Christian Schools and Scholars / or, Sketches of Education from the Christian Era to the Council of Trent

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, Z

• Abacus, the, 235, 287, and note.
• Abbo of Fleury, 221, 248, 249.
• Abbo, father to St. Odo, 242.
• Abelard, 347, 352.
• Abingdon, monastery and school of, 215-217.
• Academy, Palatine, of St. Gregory, 58;
• of Charlemagne, 128.
• —— Florentine, 523.
• —— Platonic, 613, 615.
• —— Rhenish, 637.
• —— Roman, 616, 662, 670.
• —— Toulouse, 29.
• Adalberon of Metz, 249, 252.
• Adalbert of Prague, St., 268.
• Adalhard, St., 136.
• Adam Marisco, 484.
• Adegrim, 240.
• Adelaide of Gueldres, St., 192.
• Ado of Vienne, St., 159;
• his martyrology, 160.
• Adrian, Abbot, 66.
• Adrian I., Pope, 122, 125.
• —— VI., Pope, his education at Louvain, 643;
• his election, 666;
• and death, 667.
• Advice to ladies, 538.
• Ædmer, death of, 216.
• Ælfric, the homilist and grammarian, 219.
• Æneid, the, 42.
• Ængus, St., 52.
• Æsop, fables of, 181.
• Agatho, Pope, his letter, 27.
• Agnellus, 483.
• Aidan, St., 64.
• Alban’s, St., school at, 316, 317.
• Albert of York, 85.
• Albert the Great, 415;
• his writings, 418-422.
• Albigenses, the, 407, 442.
• Alcala, University of, 649-653.
• Alcuin at York, 84.
• —— in France, 119, 142.
• Aldhelm, St., his studies, 68-70.
• Alexander of Toulouse, 410.
• Alexander Hales, 475.
• —— III., Pope, 364, 365, 393.
• Alexandria, 1-3;
• its catechetical school, 3-10.
• Alfred, King, 195-209.
• Alpais, B. of Cudot, 340.
• Alphabet, St. Patrick and the Roman, 43.
• Amalarius of Metz, 193.
• Amauri de Bene, 407.
• Ambrose, St., 45, 59.
• —— Traversari, 523.
• Anastasius, Papal Librarian, 145.
• Andreas Ammonius, 683, and note.
• Angelbert, 136.
• Angervyle, Richard, 529;
• his library, 530.
• Anglo-Saxon language, formation of, 81, 82.
• —— grammars, 219.
• —— versions of Scripture, 82, 208.
• —— studied at Tavistock Abbey, 462.
• Anglo-Saxon enigmas, 127.
• Annibal Annibaldi, 441, 442.
• Anscharius, St., 164-169.
• Anselm of Laon, 343, 344.
• Anselm, St., 307-315.
• “Anthonie Pigs,” 588.
• Anthony Woodville, 593, 594.
• Antiphonary of St. Gregory, 60, 369.
• —— Roman, 122, 173.
• Antoninus, St., of Florence, 524.
• Apollinaris, Sidonis, St., 2-8.
• Apostolic Rule, the, 5, 13.
• Aquileja, St. Paulinus of, 118.
• Aquitaine, William of, 242.
• Arabian Schools, frequented by medieval scholars, 317.
• Arabic language, study of, 440, 441.
• Aran, isle of, 45, 46.
• Archdeacon, his duties, 12, 401.
• Archetrenius, 367.
• Aristotle, studied in the Dark Ages, 78, 113, 148, 174, 181, 274, 286.
• —— translations of, 274, 407, 441.
• —— errors arising from the study of, 360, 406, 408.
• —— his Physics prohibited in the schools, 372, 408.
• —— commented by Albert the Great, 418;
• and by St. Thomas, 428.
• Arithmetic, early study of, 69, 131, 179, 185.
• —— much advanced by Gerbert, 287, 289.
• Arles, St. Hilary of, 33.
• Armagh, School of, 44.
• —— Richard, Archbishop of, his complaints of the friars, 495.
• Art, 444, 445, and note, 524.
• Arts, the seven liberal, 31, 36, 131, 134, 147, 179, 225, 243, 249, 258, 286, 289, 350, 354.
• —— decay of, 356, 375.
• —— faculty of, 372.
• —— contempt of, shown by Berengarius, 306;
• and Abelard, 346.
• Asaph, St., 38.
• Asser, 199.
• Astrology, 69, 79.
• Astronomy, 79, 124, 125, 248, 287.
• Athelhard of Bath, 320, 321.
• Athens, Schools of, 17.
• Attraction of gravitation, taught by Vincent of Beauvais, 436.
• Augustine, St., of Hippo, 5, 16.
• —— —— of Canterbury, 63.
• Aurelian, St., of Aries, 24.
• Auricular confession, Colet on, 682, note.
• Averrhoes, his errors, 406, 407, 428.
• Avitus, St., of Vienne, 28.
• Aymeric of Placentia, establishes Greek and Oriental studies, 441.
• Bachelor’s degree, 372, 412, 414.
• Bacon, Roger, 486-488.
• Bald men, poem on, 159.
• Baldwin of Canterbury, his journey through Wales, 459.
• Bangor, 37, 38.
• Barbarians, irruptions of the, 230-234.
• Barbarous Latin, 496-498.
• Barlaam, the Calabrian monk, 520.
• Baronial households, 532-540.
• Baronius on the Iron Age, 223.
• Basil, St., 18, 23, 24.
• Basilica of the Octagon, 20.
• Basing of St. Alban’s, 485.
• Bathildis, Queen, foundress of School of Chelles, 191.
• Baume, La, 244, 245.
• Beauvais, Vincent of, 434-436.
• Bec, foundation of, 306.
• —— its schools, 307-313.
• Becket, St. Thomas à, 358.
• Bede, St., 77-84.
• Bembo, Cardinal, 657, 659, 660, 666, 701.
• Benchor and its schools, 48, 49.
• Benedict, St., 32, 33.
• —— —— of Anian, 135.
• —— XI., Pope, 445.
• Benedictine Schools, 113, 131.
• Benignus, St., disciple of St. Patrick, 43.
• Bennet Biscop, St., 66, 72, 76.
• Benno, Cardinal, 288.
• Bennon, St., of Misnia, his education, 265, 267.
• Berengarius, 304-309.
• Berington, Mr., quoted, 225, 226, 284, 486, 516.
• Bernard, St., 351-355.
• Bernardine Colleges, 371, 372, 373.
• Bernward, St., of Hildesheim, 263-267.
• Bertilla, 191.
• Bessarion, Cardinal, 604, 605.
• Beverley, St. John of, 67, 77.
• Bibiena, Cardinal, author of “Calandra,” 657.
• Bible, copies of the entire, 71, 72, 335, 337, 372.
• —— Alcuin corrects the whole, 119;
• as does Lanfranc, 318.
• —— metrical versions of the, 189.
• —— study of the, by the monks, 188, 189.
• —— saved from barbarians, 236.
• —— versions of, in the vulgar tongue, 340.
• —— Commentary on, by Walafrid Strabo, 150.
• —— Concordance of, first, 437.
• —— of the poor, 567.
• —— Bohemian, 562.
• Bibles, chained in churches, 567.
• —— Complutensian Polyglot, 652.
• Black Death, the, 557.
• Bobbio, 49, 128, 141.
• Bocaccio, 198.
• Boethius, 30-33, 288, note.
• —— Alfred’s translations from, 205-207.
• Bologna, University of, 328, 379, 391-393.
• Bonaventura, St., 433.
• Boniface, St., 89-112.
• —— VIII., Pope, founds Roman University, 398.
• —— —— conduct of Paris University towards, 404, 405.
• —— and Philip le Bel, 527.
• —— and Dante, 512.
• Book copying, 334.
• Book trade in Paris, 383, 384.
• Borromeo, St. Charles, 705, 718-724.
• —— College, 720.
• Botany, Albert the Great’s studies of, 421.
• Bradwardine, Archbishop, 240.
• Brendan, St., 49, 50.
• Bridferth, monk of Ramsey, 221.
• British Colleges, ancient, 35-42.
• Bruno, St., of Cologne, 257-261.
• —— founder of the Carthusians, 341.
• Bucer, 644.
• Budæus, 639, 640.
• Bullinger, 645.
• Bury, Monastery of, 577.
• —— Richard, of, 529-531.
• Cabala, the, 625, 638.
• Cadoc, St., 40-42.
• Cæsarius, St., of Arles, 24.
• Cajetan, St., 668-670.
• Camaldolese Order encourages revival of classical studies, 523.
• Cambridge University, 64.
• Cambridge scholar, the, 458.
• Campanus, his Commentary on Euclid, 397.
• Candidus, disciple of Rabanus, 149, 154.
• Canisius, Peter, 713.
• Canon law, study of, 391, 392.
• Canonical schools, 131, note.
• Canons Regular, 11, 63, 97.
• Canterbury, school at, 64, 66-69.
• Capella, Marcian, 31.
• Capitulars of Charlemagne, 130.
• Capgrave, John, 583.
• Caraffa, 668, 669.
• Carmenta Nicostrata, 322.
• Carmina de Septem Artibus, 134.
• Caroline College at Osnaburgh, 183.
• Carpenter, John, founder of City of London School, 585, 589.
• Carthage, schools of, 14.
• —— Council of, 13.
• Carthag, St., 53.
• Casa Giojosa, the, 601.
• Cassiodorus, 31-33.
• Catacombs, Roman Academicians and the, 617, note.
• Cataldus, St., 53.
• Catechetical School of Alexandria, 3, 10;
• of Jerusalem, 6.
• Cathedral schools, 11-14, 95, 114;
• revived by Charlemagne, 130, 131;
• under the Othos, 262;
• revived by St. Gregory VII., 328;
• classical studies in, 330, 399.
• Caxton, 592-598.
• Celestine, St., Pope, 36, 38.
• Centon, St. Gregory’s, 59.
• Ceolfrid, 73, 74.
• Chaldaic, study of, 437-441.
• Chancellor, office of, 401, and note.
• Chant, Ecclesiastical, 4, 53, 59.
• —— introduced into England by St. Benedict Biscop, 75.
• —— reformed in France by Pepin, 117;
• and by Charlemagne, 122, 123.
• —— at St. Gall, 173, 179.
• —— corruption of, 524.
• —— reform of, 717.
• Charlemagne, 113, 143.
• Charles the Bald, 144, 157, 159.
• —— of Naples, 425.
• —— V. of France, 525, 541.
• —— St. Borromeo, 705, 717;
• his Seminaries, 720-724.
• Chartres, school of, 303.
• Chaucer, 553-556.
• Chelles, school of, founded by Queen Bathildis, 191.
• Chigi soirées, 662.
• Chivalry and education, 532-538.
• Choral schools in private households, 576.
• Christine de Pisa, 525.
• “Christ-cross Row, the,” 546.
• Chrysoloras, Emmanuel, 605.
• Chrysostom, St., 19.
• Church history, study of, 413, and note.
• Cicero, copies of, in early Christian libraries, 84, 129, 148, 150, 157.
• —— studied in schools of the Dark Ages, 161, 181, 338.
• —— Petrarch’s love for, 519;
• translated into Italian, 497.
• Ciceronian Latin, 660.
• Claud of Turin, 144.
• Claudian Mamertus, 28.
• Claustral schools, 131, note.
• Clement, Irish professor, 141, 144.
• —— of Alexandria, 7.
• —— V. Pope, founds lectures in Oxford for Eastern languages, 440.
• —— VII. Pope, 667.
• Clonard, school of, 46.
• Clonmacnois, 48.
• Cloveshoe, Council of, 108, 109.
• Cluain Ednech, 48.
• Cluny, foundation of, 245.
• —— Customs of, 335, 336, 337.
• Cockfighting, London schoolboys’ love of, 588.
• Colet, Dean, 674.
• Colleges at Paris, 371-374.
• —— at Oxford, 502-507, 539.
• —— at Louvain, 642.
• —— at Alcala, 650.
• ——, Wykehamist, 569, 571;
• Old English, 572, 575.
• Collegium Trilingue at Louvain, 643.
• Colman, 51.
• Coluccio Salutati, 523.
• Columba, St., 47, 50.
• Columbanus, St., 52.
• Comestor, Peter, 363.
• Commission of Cardinals on education, 705-707.
• Computum, the, 8.
• Concordance of the Bible by Hugh de St. Cher, 437.
• —— by Archbishop Peckham, 500.
• Contarini, Cardinal, 668, 700, 705.
• Contemplative character of early monastic teachers, 165, 166.
• Convito, Dante’s, 514.
• Copyists, 100, 129, 172, 332-335.
• Corby, Old, 136, 160, 658.
• —— New, 167, 168.
• Cornificians, the, 359.
• Corpus Christi College, 678.
• Cortese, Gregory, 705.
• Cosmo de Medici, 612, 613.
• Cosmos, Humboldt’s, quoted, 416, note, 419, 421, 460.
• Council of Aix-la-Chapelle condemns Felix of Urgel, 142.
• —— Carthage prescribes laws for manner of life of clergy, 13.
• —— Constantinople orders priests’ schools, 13.
• —— Cloveshoe, decrees of, 109, 110.
• —— Frankfort, against Elipandus, 136.
• —— Lateran, Fourth, 396.
• —— Orleans, on priests’ schools, 110.
• —— Sens, 352.
• —— Soissons, 229;
• second, condemns Abelard, 350.
• —— Toledo requires bishops to found seminaries, 13, 14.
• —— Trent, 708, 712.
• —— Vaison, on priests’ schools, 13.
• —— Valence, 145.
• Councils of Rheims, Rome, Vercelli, Florence, and Tours successively condemn Berengarius, 308.
• Courçon, Robert de, Legate to Innocent III., 375.
• Courtesy, laws of, 532.
• Crevier, on principles of Paris University, 405.
• Croke, Greek Professor, 677, 696.
• Crusade, the fifth, 390.
• Cummian, St., 52.
• Cusanus, Nicholas, 634, 635.
• Cuthbert of Wearmouth, 100.
• Cynewulf of Peterborough, 219.
• Cyril, St., of Jerusalem, 6.
• Dado of Verden, and poor schools, 253.
• Damasus, Pope St., 35.
• Dames’ schools, 546.
• Damian, St. Peter, 326-328.
• Damoiseaux, 532.
• Daniel, of Winchester, 103.
• Danish College, 371.
• Dante, 508-517.
• Dark Ages, supposed ignorance of, 225-227.
• David, St., 37.
• Deacon, John, the, 58, 60, 123;
• Paul, the, 58, 118, and note.
• —— James, the, introduces Roman chant into Northumbria, 74.
• Dead, prayers for the, 371, 376.
• Decay of learning in seventh century, 27, 115.
• —— of arts, 378, 379.
• Decretals of Gratian, 379, 391, 392.
• Degrees, 375, 414;
• in grammar, 457;
• in music, 458.
• Delphina, St., 537.
• Denys, St., the Areopagite, translated by Scotus Erigena, 145, 184;
• commented by B. Albert the Great, 418;
• translated by Robert Grostete, 485.
• Deventer, schools of, 631-634.
• Devorgilla, the Lady, 502.
• Dialogues, Anglo-Saxon, 127, 139, 186.
• Dictionaries, 183, 331, 485, 571.
• Didier, Bishop, rebuked by St. Gregory, 57.
• Diemudis, the copyist nun, 334.
• Diploma of Philip Augustus, 365.
• Discipline of the Universities, lax, 368, 374.
• Distichia Moralia, old class-book, 181.
• “Docta Sanctorum” Bull of Pope John XXII., 524.
• “Doctrinale Puerorum,” 181.
• Dominic, St., 410, 449.
• Dominican Order, 411-417.
• Dominican system of graduation, 414.
• Dominicans in England, 475.
• Donatus, St., 54.
• Donatus, grammar of, 181, 250.
• D’Oyley, Robert, his Oxford foundation, 452.
• Dublin University, 442, 443.
• Dunstable, miracle play at, 317.
• Duns Scotus, 496, 505.
• Dunstan, St., 212-218.
• Durandus, 513, note.
• Durham College, 505, 711.
• Eadburga, her letters to St. Boniface, 101.
• Easter, calculation of, 8.
• —— controversy regarding, note, 65.
• Easterwine, Abbot, 75.
• Eberhard, Count, his will, 193.
• Ecclesiastical chant, 5, 53.
• Edmund, St., of Canterbury, 479-483.
• Edmundsbury, 422, 462;
• free school at, 577.
• Education in the Dark Ages, 178.
• —— St. Chrysostom, on, 19.
• —— of women, 25, 26, 102, 183.
• —— Roilin, on, 378.
• —— Lateran Fathers, on, 664.
• —— Cardinals, on, 706.
• —— treatise on, by Sadolet, 700.
• —— in Jesuit Colleges, 708.
• —— National Systems of, 401.
• Edward II. founder of Oriel, 505.
• —— III., 529.
• —— IV., 576, 577, 584, 592.
• Egbert of York, 84.
• Egbert, Anglo-Saxon priest, 92.
• Eigil, St., 154.
• Einold of Tours, 251.
• Einsidlen, 176.
• Ekkehard of St. Gall’s, 274.
• Ella Longspée, 503.
• Elyot, Sir John, author of the “Governor,” 672, 673.
• Elzear of Sabran, 536, 537.
• Emmeran’s, St., 335.
• Enchiridion of King Alfred, 205.
• Encyclopædias, 14, 32, 434.
• Enda, founder of Aran, 45.
• English schools of twelfth century, 320, 461.
• —— language first used for literary purposes, 464.
• —— in schools, 543-545.
• —— versions of the Scriptures, 561-567.
• —— poetry, specimens of early, 580-582.
• —— poor-schools, 469, 471, 549.
• —— school books, 546, 547.
• Episcopal seminaries, ancient, 11.
• —— revived by St. Gregory VII., 328.
• —— decay of, after twelfth century, 402.
• —— restored by Council of Trent, 714.
• Erasmus, his early education, 636.
• —— quoted, 641, 661, 662, 674, note, 679, 683, note, 697, 698.
• —— in Rome, 664, 665;
• in England, 675.
• —— his grammar, 687, 688.
• —— and Luther, 694, 695.
• —— his Colloquies, 706 and note.
• —— his death, 706, note.
• Erigena, John Scotus, 145, 156.
• Espousals of Mercury and Philology, 31.
• Ethelwold, St., Bishop of Winchester, 217-220.
• —— pupil of St. Aldhelm, 70, 71.
• Eton school founded, 571.
• Eucher, St., 33.
• Euclid, 397, translated by Athelhard, 321;
• commented on by Campanus, 397.
• Eusebius, St., of Vercelli, 12.
• Evesham Abbey, 315.
• Evroult, St., relics of, 322, 323.
• —— School of, 323.
• Ewelme, God’s house at, 574.
• Exeter, school at, 91.
• —— given to Asser, 199.
• —— Joseph of, author of the Antiocheis, 461.
• —— College, 506.
• Faculties at Paris University, 374, 375.
• Fair of the Landit, 384, 385.
• Faith and reason, St. Anselm on, 345;
• St. Bernard on, 354;
• St. Thomas on, 429.
• Fathers of the Desert received young children, 21-24.
• —— the, on education, 17-20.
• —— neglect of the, 379.
• —— St. Louis, collects copies of the, 379.
• Felix, St., 64.
• —— of Urgel, 144.
• Ferrierès, school of, 156.
• “Fescennine license” explained, 465, and note.
• Ficinus, Marsilius, 613-616.
• Filelfo, 606-609.
• Finian, St., of Clonard, 46.
• Fintan, St., 48.
• “Fishmarket Latin,” 643.
• Fitz Stephen, quoted, 464, 589, 592.
• Flaminius, Mark Anthony, 700, 701, and note.
• Fleury Abbey, reform of, 245, 246.
• —— Abbo of, 221, 248, 249.
• Flodoard of Rheims, 241.
• Florence, Renaissance at, 605-624.
• Florent, St., relics of, 236.
• Florentius, scholar of Deventer, 632.
• Florentine Academy in Convent of Augustinians, 523.
• “Following of Christ,” the, 497.
• Fontanelles Abbey, 129, 131, 233.
• Fonte Avellano, 326.
• Fontenay, battle of, 229, and note.
• France, state of letters in, 526.
• Francis I. founds a Royal College, 638.
• Franciscans at Oxford, 483.
• Frankfort, Council of, 136.
• Frankish language, 126.
• Frankish Church, reform of the, 116.
• Frassinet seized by the Saracens, 247.
• Frederick I., 392.
• —— II., 394, 395, 425.
• Fredigise, disciple of Alcuin, 119, 142, 144.
• Freewill, Böethius and Alfred on, 206.
• —— St. Augustine on, 343.
• —— Erasmus on, 695.
• French Language, 229, note.
• —— spoken in England, 543-546.
• —— scholars of the Renaissance, 646, 647.
• Frideswide’s, St., Abbey, at Oxford, 451.
• Friesland, missions to, 92, 93.
• Frœlsung, the, 109.
• Fulbert of Chartres, 303.
• Fulda, foundation of, 102, 104.
• —— school of, 146-149.
• Fulk of Anjou, 180.
• —— of Rheims, 241.
• —— of Neuilly, 388-391.
• Gaddesden, John, court physician, 555.
• Gall’s, St., monastic school of, 169-173, 269-280.
• Galon, his dispute with the Bishop of Paris, 401.
• Gamut, invention of the, 294.
• Gandersheim, school of, 295.
• —— Hroswitha, of, 295-299.
• Gemistus, or Pletho, 613, 615.
• Geneviève, St., school of, 351, 356, 365, 366.
• Geography Of Alfred, 207.
• —— of Albert the Great, 420.
• —— of Dante, 515.
• —— specimens of, in old English schools, 547, 557.
• Geometry, 117, 179, 289, 555.
• Gerard the Great, 630, 632.
• Gerbert, 284-291.
• German language, formation of, 125, 126.
• —— Emperors in the tenth century, 254.
• —— Bibles, 636.
• —— Universities after the Reformation, 644.
• Germanus, St., of Auxerre, 36.
• Ghiberti, Matthew, 668, 705, 713, 719.
• Giannozzo Manetti, 523, 600, 611.
• Gilbert de la Poirée, his errors, 359.
• Gilbert, St., 465.
• Gilbertine order, 467, 468.
• Gildas, St., 41.
• Geraldus Cambrensis, 459.
• “Gloria, laus et honor,” origin of the Responsory, 134.
• Gloss on the Scriptures, 150.
• Gloucester, Duke Humphrey of, patron of learning, 584, 585.
• Gloucester College, 504.
• Godric, St., 472, 473.
• “Goliardi,” the, 541.
• Gonzaga, Cecilia, 603.
• Gorham, Geoffery, author of the first miracle-play, 317.
• Gorze, monastery of, restored, 252.
• —— John of, 250-252.
• Gospel places, 478.
• Gospels, 4, 41, 63, 83, 172.
• —— Harmony of the, 112, 151.
• Gotteschalk, his errors, 155, 156.
• “Governor,” the, 672.
• Gower, 554.
• Grammar, Latin and English, by Ælfric, 219.
• —— German, begun by Charlemagne, 125, 151, 171.
• —— Latin and Greek, 91, 135, 486, 531.
• —— Latin, partly written by Erasmus, 687, 688.
• —— Hebrew, 486, 531.
• Grammarians of Toulouse, 29, 30.
• “Great Mirror,” the, 435.
• “Greeks and Trojans,” 674.
• Greek refugees, 604.
• Greek, early study of, 49, 52, 77, 78, 114, 118, 122, 134, 145, 172, 183, 184, 257, 267, 275, 296, 303, 438-440, 485.
• —— restoration of, 520, 601, 605, 607, 609, 613.
• —— first printed at Deventer, 635.
• Gregorian School of Chant, 60.
• —— College, 398.
• Gregory, St., Nazianzen, 17.
• —— —— of Nyssa, 705.
• —— —— of Utrecht, 94, 95.
• —— —— the Great, Pope, 56-63.
• —— II., Pope, 94.
• —— III., Pope, 103
• —— IV., Pope, 169.
• —— VII., Pope, 326.
• —— IX., Pope, 396.
• Grimbald, 198, 209, 210.
• Grocyn, 672, 674, 678.
• Grosteste, Robert, 483-486.
• Guarino, 600, 605, 606.
• Guitmond, 309, 310.
• Guizot, M., quoted, 114, 115.
• Gundulph, 309.
• “Habita,” the, 392.
• Haimo of Halberstadt, 147.
• Hallam, references to, 32, 332, 611.
• —— on church music, 180.
• —— on England before Danish Invasions, 195.
• —— on the Dark Ages, 226.
• —— on destruction of monasteries, 234.
• —— on Greek and Oriental studies, 438.
• —— on mendicant friars, 496.
• Halls at Oxford, 453.
• Hebrew, study of, 9, 14, 78, 114, 118, 134, 161, note, 303, 337, 437, 438, 441, 461, 485, 609, 619.
• Hedwiga, Duchess, 275, 276.
• Henry de Mesmes, 638.
• Henry of Auxerre, 158.
• —— St., of Bavaria, 255, 267.
• —— of Wurtzburg, 260.
• —— Beauclerk, educated at Abingdon Abbey, 319.
• —— II. of England, 361, 455, 459, 464.
• —— III. of England, 456.
• —— V., 560, 584.
• —— VI. of England, 571, 584, 586, 587, 591.
• —— VIII. of England, 677, 692;
• his “Defence of the Seven Sacraments,” 694;
• and Pole, 696.
• Heraclius of Liege, 240, 253, 257.
• Hermolaus Barbarus, 620.
• Hildebert of Mans, 330, 340.
• Hildebrand, 336.
• Hildesheim, school of, 264-267, 338.
• Hincmar of Rheims, 156, 158, 241.
• Hippolytus, St., 8, 9.
• Hirsauge, or Hirschau, colony from Fulda, 148, 335.
• “Hodœporicon,” the, 602.
• Homer, study of, 19, 67.
• Homilies of St. Gregory, 57.
• —— of Ælfric, 219, 220, and note.
• Honorius of Autun, 330.
• —— III., Pope, 380.
• Horoscopes, 69, and note.
• Hospitals, old English, 572-578.
• Hroswitha, the nun of Gandersheim, 295-299.
• Hucbald of St. Amand, 241.
• Hugh, St., of Cluny, 336, 337.
• Humanists, 640, 696, 701.
• Humbert of Verdun, 252.
• —— de Romanis, 439, 447.
• —— Cardinal, 325.
• Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 584, 585.
• Huns, invasions of the, 233.
• Ideler and Dante, 515.
• Ignatius, St., of Antioch, 59, and note.
• —— —— Loyola, 707, 708.
• Iltutus, St., 37.
• Innocent III., Pope, 375, 376, 380, 386, 393, 396.
• —— IV., Pope, 371, 372.
• Intellect, St. Bonaventure on the office of the, 433.
• Iona, school of, 50, 51, 64.
• Irenæus, St., 6.
• Irish scholars, 52, 71, 141, 169, 270.
• —— —— at Oxford, 457.
• Irnerius lectures on Roman law, 328, 391.
• Iron Age, 225.
• Isidore, St., author of the “Origines,” 14.
• Iso of St. Gall’s, 270.
• Italian Universities, 391-396, 398.
• Italy, state of learning in, during the tenth century, 255;
• twelfth century, 328;
• fourteenth century, 518;
• fifteenth century, 599.
• Ivo of Chartres, 309.
• James, St., liturgy of, 6.
• —— —— Hospital of, 371.
• —— the Deacon, introduces Roman chant into Northumbria, 74.
• —— of Vitry, on Paris University, 368, 369, 388.
• James, King of Arragon, founds a college for Oriental languages, 440.
• Jarrow, school of, 73, 75.
• Jerome, St., 26.
• Jerusalem, catechetical school of, 6.
• Jesuit colleges, 707, 708, 713.
• Jews at Oxford, 457;
• banished from England, 461.
• John, St., Chrysostom, 19.
• —— the Deacon, biographer of St. Gregory, 60, 118, note, 123.
• —— The Venerable, arch-chanter of St. Peter’s, 75.
• —— St., of Beverley, 67, 77.
• —— of old Saxony, scholar of Alfred, 198.
• —— of Gerze, 250, 252.
• —— of Salisbury, 355-363.
• —— St., of Capistran, 524, 602.
• —— of St. Quentin, 387.
• —— of Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury, 499, 500.
• —— Picus of Mirandola, 618, 619.
• Joseph of Exeter, 461.
• Kenticern, St., 39, 40.
• Kieran, St., 47, 48.
• Ladies, advice to, 538.
• Ladies, education of, early, 24-26;
• ninth century, 191;
• Middle Ages, 538-540;
• fifteenth century, 603.
• Lanfranc, 305-318.
• Lanthorns, King Alfred and the, 203.
• Lantnit, Monastery of, founded by St. Iltutus, 37.
• Lascaris, 622, note.
• Lateran, School of the, 11.
• —— Fourth Council of, 411.
• —— Fifth Council of, 663.
• Latin Classics, in libraries of Dark Ages, 69, 84, 121, 129, 157, 171, 181, 286, 330, 332, 460, 461, 462.
• —— prayers taught in poor schools, 469.
• Latinities, the twelve, 30.
• Laura de Sade, 518, 519, 522.
• Law, Canon, 379, 391, 392, 454.
• —— Civil, 379, 391;
• first taught at Oxford, 454.
• —— Effect of this study, 380, 496, 512.
• Leander of Seville, St., 14.
• Learning, dangers of, 628.
• Learning, character of the monkish, 282, 285, 301.
• Lectors, 414, note.
• Leidrade, one of the “Missi Dominici,” 135.
• Leo, St., IX., Pope, 325.
• —— X., Pope, 655, 666.
• Leonard Aretino, 611, 612.
• Leonine verses, 496, 498.
• Leontius, Pilate, 520.
• Lerins, school of, 33;
• revived, 705.
• Letter from St. Aldheim to Hedda, 68.
• —— from Alcuin to Charlemagne, 125.
• —— from Charlemagne to his prelates, 130.
• —— from St. Lioba to St. Boniface, 102.
• —— from Fulk of Rheims to King Alfred, 198.
• —— from John of Salisbury to St. Thomas à Becket, 362.
• Letters of Wibald, 338.
• —— —— Peter of Blois, 361.
• —— —— St. Thomas of Canterbury, 358.
• —— —— Erasmus, 676.
• Levitius of Monte Cassino, 179.
• Liberal Arts, 179.
• Libraries, circulating, 253.
• —— destruction of, 234, 235.
• Library of the Patriarchium, 11.
• —— Palatine, supposed destruction of, 57;
• St. Augustine’s, 63;
• York, 84;
• Cluny Abbey, 337;
• of St. Louis, 379;
• of King Charles V., 525;
• Vatican, 604.
• Licenses for schools, 400, 401, note.
• Liege, school of, 240, 253.
• Lily, William, 674, 687, 688, 701.
• Linacre, 674, 678, 683.
• Lincoln College, 571.
• Lindisfarne, 64;
• destruction of, 88.
• Lioba, St., 101, 105, 106.
• Lismore, school of, 52, 53.
• Liturgical element in education, 61, 133, 469, 470, 513.
• —— poetry, 498.
• Liturgy of St. Mark, 4.
• —— proposed reform of the, 624.
• Llancarvan, school of, 40.
• Llan Elwy, 40.
• Logic, 338, 349.
• Lollards, 557-561, 571, note.
• London, schools of, 586-589.
• —— Old, 589-592.
• Longspée, William, 543.
• Lorenzo de’ Medici, 620, 622, 627.
• Louis the Debonnaire, 132, note, 134, 190, 228, 230.
• —— IX., St., 379.
• Louvain, 641, 644;
• suppression and re-erection, 653.
• Luanus, St., founder of Clonfert, 49.
• Luidger, St., 95-97.
• Lullus, St., 100.
• Lupus, St., of Troyes, 36.
• —— of Ferrières, 149, 150, 156.
• Luther, 641, 644, 694.
• Lydgate, his “Court of Sapience,” 579.
• Lynwood, Bishop, canonist of fifteenth century, 562.
• Lyons, Florus of, 183.
• Lyra, Nicholas de, 488.
• Mabel Rich, mother of St. Edmund, 479.
• Magdalen College, Oxford, 571.
• Magdeburgh school of, 268, 269.
• Maieul, St., 246, 248.
• Malmesbury, school of, 65, 70.
• Mandeville, Sir John, 556.
• Manegold, 346.
• Manning, Robert, Gilbertine canon and chronicler, 468.
• Mannon, 146, 257.
• Mans, Hildebold of, 340.
• Maps, 557.
• Marcellus, monk of St. Gall’s, 270.
• Margaret Plantagenet, Duchess of Burgundy, 593.
• Marianus Scotus, 339.
• Mark, St., the Evangelist, 1-5.
• Mark’s, St., Library at Florence, 608.
• Marmoutier, 33;
• destruction of, 234.
• Marsillus Ficinus, 613-616, 626.
• Martian Capella, 31.
• Martin’s, St., of Tours, 33, 35, 42, 137, 140.
• Matilda, Queen, 319.
• Maurice Sully, Bishop of Paris, 386, 387.
• “Media Vita,” 272.
• Medici, the, Cosmo, 612;
• Lorenzo, 622.
• Medicine, 291-293, 555;
• one of the Faculties at Paris University, 375;
• at Louvain, 643;
• and at Alcala, 651.
• Meinrad, St., 175.
• Meinwerc of Paderborn, 267, 268.
• Melanchthon, 644.
• Melun, Robert of, 356.
• Menagier de Paris, quoted, 538.
• Merlac, Daniel, 455.
• Merton College, Oxford, 503.
• Metaphysics of Aristotle, 407, 408.
• Minster, 97.
• Mitterius, grammarian of Toulouse, 30.
• Monologion of St. Anselm, 312.
• More, Sir Thomas, 675, 678, 683.
• Music, 80, 162, 179, 294, 524.
• Musicians, Irish, 52.
• Musurus, Greek, professor, 614, 615.
• Natural Philosophy of Bede, 79;
• of Albert the Great, 418-422;
• of Vincent of Beauvais, 435, 436.
• Nazianzen, St. Gregory, 17.
• Neckham, Alexander, 463.
• Neot, St., 209.
• Neo-Platonists, 4, 142, 145.
• Neuilly, Fulk of, 388.
• Nicholas I., Pope, 145, 146.
• —— V., Pope, 603, 604.
• —— de Lyra, 488.
• —— Oresme, 526.
• —— de Cusa, Cardinal, scholar of Deventer, 634, 635.
• Nigel Wireker, author of Speculum Stultorum, 464.
• Ninian, St., 35, 36.
• Nomantula, Abbey of, seven times plundered, 234.
• Nominalists and Realists, 344, 345.
• Norman invasions, 230-232.
• Northumbria, 64.
• Notger of Liege, 240.
• Notker of St. Gall’s, 272, 273.
• Novalesa sacked, 235.
• Novellæ of Justinian, 242.
• Nuns, learned, 105, 107, 191, 295.
• Nutscell, monastery of, 91.
• Occleve, 556, 579.
• Odericus Vitalis, 321-323.
• Odo, St., of Cluny, 245, 246.
• —— of Canterbury, 214.
• —— of Tournai, 342.
• Ogres, 233.
• Oratory of Divine Love, 668.
• Oriel College, Oxford, 505.
• Oriental languages, 437-441.
• Origen, 8-10.
• Orleans, 336.
• Ormanetti, Nicholas, 710, 720, 724.
• Orosius, translated by Alfred, 207.
• “Orthographia, De,” 31.
• Osbern, disciple of St. Anselm, 311.
• Osney Abbey, foundation of, 452.
• Oswald, St., of York, 214, 217, 336.
• Otheric of Magdeburgh, 268, 289, 290.
• Otho the Great, 254, 286.
• —— II., 254.
• —— III., 255, 291.
• Ouche, 237-239.
• Ovid, 141, 181, and note.
• Oxford, in the time of Alfred, 209;
• in Middle Ages, 453-458, 476-495;
• and Lollardism, 558, 559, 560;
• in sixteenth century, 672;
• under Cardinal Pole, 710, 711;
• after the Reformation, 702, 703, 711.
• Oxonian Latin, 496.
• Pace, Richard, 673, 696.
• Pachomius, St., 21.
• Paderborn, schools of, 268.
• Padua, University of, 394, 659.
• Paganism of the Renaissance, 623, 660.
• Palatine school of St. Gregory, 58.
• —— of Charlemagne, 119-129, 144.
• Pamphilius, St., 15.
• Pandects, the, 391, and note.
• Pantœnus, St., 7.
• Pantheism, 406, 428, 429.
• Paraclete, the, School of, 351.
• Paris, schools of, 346, 363.
• —— University of, 366.
• —— book trade at, 383.
• Parma, schools of, 328.
• Parochial schools, 13, 110, 133, 253, 469, 543, 546, 549, 550;
• in diocese of Milan, 724.
• Paschal cycle, 8, 65, and note.
• Paschasius Radpert, St., 160-164.
• Paston letters, 578.
• Patrick, St., 42-45.
• Paul’s, St., school, 685-688.
• Paul II., Pope, 616.
• —— III., Pope, 698, 704.
• —— IV., Pope, 710.
• Paul Warnfrid, 118.
• Paulus, Jovius, 658, and note.
• Peckham, John of, 499, 500.
• “Pedagogues,” 177.
• Pepin, 116.
• Peter, St., the Apostle, 1, 59.
• Peter Damian, St., 326, 327.
• —— of Pisa, 118.
• —— of Cluny, 352.
• —— Martyr, of Anghiera, 649, and note.
• —— Vermigli, 702.
• —— Pomponatus, 659.
• Petrarch, 517-522.
• Philip Augustus, 365.
• —— le Bel, 404, 527.
• —— the Almoner, 662.
• Philosophy, its true nature, 433.
• —— of St. Thomas, 429.
• Phrenology, 340.
• Physician’s fee at Bologna, 394.
• Physics of Aristotle, 408.
• Picus Mirandola, 618.
• “Piperis Granum,” 275.
• Pius II., Pope, 604.
• —— IV., Pope, 718.
• —— V., Pope, 719.
• Platina, 616.
• Plato, quoted by St. Bennet, Biscop, 76;
• studied by Othlonus, 335;
• translated by Moerbeka, 441;
• revived study of him at Florence, 613.
• Platonic Academy, 613, 614.
• Pliny, 332.
• Poetry, specimen of Old English, 580-582.
• Poggio Bracciolini, 609.
• Pole, Reginald, 692-701;
• his Provincial Synod, 709;
• death, 710.
• Politian, Angelo, 620-623.
• Politics of the universities, 404-406.
• Pollesworth, school of, 578.
• Polyglot Bible, 652.
• Pomponatus, 659, and note.
• Pomponius Lætus, 616, 617, and note.
• Popes, protectors of learning, 396-398.
• Poppo of Wurtzburg, 260.
• Printing, 593, 635.
• Professors, tyranny of, 525, 660.
• Prohibitory decree of Archbishop Arundel explained, 562.
• Proslogion of St. Anselm, 312.
• Provisors, Statute of, injurious to learning, 560.
• Psalter, the, 21, 178.
• Public schools, 132.
• “Pugio Fidei” by Raymund Martin, 437.
• Quinctilian, 157, 181, 346.
• —— copy of his institutes found in abbey of St. Gall’s, 609.
• Rabanus Maurus, 147-156.
• Radbod, Duke, 93.
• —— Bishop, 257.
• Radewyns, Florentius, 631.
• Ramsey, Abbey of, 221, 315, 461.
• Ratgar, abbot of Fulda, 152.
• Ratpert of St. Gall’s, 270.
• Reading School, 461, 577.
• Realists and Nominalists, 344, 345.
• Reichnau, Monastery of, 173.
• Reform of Chant, 717.
• Reformation, Protestant, 666, 667.
• Remigius of Auxerre, 241.
• Reuchlin, 637.
• Rheims, school of, 241.
• Rhenish Academy, 637.
• Rhetoric, decline of, 378.
• Richard, St., of Chichester, 489, 494.
• Richard l’Evèque, a Paris master, 358.
• Richer of Rheims, biographer of Gerbert, 285;
• his journey, 291.
• Richmond, Countess of, 677.
• Ripon, 66.
• Robert Melun, 356.
• Robert Pullus, or Pulleyne, Cardinal;
• restorer of sacred studies at Oxford, 357, 454.
• Robert of Naples, King, crowns Petrarch, 519, 536.
• —— Grosteste, 483-486.
• Rodolph Agricola, 637.
• —— Langius, 637.
• Romances, 319.
• Romanesque language, 152, 229.
• Roman Academy, 616, 662, 670.
• —— jurisprudence, 391.
• Rome, state of, under Leo X., 658.
• —— sack of, 669, 670.
• Ronsard, poet of the Renaissance, 647.
• Roscelin, the Nominalist, 345.
• Ruodman, of Reichnau, 276.
• Ruysbrock, 630.
• Sadolet, 657, 660, 667, 700, 705.
• Saltzburg, Virgil of, 97, 98.
• Sanctes Pagninus, 658.
• Sannazar, poet of the Renaissance, 661.
• Santeuil, 498.
• Saracens, invasions of the, 232, 246.
• Savonarola, 625-627.
• Saxons, 62, 160.
• “Scale of Perfection,” 583.
• Scepticism, 407, 428.
• Scholastic Philosophy, 360.
• “Scholastic Postils,” by Nicholas de Lyra, 489.
• Schools, ancient Christian, 33.
• —— public, of Charlemagne, 131.
• —— of the Empire, 15.
• “Scotists,” 642, 662.
• Scotus Erigena, 145, 146, and note.
• Scotus, Marianus, 339.
• Scotus, Duns, 496, 505.
• Scriptorium, labours of the, 100, 172, 332, 334.
• Scriptures, study of the, 24, 188, 190.
• —— laid aside by scholars of Renaissance, 624.
• —— translations of the, 340, and note, 563, 635, 636.
• Secret Societies, 407.
• Sedulius, Cœlius, 39.
• Seminaries, ancient Episcopal, 13, 14, 36, 39, 64, 95;
• decline of, 402;
• restoration of, by the Council of Trent, 714;
• Cardinal Pole’s Synodal decree on, 709;
• of St. Charles Borromeo, 721-723.
• Sempringham, school of, 465-468.
• Sens, Council of, condemns Abelard, 352.
• Sentences, the Book of, 363, 364.
• Serfs, education of, 549.
• Servile work explained, 109.
• Seven liberal arts, 179.
• Sidonius Apollinaris, 28.
• Sigebert of Gemblours, 331.
• Sigfrid, Abbot of Jarrow, 76.
• Sigulf, disciple of Alcuin, 121.
• Siricius, Pope, St., his decretal, 12.
• Sixtine, Dr., and Haccombe Church, 684.
• Smaragdus, 135.
• Soissons, school of music, 122.
• Sophocles, studied at Corby, 358.
• Sorbonne, College of, 374.
• Spanish schools of tenth century, 253.
• —— Renaissance, 649.
• “Sparsa Dorsum,” 259.
• “Speculum Stultorum,” 464.
• Stamford schools, 468.
• Standonch, John, 634.
• “Stationarii,” 383.
• State maxims of Paris University, 405, 406.
• Stavelot, Wibald of, 358.
• Stephen III., Pope, 116, 117.
• —— IX., Pope, 327.
• —— of Wurtzburg, 260.
• —— of Lexington, 371.
• —— St. Harding, 372.
• —— of Senlis, 401.
• Strabo, Walafrid, 151, 173, 174.
• Strode, Randolph, 554.
• Sturm, St. founder of Fulda, 104, 105.
• Suidas, his Lexicon translated by Grosteste, 485.
• Summa of St. Thomas, 425.
• —— burnt, 666.
• Syriac, Charlemagne’s knowledge of, 122.
• Tacitus, manuscript of, in Old Corby, 168, 658.
• Tangmar, master of St. Bernward, 264.
• Tenth century, 225.
• Tertullian, on schools of the Empire, 17.
• Thecla, St., disciple of St. Paul, 26.
• —— companion of St. Walburgh, 105.
• Theodore, St., of Canterbury, 66.
• Theodoric, 30.
• Theodulph of Orleans, 133, 134.
• Theology, positive, 187.
• —— scholastic, 364.
• “Theonine tooth” explained, 465, and note.
• Theophania, the Empress, 263.
• Thomas, St., of Canterbury, 358, 362.
• —— Aquinas, 422-432.
• —— of Hereford, 501.
• Thorney Abbey, 223.
• Toledo, Councils of, 13, 14, 717.
• Toul, schools of, 325.
• Toulouse grammarians, 29, 30.
• —— University, 398, and note.
• Tournai, schools of, 342, 344.
• Tours, St. Martin of, 33, 36, 42.
• —— schools of, 33, 36, 42, 137, 144, 233, 304.
• —— Council of, 308.
• Transubstantiation, 220, note, 308.
• Trent, Council of, 708-717;
• Decree on Seminaries, 714.
• —— Decree on justification, 709.
• Trevisa, John of, 544, 545, and note.
• Trinitarian Order, 371.
• Trinity, Holy, Abelard on, 351.
• —— College, Oxford, 711.
• Trivium and quadrivium, 179.
• Tudesque dialect, 125, 126, 171, 229, note.
• Tutilo of St. Gall’s, 271.
• Udalric, St., of Augsburgh, 261, 262.
• “Ungren,” the, 233.
• Universities, rise of, 391;
• Office of, 399;
• and the Divorce, 696;
• reform of, 716.
• Urban IV., Pope, 397.
• Utrecht, School of, 93, 96, 257.
• Vacarius, 393;
• lectures on law at Oxford, 454.
• Vaison, Council of, establishes rural parishes, 11, 13.
• Valence, Council of, condemns Scotus Erigena, 145.
• Valerius, Maximus, copy of, 584.
• Valla, Lorenzo, 609, 610.
• Vatican Library, 604, 652.
• Vaucluse, Petrarch at, 519.
• Vercelli, St. Eusebius of, 33.
• Verdun, schools of, 267.
• Victor, St., 11.
• Victor’s, School of St., 348, 352.
• —— Hugh of, 353.
• —— Richard of, 353, 354.
• Vida, author of the “Christiad,” 658.
• Vienne, schools of, 114.
• —— Council of, and Oriental languages, 438.
• Vincent, St., the Martyr, 11.
• Vincent of Beauvais, 434, 435.
• Vinsauf, Geoffrey of, 393, 461.
• Virgil, early studies of, 41, 79, note, 84, 120, 121, 129, 141, 171, 181, 338.
• —— the false, 29.
• —— St., of Salzburg, 97, 98, and note.
• “Vision of Purgatory,” Wettin’s, 150.
• Vitalian, Pope, 66.
• Vitalis, Odericus, 321-323.
• Vives, Ludovicus, 692.
• Wakefield, Hebrew Professor, 696.
• Wala, 167, 168.
• Walafrid Strabo, 150, 173, 174.
• Walburga, St., 107.
• Wandalbert, scholasticus of Prom, 159.
• Waynflete, 571.
• Wearmouth, 72.
• Werden, monastery of, founded by St. Luidger, 97.
• Whethamstede, Abbot of St. Alban’s, 584, 585.
• Whitherne, 36.
• Whitland Abbey, 37.
• Wickliffe, 557-566.
• Wigger, a monk of Hildesheim, 266.
• Wilfred, St., 65, 66.
• Wilibald, St., 104.
• Wilibrord, St., 92, 93.
• William, of Aquitaine, Duke, his love of learning, 242.
• ——, of Hirschau, 333, 335.
• William the Conqueror, 310, 316, 373.
• William de Conches, 346.
• William de Champeaux, 348.
• Wimbourne, nuns of, 101, 102.
• Winchcombe, 221, 315, 453, 578.
• Winchester, 220, 569.
• Winfred, 91.
• Winibald, St., 107.
• Wippo, 256.
• Wireker, Nigel, author of Speculum Stultorum, 464.
• Witgard, 303.
• Wittemberg, University of, 644.
• Wolfgang, 260-263.
• Wolsey, 672, 675, 677.
• Woodville, Lord Rivers, 593, 594.
• Writing, art of, 266, 334.
• —— school copy of, 172.
• Wulstan, St., of Worcester, 316.
• Wurtzburg, school of, 260.
• Wykeham, William of, 569-571.
• Xenophon translated, 604.
• Ximenes, Cardinal, 649-653.
• Zachary, Pope, and St. Boniface, 98.
• Zenobius Acciajoli, 626, 658.
• Zodiac, 68.
• Zozimus, Pope, 12.