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Clever Hans (The Horse of Mr. Von Osten) / A contribution to experimental animal and human psychology cover

Clever Hans (The Horse of Mr. Von Osten) / A contribution to experimental animal and human psychology

Chapter 54: Transcriber's Notes
By Oskar Pfungst
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An investigation scrutinizes claims that a horse could perform arithmetic by tapping, using systematic observations and controlled experiments to determine how answers were produced. The researcher records public demonstrations, intimate introspections, and laboratory tests, and shows that the animal responded to imperceptible, involuntary movements and signals from human questioners rather than independent calculation. The book explains the genesis of the reaction, outlines instructional procedures, and discusses implications for studies of animal awareness, human suggestion, and rigorous experimental technique, supplementing the account with commission reports and methodological notes.

Angell's Text-book of General Psychology.

New Edition. By James Rowland Angell, Professor and Head of the Department of Psychology in the University of Chicago. Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. ix+468 pp.  8vo.  $1.60.

The fourth edition contains a large amount of new material, chiefly empirical in character. To offset this addition, many of the more strictly theoretical discussions have been condensed. The old material has been rearranged and many new drawings have been supplied.

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The aim of this text-book is to present, in as concrete a form as is possible, the rudiments of Logic, considered as method.

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Transcriber's Notes

Illustrations have been moved near the relevant section of the text.

Inconsistent use of spacing has been retained for page numbers followed by "f" or "ff", and for "i.e." / "i. e.", "e.g." / "e. g.", and "c.f." / "c. f." Inconsistent use of commas following "i.e.", "e.g.", and "c.f." has also been retained. Inconsistent use of single and double quotes around words and the placing of punctuation either within or external to quotes has been left as-is. Capitalization inconsistencies and grammatical errors relating to subject/verb agreement were also retained.

Inconsistent hyphenation, accents, and use of separate words have been retained for "any one" / "anyone", "arm movement" / "arm-movement", "backstep" / "back-step", "blind spot" / "blind-spot", "by the way" / "by-the-way", "counting machine" / "counting-machine", "divining rod" / "divining-rod", "ear movements" / "ear-movements", "eye movement(s)" / "eye-movement(s)", "eyebrows" / "eye-brows", "first rank" / "first-rank", "four fifths" / "four-fifths", "Hans problem" / "Hans-problem", "head jerk" / "head-jerk", "head movement(s)" / "head-movement(s)", "hoped for" / "hoped-for", "memory images" / "memory-images", "movement impulse" / "movement-impulse", "movement responses" / "movement-responses", "number concepts" / "number-concepts", "number terms" / "number-terms", "psychophysical" / "psycho-physical", "some one" / "someone", "sound waves" / "sound-waves", "thought processes" / "thought-processes", "tieraugen" / "tier-augen", "time measurements" / "time-measurements", "training process" / "training-process", "vaudeville stage" / "vaudeville-stage", "well disposed" / "well-disposed", "well known" / "well-known", "well trained" / "well-trained" "zoologist" / "zoölogist" / "Zoological" / "Zoölogical".

There is no direct reference to Table of Reference item 105 or 112 within this book.

Here is a list of the minor typographical corrections made: