emperor, catalogue enterprise, 69.
- Children—
- China—
- Albinos, 181.
- Alchemy, 166.
- Ancestral worship, 199.
- Ancestry traced through mother in ancient times, 27.
- Anecdote, Grecian, in Chinese jest-book, 138.
- Archæology, see that title.
- Bactria, see that title.
- Biographies, see that title.
- Black art, 168.
- Buddhism, see that title.
- Burning of the Books, 44, 129.
- Calendars, Grecian characteristics, 129.
- Cambridge University library, see Library.
- Canton, see that title.
- Chang Ch'ien, mission to Bactria, 130.
- Charities, 193.
- Children, see that title.
- City sights resembling Grecian, 122.
- Clocks, see that title.
- Columbia University, endowment of Chinese chair, 4, 37, 211.
- Combination, 92.
- Confucius and Confucian Canon, see those titles.
- Counting board, likeness to Grecian, 128.
- Crucifixion, alleged punishment, 193.
- "Crying one's wrongs," 101.
- Customs varying with places, 207.
- Dictionaries, see that title.
- Diplomatists, see Statesmen.
- Doctors, "horse-money," etc., 209.
- Dogs' flesh, Canton shops, 207.
- Drama, see Plays.
- Dress, see that title.
- Dutch settlement, story of, 137.
- Dynasties and Dynastic histories, see those titles.
- Education, see that title.
- Elixir of life, 163.
- Emperors, see that title.
- Encyclopædias, see that title.
- Entertainments, Grecian points of contact, 126.
- Erroneous ideas of Chinese life, 189.
- Etiquette, see that title.
- Exaggeration, fault of Chinese, 193.
- Execution substitutes, erroneous idea, 208.
- Eyeglasses, see that title.
- Facial differences of Chinese, 177.
- First impressions of foreigners, 177.
- Foot-binding, see that title.
- Games, Grecian similarities, 126.
- Girls, see that title.
- Government, see that title.
- Greek influence, see Greece.
- Guests, see Visitors.
- Hair, see that title.
- Han Yü, great works of, 117.
- Hankow military riot, 1882, 97.
- "Heavenly horse", 131.
- "Henpecked husbands", 204.
- History, see that title.
- Horses, see that title.
- House, Greek characteristics, 120.
- Huai-nan, Prince of, see that title.
- Immortality, see that title.
- Infanticide, see that title.
- Ivory carvings, Grecian resemblances, 124.
- Jesuits in China, see that title.
- Jews, 144.
- Jugglers similar to Grecian, 124.
- Justice, see that title.
- K'ang Hsi, Emperor, see that title.
- Kiangsu riot, 99.
- Language, see that title.
- Lao Tzŭ, see Taoism.
- Library, Cambridge University, see that title.
- Library, Imperial, catalogue, 69.
- Li Hung-chang, see that title.
- "Lion," word for, 23, 133.
- Literary qualities of nation, 72.
- Literature, see that title.
- Magic, see that title.
- Magistrates, see that title.
- Mahommedanism, 143.
- Manchus, imprisonment, 1891, people's fury, 98.
- Mandarin language and Mandarins, see those titles.
- Manichæans, 144.
- Marriage customs, see that title.
- Mencius, see that title.
- Mental and moral training, relative values of Greek and Chinese, 109.
- Mirrors, ancient Chinese and Greek, 132.
- Murder, conviction for, illustrations, 103.
- Music, see that title.
- Mystery—the Chinaman a mystery, 206, 208.
- Nestorian Christians, 143.
- Newspaper extracts, 209.
- Novels, 61.
- Official coats, "horse-shoe sleeves," 179.
- Official positions, see that title.
- Olive, Greek and Chinese associations, 128.
- Opposites—China regarded as land of opposites, 119, 210.
- Penal code, 56, 87.
- Personal freedom, 87.
- Plays, see that title.
- Poetry, see that title.
- Population, vastness of, 3.
- Portrait-painting, see that title.
- Protestant missionaries, 144.
- Puppet shows, alleged origin, 123.
- Quails, fighting, common custom in Greece and China, 126.
- Queue see that title.
- Readers, professional, 61.
- Religions, see that title.
- Rhyme, 67.
- Riots—people's self-government, 97.
- Rip Van Winkle, story of, 55.
- Roman Catholicism, 144.
- Romance of Three Kingdoms, novel, 61.
- Self-government, illustrations, 69.
- Self-taxation, see Taxation.
- Senior Classics see that title.
- Social life, knowledge of, 181.
- Spanish seizure of islands, method of, 136.
- Statesmen, see that title.
- Statutes of present dynasty, 56.
- Story-tellers, 61, 123.
- Street etiquette and rights, 183.
- Study of Chinese affairs—
- Taoism, see that title.
- Taxation see that title.
- Viceroys, 76, 82, 83.
- Visitors, see that title.
- Water-clocks, Grecian, 128.
- Watermelon, term for, Greek origin, 134.
- Wên T'ien-hsiang, influence of Chinese literature and training on, 113.
- Western incidents in literature, 135.
- Widows, 201.
- Wine, introduction of grape-wine, 131.
- Wine-drinking, see that title.
- Women, see that title.
- Wuchang bridge incident, 97.
- Zebra, picture of, in ancient Chinese book, 59.
- Zoroastrians in, 144.
- Christians, Nestorian, in China, 143.
- Christianity and ancestral worship in China, 109.
- Chuang Tzŭ, Taoist writer, 148, 154-160, 165, 171.
- Chu Hsi, commentary, 43.
- Chung-king, tax on pigs resisted, 93.
- Circuits, division of provinces into, 76, 83.
- Classics, study of, relative values of Chinese and Greek training, 109.
- Clocks, Chinese—
- Coats, official, "horse-shoe sleeves," 179.
- Colloquial language, see Language.
- Columbia University, endowment of Chinese chair, 4, 37, 211.
- Combination against taxation, 92.
- Commentaries, Confucian Canon, 43.
- Commissioners, provincial government, 81.
- Concordance to phraseology of Chinese literature, 65.
- Confucian Canon, Cambridge University Library—
- Analects, 42.
- Archæological works, 43.
- Book of Changes, 40.
- Book of History, 41.
- Book of Music, 42.
- Book of Odes, see Odes.
- Book of Rites, 42.
- Commentaries, 43.
- Conversations of Mencius with disciples, 42.
- Doctrine of the Mean, 42.
- Five Classics, 40.
- Four Books, 42.
- Great Learning, 42.
- Spring and Autumn, 41.
- Confucius—
- Counting-board, Chinese, likeness to Grecian, 128.
- Crucifixion, alleged punishment in China, 193.
- "Crying one's wrongs," 101.
- Cumming, Miss G.—infanticide in China, 189.
- Dialects, Chinese language, 6.
- Dice games in Greece and China, 126.
- Dictionaries, Chinese—
- Dinner, invitation to, 188.
- Diplomatists, see Statesmen.
- Doctors, Chinese, "horse-money," etc., 209.
- Doctrine of the Mean, Confucian Canon, 42.
- Doctrines, see Religions.
- Dogs' flesh, Canton shops, 207.
- Drama, see Plays.
- Drawing, chapters on, in Chinese encyclopædia, 53.
- Dress, Chinese—
- Dress, Japanese, misconception as to, 178.
- Dutch settlement in China, story of, 137.
- Dyeing the hair, practice of, 180.
- Dynastic histories—
- Cambridge collection—
- Woman's work, 197.
- Dynasties of China—
- Education—
- Elixir of life, Taoist doctrine, 163, 170.
- Emperors of China—
- Encyclopædias, Cambridge collection, 51
- England, Cambridge University library, see Library.
- English—"pidgin" English, 17.
- Entertainments, Chinese and Grecian, 126.
- Etiquette—
- Exaggeration, Chinese, 193.
- Execution substitutes, erroneous idea, 208.
- Eyeglasses—
- Family Library, Chinese reprints.
- Fay, Miss, student of Chinese, 6.
- Fielde, Miss, student of Chinese, 6.
- Finance commissioner, provincial official, 81.
- Five Classics, Confucian Canon, 40.
- Foot-binding—
- Fulangbis, seizure of islands from China, 136.
- Fusang, account of, in Chinese book, 58.
- Games, Chinese, similarity to Grecian, 126.
- Geography, Chinese, Cambridge collection, 57.
- Girls—
- Glasses, see Eyeglasses.
- "God," analysis of Chinese written character, 33.
- Government—
- Circuits, 76, 83.
- "Crying one's wrongs," 101.
- Dynasties, see that title.
- Emperors, see that title.
- Headboroughs, 77.
- Justice, see that title.
- Magistrates, see that title.
- Mandarins, see that title.
- Mencius, quotations from, 84.
- Ming dynasty, see that title.
- Official positions, see that title.
- Penal Code, 56, 87.
- Prefectures, 76, 83.
- Provincial government, see that title.
- Scale of governors, 78.
- Self-government illustrations, 96.
- Viceroys, 76, 82, 83.
- Governors of provinces, 76, 83.
- Grain commissioner, provincial official, 81.
- Granville, Lord, influence of the classics on, 112.
- Grammar, Chinese, absence of, 10.
- Grape-wine introduced into China, 131.
- Great Learning, Confucian Canon, 42.
- Greece, ancient Greece and China—
- Archæology, Greek and Chinese, 120.
- Bactria, see that title.
- Buddhist priest anecdote in Chinese jest-book, 188.
- Calendars, 129.
- City sights in China, 123.
- Classics, relative values of Chinese and Greek training, 109.
- Coincidences between Chinese and Greek civilisations, 120.
- Counting-board, 128.
- Entertainments, 126.
- Games, 126.
- "Heavenly horse," 131, 133.
- House, Chinese, Greek characteristics, 120.
- Ivory carvings, 124.
- Language, terms of abuse, 124.
- Literatures of China and western nations, analogies, 135.
- Marriage, similar customs, 122.
- Mirrors, 132.
- Music, 129.
- Olives, 128.
- Plays, 125.
- Quails, fighting, 126.
- Question of Greek influence, 130.
- Water-clock, 128.
- Wine-drinking, 126.
- Women, points of resemblance, 121.
- Words, Chinese, Greek origin, 133.
- "Guess-fingers," game of, common to Greece and China, 126.
- Guests, see Visitors.
- Hair—
- Han Fei Tzŭ, writer on Taoism, 148.
- Hangchow tea strike, 95.
- Hankow military riot, 1882, 97.
- Han Yü, statesman, great works of, 117.
- Headboroughs, government of Chinese boroughs, 77.
- "Heavenly horse," origin of, 131, 133.
- Hebrews in China, 144.
- "Henpecked husbands," 204.
- Historical Record—
- History—
- Holland—story of Dutch settlement in China, 137.
- "Horse-money," Chinese doctors' fees, 209.
- Horses—
- House, Chinese, Greek characteristics, 120.
- Hsü Shên dictionary, 63.
- Huai-nan, Prince of—
- Husbands, "henpecked," 204.
- Immortality, Taoist doctrine—
- Imperial Library catalogue, 69.
- Imperial statutes, present Chinese dynasty, 56.
- Inaction, doctrine of, Lao Tzŭ's philosophy, 152, 156.
- Infanticide—
- Intendant of circuit, official, 76, 83.
- Invitation to dinner, 188.
- Ivory carvings, Greek and Chinese, 124.
- Japan—
- Jebb, Sir K., influence of the classics in mental training, case of Lord Granville, 109.
- Jesuits in China—
- Jews in China, 144.
- Jugglers, Chinese and Grecian, 124.
- Justice—
- K'ang Hsi, Emperor—
- Kiangsu riot, 99.
- Language, Chinese—
- Colloquial—
- Dialects, number and distinction of, 6.
- Dictionaries, see that title.
- Grammar, absence of, 10.
- Greek words, 133.
- "Lion," word for, 23.
- Mandarin language, see that title.
- "Pidgin" English, 17.
- Study of—
- Terms of abuse, 124.
- Tones, see that title.
-
Written—
- Bamboo tablets, 26.
- Conjunction "and," 28.
- Difficulty of study, 5.
- Errors in analysis of words, 33.
- Non-application of rule in cases, 32.
- Number of words, 18, 19.
- Origin and development, 25.
- Paper, invention of, 26.
- Parts of written characters, 22.
- Phonetic basis and indicator, 29
- Pictures of words and ideas, 25.
- Uniformity all over China, 22.
- Language, Japanese, absence of terms of abuse, 124.
- Lao Tzŭ, see Taoism.
- Library, Cambridge University, collection of Chinese books—
- Account of strange nations, 58.
- Binding of volumes, etc., 40.
- Biographies, see that title.
- Buddhist works, 44.
- Catalogue of Imperial Chinese Library, 69.
- Collection of the books, 39.
- Concordance to phraseology of all literature, 65.
- Confucian Canon, see that title.
- Dictionaries, see that title.
- Division A, 40.
- Division B, 45.
- Division C, 47.
- Division D, 60.
- Division E, 63.
- Dynastic histories, see that title.
- Encyclopædias, see that title.
- Geography of the Empire, 57.
- Historical collection, see Dynastic histories.
- Illustrated books—notices of Senior Classics of Ming dynasty, 70.
- Novels, 61.
- Number of volumes, 40.
- Oldest printed book in the library, 58.
- Plays, 62.
- Poetry, 60.
- Reference works, 63.
- Reprints, 55.
- T'ai-p'ing rebels, pamphlets, 56.
- Taoist writings, 44.
- Topographies, 57.
- Library, Imperial, China, catalogue, 69.
- Life, elixir of, Taoist doctrine, 163.
- Li Hung-chang—
- Likin, self-taxation of Chinese, 89.
- "Lion," Chinese word for, 23, 133.
- Literary qualities of Chinese nation, 72.
- Literature, Chinese—
- Liu Hsiang, Biographies of Eminent Women, 50.
- Luzon (Philippines), Spanish seizure, 136.
- Magic—
- Magistrates—
- Mahommedanism in China, 143.
- Manchus, imprisonment, 1891, people's fury, 98.
- Mandarin language—
- Mandarins—
- Manichæans in China, 144.
- Marriage customs—
- Mencius—
- Ming dynasty—
- Mirror of History, by Ssŭ-ma Kuang, 49.
- Mirrors, ancient Chinese and Greek, 132.
- Missionaries, Protestant, in China, 144.
- Monosyllables, Chinese language, incapable of inflection, 10.
- Murder, conviction for, illustrations, 103.
- Music—
- Nestorian Christians in China, 143.
- Netherlands—story of Dutch settlement in China, 137.
- Novels, Chinese, 61.
- Odes, Book of, Confucian Canon, 41
- Official coats, "horse-shoe sleeves," 179.
- Official positions in China—
- Olives, Greek and Chinese associations, 128.
- Opposites, China regarded as land of, 119, 210.
- Painting the face, custom of Chinese and Grecian women, 122.
- Pakhoi, opium tax resisted, 95.
- Paper, invention of, effect on style of Chinese writing, 26.
- Pegasus—Chinese "heavenly horse" compared, 133.
- Peking, dialect of, standard Mandarin, 8.
- Penal Code, Chinese, 56, 87.
- Persia—"heavenly horse" in China, 131.
- Philippines, Spanish seizure from China, 136.
- Phonetic basis and indicator, see Language—Written.
- Phraseology concordance, Chinese, 65.
- "Pidgin" English, 17.
- Pigs, tax on, resisted, 93.
- Pills of immortality, concoction and effect of, 107.
- Plays—
- Poetry—
- Population, Chinese, vastness of, 3.
- Portrait-painting, Chinese—
- Prefectures, division of circuits, 76, 83.
- Priest, Buddhist priest anecdote, 138.
- Prince Huai-nan, see Huai-nan.
- Protestant missionaries in China, 144.
- Provincial government—
- Puppet-shows, China, alleged origin of, 123.
- Pythagorean and Chinese systems of music, similarity of, 129.
- Quails, fighting, Grecian and Chinese custom, 126.
- Queue—
- Readers, professional, Chinese, 61.
- Record in Dark Blood, historical section, Cambridge, 57.
- Relativity, doctrine of, Lao Tzŭ's teachings, 156.
- Religions—
- Reprints, Chinese—
- Rhyme, Chinese, 67.
- Riots, Chinese, people's self-government, 97.
- Rip Van Winkle, Chinese, story of, 55.
- Rites, Book of, Confucian Canon, 42.
- Roman Catholicism in China, 144.
- Roman classics, relative values of Chinese and Greek training, 109.
- Romance of Three Kingdoms, novel, 61.
- Salt commissioner, provincial official, 81.
- Sanskrit, introduction of, 110.
- San Ts'ai T'u Hui encyclopædia, 52.
- Seal of office of mandarin, 198.
- Self-government illustrations, 96.
- Self-taxation, see Taxation.
- Senior Classics—
- Shopkeepers, women's business ability, 198.
- Smith, Rev. Dr. A., statement as to prejudice against Christianity, 181.
- Social life, knowledge of, necessary to foreigner in China, 181.
- Spanish seizure of islands from China, 136.
- Spectacles, see Eyeglasses.
- Speech, Chinese, see Language.
- Spring and Autumn, Confucian Canon, 41.
- Ssŭ-k'ung T'u, Taoist poet, quotations from, 160.
- Ssŭ-ma Ch'ien—
- Ssŭ-ma Kuang, author of The Mirror of History, 48.
- Statesmen—
- Statutes, present Chinese dynasty, 56.
- Story-tellers in Chinese towns, 61, 123.
- Street etiquette and rights, 183.
- Strikes—tea strike, Hangchow, 95.
- Study of Chinese affairs, see China.
- Suffixes, Chinese language, 21.
- T'ai-p'ing rebels, pamphlets of, 56.
- Taoism—
- Alchemy, 166.
- Black art, 186.
- Borrowing from Buddhists, 172.
- Cambridge Library, collection of writings, 44.
- Chuang Tzŭ, writer on Taoism, 148, 154-160, 165, 171.
- Corruption of the Tao, 171.
- Decline, 163.
- Elixir of life, 163.
- Genuineness of Tao-Tê-Ching, evidences against, 146.
- Han Fei Tzŭ, writer on Taoism, 148.
- Huai-nan Tzŭ, writer on Taoism, 149.
- Immortality, see that title.
- Inaction doctrine, 152, 156.
- Last state, 143.
- Legends of Lao Tzŭ, 145.
- Philosophy of, 151-163, 182.
- Poet, quotations from, 160.
- Relativity doctrine, 156.
- Struggle with Buddhists, 172.
- Tao-t'ai, intendant of circuit, 76, 83.
- Tao-Té-Ching, evidences against genuineness, 146.
- Tartar generals, provincial governors, 82.
- Taxation—
- Tea, serving and drinking, 187.
- Tea strike, Hangchow, 95.
- Tenses, Chinese language, 13.
- "Three Doctrines," 143, 145.
- Tones, Chinese language, 20
- Arrangement of concordance to phraseology, 66.
- Topographies, Chinese, Cambridge collection, 57.
- University, Columbia, endowment of Chinese chair, 4, 37, 211.
- University of Cambridge, Library, see Library.
- Veils for women, abolition of, 197.
- "Veritable Record," Cambridge collection, 48.
- Viceroys, Chinese, 76, 82, 83.
- Visitors, Chinese etiquette, 186
- Vitale, Baron, publication of Chinese nursery rhymes, 206.
- Water-clocks, Chinese and Grecian, 128.
- Watermelon, Chinese term for, Greek origin, 134.
- Wên Tien-hsiang, influence of Chinese literature and training on, 113.
- Western incidents in Chinese literature, 135.
- Widows, Chinese, 201.
- Wine, introduction of grape-wine into China, 131.
- Wine-drinking—
- Wives—
- Women—
- Ancestry of ancient Chinese traced through mother, 27.
- Biographies of Eminent Women, 50.
- Disregard of, 189.
- Education, 197.
- False hair, 180.
- Foot-binding, see that title.
- Girls, see that title.
- Greek similarities, 121.
- "Henpecked husbands," 204.
- Official life, 198.
- Painting the face, custom, 122.
- Poems by, 60, 197.
- Privileges not shared by men, 201.
- Seclusion, 177, 196.
- Shopkeepers, business ability, 198.
- Veils, abolition of, 197.
- Widows, 201.
- Wives, see that title.
- Written Chinese language, see Language.
- Wuchang bridge incident, 97.
- Yüan Yüan, commentary, Confucian Canon, 43.
- Zebra, picture of, in ancient Chinese book, 59.
- Zoroastrians in China, 144.