Color Key to North American Birds / with bibliographical appendix

474c. Desert Horned Lark (O. a. leucolæma). W. ♂, 4.1; ♀, 3.8. Forehead and line over eye very slightly, often not at all, tinged with yellow; throat yellow; back brown edged with pinkish gray; resembles No. 474b, but is paler and less distinctly streaked above.

Range.—"In summer, western United States from central Dakota, western Kansas and western Nebraska to Idaho and Nevada, north on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains to Alberta; in winter, south to Texas, Chihuahua, Sonora, and southeastern California." (Oberholser.)

474e. California Horned Lark (O. a. actia). W. ♂, 3.9; ♀, 3.6. ♂, summer. Back of head and nape, spreading on to sides of breast, pinkish cinnamon; back distinctly streaked with brownish black; throat always, forehead and line over eye usually tinged with yellow. ♂, winter. Less distinctly streaked above; cinnamon areas paler and with grayish tips; black areas more or less tipped with yellowish. ♀, summer. Crown and back uniformly streaked with blackish margined with pinkish gray. ♀, winter. Less distinctly streaked; black areas tipped with whitish.

474f. Ruddy Horned Lark (O. a. rubea). Similar to No. 474e, but nape region, sides of breast, etc., much deeper in color, deeper than in any other of our Horned Larks; back less distinctly streaked with blackish and more ruddy in tone, not sharply defined from nape; yellow areas richer in color.

Range.—Sacramento County, California.

474g. Streaked Horned Lark (O. a. strigata). Cinnamon areas less extensive but nearly as deeply colored as in No. 474f; back distinctly and widely streaked with blackish; forehead, line over eye, throat and breast washed with yellow.

Range—"In summer, the states of Oregon and Washington west of the Cascade Mountains; in winter, to eastern Oregon and Washington, south to northern California." (Oberholser.)

474h. Scorched Horned Lark (O. a. adusta). W. ♂, 4; ♀, 3.8. Nearest to No. 474l, but the male differs in being nearly uniform pinkish brown above, back with only a few indistinct brownish streaks; color deeper, browner, more ruddy.

Range.—"In summer, the central part of extreme southern Arizona; in winter, northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico." (Oberholser.)

474i. Dusky Horned Lark (O. a. merrilli). W. ♂, 4; ♀, 3.8. Similar to No. 474b, but somewhat darker above, the line over the eye usually tinged with yellow.

Range.—"In summer, northwestern United States, and southern British Columbia, from northeastern California and northwestern Nevada, northward through Oregon and Washington east of the Cascade Mountains to British Columbia and extreme northern Idaho; in winter, south to central California." (Oberholser.)

474j. Sonoran Horned Lark (O. a. pallida). W. ♂, 3.8; ♀, 3.6. Nape very pale pinkish; back pale grayish brown edged with grayish; forehead, line over eye, and throat tinged with yellowish. Resembles No. 474l, but is still paler.

Range,—"Region immediately adjacent to the head of the Gulf of California, Mexico." (Oberholser.)

474l. Montezuma Horned Lark (O. a. occidentalis). W. ♂, 4; ♀, 3.8. No distinct blackish streaks above; back pale brownish edged with pinkish gray; throat yellow, forehead and line over eye tinged with yellow. Similar to No. 474h, but paler, less ruddy above; differs from No. 474c in being browner and less streaked above.

Range.—In summer, central New Mexico, west to central Arizona; in winter, south to northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico and southeast Texas." (Oberholser.)

474m. Island Horned Lark (O. a. insularis). Similar to No. 474g, but slightly darker above, breast usually without a yellow tinge.

Range.—Santa Barbara Islands, California.

446. Couch Kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus couchii). L. 9.5. Ads. Throat white, breast and belly yellow, tail dark brown; crown gray with an orange patch, back grayish green; Yng. Similar, but no crown-patch.

447. Arkansas Kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis). L. 9. Ads. Throat light gray spreading over breast to yellow belly; tail black, outer margin of outer feather wholly white; above resembling No. 446. Yng. With no crown-patch. Notes. Squeaky, rattling, rolling notes; a noisy bird.

Range.—Western United States; breeds east to about Long. 100°, north to Assiniboia, southern Alberta, southern British Columbia, west to the Pacific; winters south of United States; to Central America.

448. Cassin Kingbird (Tyrannus vociferans). L. 9. Ads. Throat and breast dark gray, belly yellow; tail black, outer web of outer feather not wholly white; above as in No. 447. Yng. With no crown-patch. Notes. Less noisy than No. 447. (Bendire.)

Range.—Western United States, northwestern Mexico and north through Rockies, from western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, to southern Wyoming; in California north to San Benito County; winters south of United States to Central America.

449. Derby Flycatcher (Pitangus derbianus). L. 11. Ads. Back brown, wings and tail externally rusty; a yellow crown-patch; forehead, line over eye and across nape white; throat white, below yellow. Notes. Kiskadee, repeated. (Richmond.)

Range.—Northern South America; breeds north as far as Lower Rio Grande, Texas.

451. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher (Myiodynastes luteiventris). L. 8. Below sulphur streaked with black; tail largely rusty brown; a yellow crown-patch; inner wing feathers widely margined with whitish; back grayish brown streaked with dusky. Yng. With no crown-patch. Notes. A screech, like squeaking of a wagon wheel, and a single note. (Poling.)

Range.—Central America; breeds north as far as southern Arizona.

452. Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus). L. 9. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust-brown. Ads. Throat and breast gray, belly bright sulphur; back grayish olive-green; greenest above and yellowest below of our larger Myiarchi. Notes. Loud, chuckling, grating whistles.

453. Mexican Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus mexicanus). L. 9.2; W. 4. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust brown. Ads. Throat and breast gray, belly sulphur, both paler than No. 452; back grayish brown, with little or no green tinge. Notes. Resemble those of No. 452. (Merrill.)

Range.—Central America; breeds north as far as Lower Rio Grande, Texas.

453a. Arizona Crested Flycatcher (M. m. magister). Similar to No. 453, but larger, L. 9.4, W. 4.2, and averaging slightly paler.

Range.—"Western Mexico; north to southern Arizona and southwest New Mexico; south in winter to Tehuantepec, Mexico."

454. Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens). L. 8.; W. 4. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust-brown, outer pair dusky at tip of inner web. Ads. Throat and breast pale grayish white, belly white tinged with yellow, above grayish brown, outer web of outer tail-feather whitish. Palest below of our Myiarchi. Notes. A rather resonant but wooden chūck-pr-r-r-r.

454a. Nutting Flycatcher (M. c. nuttingi). Similar to No. 454, but smaller, W. 3.6, outer margin of outer tail-feather not whitish, tip of its inner web rusty, not dusky.

Range.—Breeds in southern Arizona and western Mexico; winters in Central America.

454b. Lower California Flycatcher (M. c. pertinax). Similar to No. 454a, but bill larger and stouter; above grayer; below less yellow. (Brewster.)

Range.—Lower California.

455a. Olivaceous Flycatcher (Myiarchus lawrencei olivascens). L. 7. Ads. Inner webs of tail-feathers like outer webs; tail-feathers margined with rusty; breast and belly as in No. 452; crown brownish, back grayish olive-green. Notes. A short mournful peeur.

Range.—Breeds from western Mexico north to southern Arizona; winters south to southern Mexico; casual in Colorado.

587. Towhee; Chewink (Pipilo erythrophthalmus). L. 8. Three outer tail-feathers with white; iris red. Ad. ♂. Above and breast black; sides reddish chestnut; belly white. Ad. ♀. Above and breast brown. Call, chewink or towheé; song, a loud, not over musical sweet bird sin-n-ng, and a tremulous refrain I'll try.

587a. White-eyed Towhee (P. e. alleni). Similar to No. 587, but iris whitish; only two outer tail-feathers with white tips, or if on third, a mere spot. Notes. Call, towhee, much sharper than that of No. 587.

Range.—Florida, north along coast to South Carolina.

588. Arctic Towhee (Pipilo maculatus arcticus). L. 8.7. Ad. ♂. White tip of outer tail-feather more than 1.3 long; scapulars and back marked with white; back black more or less tipped with brownish. Ad. ♀. Breast and back grayish brown; fewer white markings than in ♂. Notes. Call, a Catbird-like mew; song, suggesting that of No. 587, but shorter, more wooden, less musical.

Range.—Great Plains; breeding from southern Montana and western North Dakota, north to Saskatchewan; winters south and west to Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Texas; east to eastern Kansas.

588a. Spurred Towhee (P. m. megalonyx). Similar to No. 588, but blacker above, no brownish edgings on front of back; white markings on back less numerous; white tip to outer tail-feather less than 1.3 long.

Range.—Rocky Mountain region and west to the Pacific; breeds from Mexico to British Columbia; migratory in the northern part of range.

588b. Oregon Towhee (P. m. oregonus). Similar to No. 588a, but darker; practically no brownish edgings on back of male; sides much deeper; white markings much reduced, the white tip to outer tail-feather less than 1. long; sides much deeper.

Range.—Pacific coast from San Francisco to British Columbia; winters south to southern California.

588c. San Clemente Towhee (P. m. clementæ). Similar to No. 588a, but adult male with black duller or grayer; female lighter brown. (Ridgw.)

Range.—"San Clemente, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Catalina Islands," southern California. (Grinnell.)

588d. San Diego Towhee (P. m. atratus). Similar to No. 588a, but decidedly darker, with white markings of wings, tail, etc., more restricted; rump deep black.

Range.—The southern coast district of southern California, south into Lower California. (Ridgw.)

588e. Mountain Towhee (P. m. magnirostris). Similar to No. 588, but bill much larger, rufous below paler, above browner and tinged with olive. (Brewster.)

Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.

589. Guadalupe Towhee (Pipilo consobrinus). Similar to No. 588b in restriction of white markings, but wings and tail much shorter, W. 3.1; T. 3.2, hind claw much larger; Ad. ♂ sooty rather than black. (Ridgw.)

Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

457. Say Phoebe (Sayornis saya). L. 7.5. Ads. Breast rusty gray changing to rusty on belly; above gray with a brown tinge; tail black. Notes. A plaintive phee-eur; a short, plaintive, twittering warble. (Bendire.)

Range.—Western North America, east to about Long. 100°: breeds from southwestern Texas, southern California, north to the Yukon, Alaska; winters in Mexico; accidental in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Massachusetts.

591. Canon Towhee (Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus). L. 9.; W. 3.7. Ads. Crown cinnamon-brown; back brownish gray; throat buffy bordered by blackish spots; lower belly and under tail-coverts cinnamon. Notes. Calls, a loud, metallic chip repeated four times; in flight a robin-like screep-eep-eep.

591a. St. Lucas Towhee (P. f. albigula). W. 3.3. Similar to No. 591, but smaller; abdomen whiter, without cinnamon.

Range.—Southern Lower California.

591b. California Towhee (P. f. crissalis) W. 3.9. Similar to No. 591, but much browner above; throat and under tail-coverts rusty brown; breast brownish gray; scarcely lighter on the belly.

Range.—California, west of the Sierra.

591c. Anthony Towhee (P. f. senicula). W. 3.7. Similar to No. 591b, but smaller and grayer, the abdomen whiter.

Range.—Northern Lower California north to southern California.

592. Abert Towhee (Pipilo aberti). L. 9. Ads. No crown-cap; lores and chin blackish; below pinkish cinnamon; above grayish brown. Notes. Call, a loud, clear, sharp chirp. Song, resembling that of the Spurred Towhee group. (B. B. and R.)

Range.—Southern California, Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico, north to southern Nevada and southwestern Utah.

506. Orchard Oriole (Icterus spurius) L. 7.3. Ad. ♂. Black: breast, belly, rump, and lesser wing-coverts chestnut. Ad. ♀. Above olive-green, below greenish-yellow; two white wing-bars. Yng. Male. First fall like ♀; first spring like ♂, but throat black. Notes. Song much richer and more finished than that of the orange and black Orioles; the difference is indescribable but easily recognizable.

Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida and Texas north to Massachusetts, Ontario, Michigan, and North Dakota; winters in Central America and northern South America.

592.1. Green-tailed Townee (Oreospiza chlorura). L. 7. Ads. Center and sides of breast grayish, middle of throat and abdomen white; above olive-green more or less washed with grayish; crown reddish chestnut. Notes. Call, a high, thin kitten-like mew; song, musical, suggesting that of the Thick-billed Sparrow.

Range.—Mountains of western United States, from more eastern Rockies to Coast Range in California; north to central Montana, Idaho, and eastern Washington; south, at least in winter, into Mexico. (Ridgw.)

643. Lucy Warbler (Helminthophila luciæ). L. 4.2. Ad. ♂. Above gray; crown-patch and upper tail-coverts chocolate; below whitish. Ad. ♀. Chocolate areas smaller. Yng. No chocolate in crown; upper tail-coverts cinnamon.

Range.—Northwestern Mexico; breeding north to Arizona and southwestern Utah.

660. Bay-breasted Warbler (Dendroica castanea). L. 5.6. Ad. ♂. Throat, sides and crown rich chestnut; cheeks black; sides of neck buff; back black and gray; wing-bars and tail-spots white. Ad. ♀. Less chestnut; cheeks grayish. Yng. and Ad. in Winter. Above olive-green streaked with black; below buffy white, the flanks usually with a trace of chestnut. Notes. Song, a very soft warble, tse-chee, repeated five times, too liquid to admit of exact spelling. (Langille.)

Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters in Central and northern South America.

596. Black-headed Grosbeak (Zamelodia melanocephala). L. 8.1. Ad. ♂. Black; neck-ring, rump, back-streaks and underparts bright cinnamon; center of belly and under wing-coverts yellow; patch in wing, wing-bars and tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers white. In winter tipped with brown above and on breast below with black spots. Ad. ♀. Under wing-coverts yellow as in ♂; above as in No. 595; below less streaked, breast buff. Yng. ♂. Like ♀ but breast deeper buff; few streaks below; sides of crown blacker. Notes. Call and song like those of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, but the latter more fluent.

Range.—Western United States, east to the Plains; breeds from Mexico north to Dakota and British Columbia; winters south of United States into Mexico.

761. American Robin (Merula migratoria). L. 10; W. 4.9; T. 3.8. Outer tail-feathers with white tips. Ad. ♂. Breast and belly rich rust-brown; above dark slaty, head and spots in back black. Ad. ♀. Similar but paler below, little or no black above. Winter. Underparts margined with whitish; black above more or less concealed by ashy. Notes. Calls, varied and characteristic; song, a loud, hearty, cheer-up cheerily, cheerily, cheerily, repeated and varied.

761a. Western Robin (M. m. propinqua). Similar to No. 761, but no white tips to tail-feathers. Ad. ♂. Without black spots in back.

Range.—Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains west to the Pacific; breeds from the southern end of the Mexican tableland north to British Columbia; winters from Oregon and southern Colorado southward.

761b. Southern Robin (M. m. achrustera). Similar to No. 761, but smaller and in general much lighter and duller; W. 4.7; T. 3.5. (Batchelder.)

Range.—Carolinas and Georgia, except mountainous districts, lowlands of Virginia.

762. St. Lucas Robin (Merula confinis). Resembling No. 761 in plan of coloration but everywhere much paler; breast and belly buff; no black in head.

Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.

763. Varied Thrush (Ixoreus nævius). L. 10; W. 4.7. Ad. ♂. Below rust-brown, belly whiter, a broad black breast-band; above slaty, line behind eye and bars in wing rusty; outer tail-feathers with white tips. In winter washed with brownish above; breast band with rusty. Ad. ♀. Paler below, breast-band faintly indicated; above washed with brownish. Notes. Song, a weird vibrant, long-drawn whistle repeated on different notes.

763a. Pale Varied Thrush (I. n. meruloides). Similar to No. 763, but wing longer, 5.1; ♀ paler and grayer. (Grinnell.)

Range.—- Interior of British Columbia north to north Alaska; south in winter, through interior, to southern California.

456. Phœbe (Sayornis phœbe). L. 7. Ads. Above grayish olive, crown blackish; outer web of outer tail-feather whitish; below white tinged with yellow, sides of breast grayish; bill black. Yng. Greener above, yellower below. Notes. Pewit-phœbe, pewit-phœbe; call, pee, pee, rarely a flight song.

Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from South Carolina and western Texas north to Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters from North Carolina and northern Texas south to Cuba and Mexico.

459. Olive-sided Flycatcher (Nuttalornis borealis). L. 7.4. Ads. Throat and middle of belly white with a yellow tinge; sides and most of breast grayish; above brownish gray with an olive-tinge, crown darker, the feathers lengthened. Notes. Hip-hip or quilp-quilp, less often a loud, emphatic whip-péw-hip. (Head.)

Range.—North America; breeds from Massachusetts (rarely), northern New York, and Minnesota, northward to Alaska, south through the Rockies and Coast Range to Mexico; winters in Central and South America.

460. Coues Flycatcher (Contopus pertinax pallidiventris). L. 7.7. Ads. Below nearly uniform gray, belly paler; above gray, crown slightly darker, the feathers lengthened. Notes. A plaintive musical four or five noted whistle with regular intervals and a singularly human-like quality.

Range.—Western Mexico, north to central Arizona; winters south of United States.

461. Wood Pewee (Contopus virens). L. 6.5; W. 3.3. Ads. Above dark olive, crown blacker; below dusky grayish, throat whitish, belly yellowish; lower mandible yellowish. Yng. Greener above, yellower below. Notes. Pee-a-wee, peer and pee; all plaintive and musical.

462. Western Wood Pewee (Contopus richardsonii). Similar to No. 461, but above with usually no greenish tinge; below less yellow; under mandible brownish. Notes. A nasal, rather emphatic pēē-a.

Range.—Western United States, east to about Long. 100°; breeds from western Texas and Lower California north to Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Central America.

462a. Large-billed Wood Pewee (C. r. peninsulæ). Similar to No. 462, but smaller, W. 3.3; the bill larger, length from nostril .42, width at nostril, .31; upperparts grayer. (Brewster.)

Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.

466. Traill Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii). Similar to No. 466a, but upperparts browner with little if any real greenish tinge; bill averaging narrower.

Range.—Western United States; breeds from western Texas and southern California north to Alaska and Great Slave Lake, east to Kansas, Missouri and Illinois; winters in the tropics.

466a. Alder Flycatcher (E. t. alnorum). L. 6.1; W. 2.8. Ads. Lower mandible horn color; below white, breast grayish; breast and sides faintly washed with yellow; above brownish olive-green; wing-bars usually buffy. Like No. 467, but larger. Notes. Pĕp of alarm, and an explosive ēē-zēē-e-ûp with stress on the rasping zēē. (Dwight.)

Range.—Eastern United States, west to Michigan; breeds from northern New Jersey (locally) north to New Brunswick; winters in the tropics.

467. Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus). 5.4; W. 2.5. Ads. Similar in color to No. 466a, but smaller, tail slightly forked. Yng. Wing-bars more buffy. Notes. a vigorous chebec, chebec; rarely a flight song, "chebec, tooral-ooral."

Range.—Eastern North America, west to western Texas and eastern Colorado; breeds from Pennsylvania (North Carolina, in the Alleghanies) north to New Brunswick and Great Slave Lake; winters in Central America.

468. Hammond Flycatcher (Empidonax hammondi). L. 5.5. Ads. Bill smallest of our Empidonaces, lower mandible brown; throat and breast grayish, breast and belly slightly washed with sulphur; above grayish with a slight olive tint. Like No. 467, but bill smaller, lower mandible browner, throat grayer.

Range.—Western North America; breeds from the mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Athabasca, east to Colorado, winters in Mexico.

469. Wright Flycatcher (Empidonax wrightii). Similar to No. 468, but underparts whiter; bill much longer, longest and narrowest of our Empidonaces; lower mandible whitish at base, brownish at tip; outer web of outer tail-feather white.

Range.—Western United States, east to eastern slope of Rockies; breeds from mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California north to Montana and southern Oregon; winters in Mexico.

469.1. Gray Flycatcher (Empidonax griseus). L. 6. Ads. Above gray with a slight brownish tinge; below grayish white with little or no yellow. Grayest of our Empidonaces.

Range.—Western Mexico and Lower California north to southern California and Arizona, (Fort Verde.)

463. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher (Empidonax flaviventris). L. 5.6. Ads. Below distinctly greenish yellow, belly brighter; above bright olive-green. Yng. Brighter, wing-bars buffy. Notes. Psĕ-ĕk' in one harsh explosive syllable; a plaintive chū-ē-é-p. (Dwight.)

464. Western Flycatcher (Empidonax difficilis). Similar to No. 463, but brighter yellow below, breast washed with brownish instead of greenish; above yellower. Notes. A soft low note, and a wailing pee-eu. (C. A. Allen.)

Range.—Western North America; east to about Long. 100°; breeds from Mexican border north to southern Alaska; winters in Mexico and Central America.

464.1. St. Lucas Flycatcher (Empidonax cineritius). Most like No. 464, but much duller; scarcely a tinge of green above; no decided yellow below except on throat and abdomen. (Brewster.)

Range.—Lower California, from Cape Region north, rarely, to southern California.

464.2. Santa Barbara Flycatcher (Empidonax insulicola). Similar to No. 464, but above darker and browner; below paler. (Oberholser.)

Range.—Santa Barbara Islands, California.

465. Green-crested Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens). L. 5.7. Ads. Throat and belly white, breast grayish; sides, breast and sometimes belly, washed with sulphur; back olive-green, a tint lighter than in No. 463; lower mandible whitish; wing-bars buffy. Notes. Spee or peet and pee-e-yuk'.

Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from the Gulf States to southern Connecticut and Manitoba; winters in Central America.

646. Orange-crowned Warbler (Helminthophila celata). L. 5. No white in wings or tail. Ad. ♂. Above olive-green more or less washed with grayish; a concealed, reddish orange crown-patch; below dusky yellowish green. Ad. ♀. Similar, but grayer, crown-patch smaller or wanting. Yng. Like ♀, but no crown-patch. Notes. Song full and strong, not very high pitched and ending abruptly on a rising scale, chee, chee, chee, chw', chw'. (Jones.)

646a. Lutescent Warbler (H. c. lutescens). Similar to No. 646, but greener above, yellower below; underparts distinctly yellow with a dusky wash.

Range.—Pacific coast; breeding in mountains from southern California to Kenai Peninsula, Alaska; winters from California south into Mexico; east to Colorado in migrations.

646b. Dusky Warbler (H. c. sordida). Similar to No. 646a, but decidedly darker, bill and feet larger, wing shorter and tail longer. (Ridgw.)

Range.—Breeds in Santa Barbara Islands, California; later occurs on adjoining mainland.

472. Beardless Flycatcher (Ornithion imberbe). L. 4.5; W. 2.10. Ads. Bill small, narrow, upper mandible decidedly curved; above gray tinged with olive, below grayish white with a yellow tinge.

472a. Ridgway Flycatcher (O. i. ridgwayi). Similar to No. 472, but larger, W. 2.2; grayer, little if any sulphur tinge on underparts. (Ridgw.) Notes. Call, a shrill piér repeated; song, from the tree-tops, yoop, yoop, yoopeédeedledee. (Stephens.)

Range.—Southern border of Mexican tableland north in spring to southern Arizona.

616. Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia). L. 5.2. Ads. Below white, a broad grayish brown band across the breast; above grayish brown. Yng. Similar, but brown areas more or less tipped with rusty.

Range.—Northern hemisphere: in America, breeds from northern New Jersey, Kansas, and southern California, north to Labrador, and Alaska; winters south to Brazil.

617. Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx serripennis). L. 5.5. Ads. Above grayish brown; below grayish white, whiter on belly; barbs on outer vane of outer primary recurved. Yng. Plumage more or less tipped with rusty.

Range.—United States; breeds from Mexico north to Massachusetts, Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters in Central America.

623. Black-whiskered Vireo (Vireo calidris barbatulus). L. 6. Ads. A dusky streak on either side of the throat, crown slate without a black border; back olive-green; below white, lower belly, under tail-and under wing-coverts yellowish; no wing-bars. Notes. Resemble those of No. 624 but song more emphatic and hesitating.

Range.—Breeds in Cuba, Bahamas and southern Florida; winters in Central America.

624. Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus). L. 6.2. Ads. Crown slate, on either side a narrow black border; a white line over eye; above olive-green; below white; under wing-coverts sulphur; no wing-bars; no dusky streaks on throat. Notes. Call, a petulant, complaining whang; song, a broken, rambling recitative "you see it—you know it—do you hear me?—do you believe it?"

632. Hutton Vireo (Vireo huttoni). L. 4.6. Ads. Underparts dusky grayish white with a faint yellow tinge; above dusky olive-green; lores and eye-ring grayish, not conspicuous; two white wing-bars. Notes. A piping whistle like the call of a young bird, peé-yer, peé-yer; and a hoarse whistle oh-my', oh-my', oh-my'.

632a. Stephen Vireo (V. h. stephensi). Similar to No. 622, but grayer above, whiter below, wing-bars broader.

Range.—Mexican boundary from western Texas to southeastern California.

632c. Anthony Vireo (V. h. obscurus). Similar to No. 632, but darker, and averaging slightly smaller.

Range.—"Pacific coast, from Oregon to southern British Columbia; south in winter to California." (A. O. U.)

647. Tennessee Warbler (Helminthophila peregrina). L. 5. No wing-bars; little or no white in tail. Ad. ♂. Head bluish gray; a whitish line over eye; back olive-green; below grayish white. Ad. ♀. Gray of head with more or less olive-green; stripe over eye and underparts yellower. Yng. Similar to ♀, but entirely bright olive-green above; yellower below. Notes. Song scarcely distinguishable from that of the Chipping Sparrow, but first two syllables twip instead of chip. (Jones.)

Range:—Eastern North America, west in migrations to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from New Brunswick, northern New England, northern New York, and Minnesota, north to Quebec and Alaska; winters in Central and northern South America.

747. Kennicott Willow Warbler (Phyllopseustes borealis). L. 5. Ads. Above olive-green; below white tinged with yellowish, sides greenish; a whitish line over eye; a narrow whitish wing-bar; no white in tail. Notes. Call, a monotonous dzit; song, resembles trill of Redpoll. (Seebohm.)

Range.—Asia, east to western Alaska.

625. Yellow-green Vireo (Vireo flavoviridis). L. 6.4. Resembling No. 624, but greener above, the sides heavily washed with greenish yellow.

Range.—Northern South America, north to the Lower Rio Grande.

626. Philadelphia Vireo (Vireo philadelphicus). L. 4.8. Ads. No distinct crown-cap; above olive-green; below yellowish; a whitish line over eye; no wing-bars. Notes. Resemble those of the Red-eyed Vireo but generally higher pitched; also a very abrupt, double-syllabled utterance with a rising inflection which comes in with the song at irregular intervals. (Brewster.)

Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Maine, New Hampshire and Manitoba northward; winters in the tropics.

627. Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus). L. 5.4; W. 2.8. Ads. Above grayish olive-green, crown slightly grayer but without distinct cap as in No. 624; a whitish line over eye but no black line above it; below white, the sides washed with yellowish; no wing-bars. Notes. Call, resembles that of the Red-eyed Vireo; song; a rich, firm, unbroken warble with an alto undertone.

Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from Gulf States north to Hudson Bay region; winters in Mexico.

627a. Western Warbling Vireo (V. g. swainsoni). Similar to No. 627, but averaging smaller, W. 2.6, the bill more slender; upperparts, particularly crown, grayer.

Range.—Western United States, east to the Rockies; breeds from Mexico to British Columbia; winters in Mexico.

631. White-eyed Vireo (Vireo noveboracensis). L. 5; W. 2.4.; B. .4. Ads. Eye-ring and lores yellow; iris white; above olive-green more or less washed with grayish; Below white, sides yellowish; two whitish wing-bars. Notes. Calls, varied, often harsh and scolding; song, an emphatic whistle who are you, eh? or what's that you say?, and a low medley often including imitations of the notes of other birds.

631a. Key West Vireo (V. n. maynardi). Similar to No. 631, but bill heavier, sides averaging less yellow.

Range.—Southern Florida; resident.

621b. Bermuda White-eyed Vireo (V. n. bermudianus). Similar to No. 631, but wing shorter, 2.30; no yellow on sides. (Bangs and Bradlee.)

Range.—Resident in Bermudas.

631c. Small White-eyed Vireo (V. n. micrus). Smaller than No. 631, W. 2.2; averaging grayer above; sides with less yellow.

Range.—Northeastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas.

629. Blue-headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius). L. 5.5; W. 2.9; B. .4. Ads. Lores and eye-ring white; crown and cheeks bluish slate-color; back olive-green; below white, sides washed with greenish yellow; two whitish wing-bars. Notes. Resembling in form those of Red-eyed or Yellow-throated Vireos but more varied, sometimes a continuous warble; a musical chatter, like that of the Yellow-throated and a trilled whistle. (Torrey.)

629a. Cassin Vireo (V. s. cassini). Like No. 629, but back washed with the color of the head; white on breast and throat less pure.

Range.—"Breeds from British Columbia and Idaho south along Pacific coast region and Nevada to Lower California; migrates to Arizona, New Mexico; and northern Mexico." (Bailey.)

629b. Plumbeous Vireo (V. s. plumbeus). Above wholly plumbeous-gray with scarcely, if any, olive tinge, below white, the sides gray faintly tinged with greenish yellow; size of No. 629c.

Range.—Rocky Mountain region; breeds from northern Mexico north to southwestern Dakota and Wyoming; winters south to southern Mexico.

629c. Mountain Solitary Vireo (V. s. alticola). Larger than No. 629, W. 3.15, B. .46; head darker, its color extending over most of the back.

Range.—Breeds in Alleghanies from North Carolina to Georgia; winters in Florida.

629d. St. Lucas Solitary Vireo (V. s. lucasanus). Smaller than No. 629a, but bill longer and stouter, sides and flanks much yellower; young without brownish below, and resembling young of No. 629.

Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.

633. Bell Vireo (Vireo bellii). L. 5. Above olive-green, crown grayer; lores and eye-ring white; two inconspicuous whitish wing-bars; below white, sides tinged with yellowish. Most like No. 627, but back greener, no white line back of eye. Notes. Resemble those of the White-eyed Vireo, but less harsh, song less emphatic. (Goss.)

Range.—Interior states from Illinois west to Plains; breeds from Texas to Minnesota; winters in Mexico.

633.1. Least Vireo (Vireo pusillus). L. 4.8. Ads. Above gray, slightly tinged with greenish toward rump; below white, sides with little if any greenish tinge; one inconspicuous whitish wing-bar; lores and eye-ring inconspicuously grayish.

Range.—Northwestern Mexico and northern Lower California; breeds north to Arizona and middle California.

634. Gray Vireo (Vireo vicinior). L. 5.5. Above slaty gray; below white tinged with grayish; one inconspicuous wing-bar; lores and eye-ring gray; bill short. Notes. Song may be compared with the finest efforts of the Blue-headed Vireo with the added charm and mellowness of the song of the Yellow-throated Vireo. (Henshaw.)

Range.—Northern Mexico, north to western Texas, southeastern California, and southern Nevada; winters in Mexico.

749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula). L. 4.4. A conspicuous whitish eye-ring. Ad. ♂. A more or less concealed crown-patch; back olive-green; underparts soiled whitish more or less tinged with buffy; two white wing-bars. Ad. ♀ and Yng. (Here figured.) Similar, but no crown-patch.

749a. Sitkan Kinglet (R. c. grinnelli). Similar to No. 749, but more olive-green above; more buffy below.

Range.—Pacific coast; breeds in southern Alaska; winters southward to California.

470a. Buff-breasted Flycatcher (Empidonax fulvifrons pygmæus). L. 4.7. Ads. Below rusty buff; above grayish brown.

Range.—Western Mexico; north in spring to southwestern New Mexico and Arizona.

586. Texas Sparrow (Arremonops rufivirgata). L. 6.5. Ads. Above olive-green, sides of crown brownish, its center grayish; below whitish; bend of wing yellow. Notes. Song resembles that of the Chipping Sparrow but with somewhat of the sweetness and modulation of that of the Yellow Warbler.

Range.—Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas; casually to Louisiana.

638. Swainson Warbler (Helinaia swainsonii). L. 5. Bill large; no white in wings or tail. Ads. Crown brown, back, wings and tail olive-brown; a whitish line over eye; below whitish tinged with yellow. Notes. Song, "a series of clear, ringing whistles, the first four uttered rather slowly and in the same key, the remaining five or six given more rapidly and in an evenly descending scale." (Brewster.)

Range.—Southeastern United States; breeds from Gulf States north to southeastern Virginia, southern Indiana and southern Missouri.

639. Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus). L. 5.5. Bill large; no white in wings or tail Ads. Crown black with three buff stripes; back, wings and tail olive-green; below buffy white deeper on breast. Yng. Buff everywhere richer. Notes. Call, a sharp chip; song, resembles that of Chipping Sparrow but is somewhat weaker.

Range.—Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecticut, southern Illinois and southern Wisconsin; winters south of United States.

742. Pallid Wren-tit (Chamæa fasciata). L. 6.7; T. 5.4. Outer tail-feathers shortest. Ads. Above brownish gray; below buffy obscurely streaked with gray. Notes. Song wooden and unmusical, beginning deliberately and ending in a roll, chick: chick; chick, chick-chick-chick-chick-chick-chick.

742a. Coast Wren-tit (C. f. phæa). Similar to No. 742, but much browner above and deeper more pink below; sides as dark as back.

Range.—Pacific Coast from Monterey County, California, north to southern Oregon.

707. Curve-billed Thrasher (Toxostoma curvirostre). L. 11.2. Ads. Above brownish gray; below mottled with brownish gray; lower belly buffy; four outer pairs of tail-feathers tipped with white; two narrow white wing-bars. Notes. Call, a sharp, whit-whit; one of the most silent of song Thrushes. (Merrill.) Song, remarkably melodious and attractive. (Couch.)

707a. Palmer Thrasher (T. c. palmeri). Similar to No. 707, but wing-bars less evident; outer tail-feathers without white tips.

Range.—"Southern Arizona, from about fifty miles northwest of Phoenix, south to Guaymas, Sonora." (A. O. U.)

708. Bendire Thrasher (Toxostoma bendirei). L. 10.2. Ads. Above brownish ashy; below soiled whitish washed with buffy and lightly spotted with dusky, chiefly on breast; outer tail-feathers narrowly tipped with whitish. Notes. Call, tirup, tirup, tirup. (Brown.)

Range.—Desert regions of southern Arizona south into Sonora, Mexico; west rarely to southeastern California; resident except at extreme northern limit of its range.

709. St. Lucas Thrasher (Toxostoma cinereum). L. 10. Ads. Above grayish brown; below white with numerous wedge-shaped spots; outer tail-feathers tipped with white.

709a. Mearns Thrasher (T. c. mearnsi). Differs from No. 709 in much darker upperparts, more rusty flanks and crissum, much larger and more intensely black spots on lower parts and less curved bill. (Anthony.)

Range.—Northern Lower California, south to about Lat. 30° 30'.

710. Californian Thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum). L. 12. Ads. Above grayish brown; belly distinctly buff; breast grayish, throat whitish, washed with buff; no white in wings or tail. Notes. Song suggesting both that of the Brown Thrasher and the Mockingbird.

710a. Pasadena Thrasher (T. r. pasadenense). Similar to No. 710, but grayer above; belly paler, throat whiter.

Range.—Southern California.

711. Leconte Thrasher (Toxostoma lecontei). L. 10.5. Ads. Above brownish ashy, below creamy white, under tail-coverts buff. Notes. Call, a sharply reiterated whit or quit; song, remarkable for its loud rich tone; can be heard distinctly for more than a mile. (Mearns.) Call, low and musical, hueé-e, whistled through the teeth. (Stephens.)

711a. Desert Thrasher (T. l. arenicola). Differing from No. 711 in having upperparts darker and grayer, tail blacker, and breast gray. (Anthony.)

Range.—Northern Lower California. (Rosalia Bay.)

712. Crissal Thrasher (Toxostoma crissalis). L. 12. Ads. Under tail-coverts reddish chestnut; upperparts brownish gray; underparts ashy, chin white. Notes. No loud call note; song of remarkable scope and sweetness. (Mearns.)

Range.—"Southwestern United States, from western Texas to the Colorado Desert, California, and northern Lower California; north to Charleston Mountains, Nevada, and St. George, Utah." (A. O. U.)