Color Key to North American Birds / with bibliographical appendix

726d. Sierra Creeper (C. f. zelotes). Similar to No. 726c, but colors more dusky and less rufescent; similar to No. 726b, but much darker; light centers of feathers on head and back much reduced. (Osgood.)

Range.—"Southern Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Sierra Nevada of California." (Osgood.)

756. Wilson Thrush; Veery (Hylocichla fuscescens). L. 7.5. Ads. Above, wings and tail, uniform cinnamon brown; below white, sides grayish, breast and throat buff rather faintly marked with triangular spots the color of the back. Notes. Call, a clearly whistled wheé-you and a softer too-whee; song, a weird, spiral of blended alto and soprano tones largely on one note.

756a. Willow Thrush (H. f. salicicola). Similar to No. 756, but more olive above.

Range.—Rocky Mountains north to British Columbia, east to Dakota; in migration, casually to Illinois and South Carolina; winters as far south as southern Brazil.

759. Alaskan Hermit Thrush (Hylocichla guttata), L. 6.5. W. 3.5; tail rufous, much brighter than back. Ads. Eye-ring whitish, not deep buff; back olive-brown; breast tinged with buff and heavily spotted with large, wedge-shaped marks.

759a. Audubon Hermit Thrush (H. g. auduboni). Similar to No. 759, but larger, W. 4; back grayer, tail paler, flanks less heavily washed with gray.

Range.—Rocky Mountain region of United States south to Guatemala.

759b. Hermit Thrush (H. g. pallasii). Similar to No. 759, but back and sides browner. Notes. Call, a low chuck; song, highly musical and probably exceeding in spiritual quality that of any of our birds.

Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Michigan, Alleghanies in Pennsylvania, Catskills, higher mountains of Massachusetts (rarely at sea level), north to Labrador; winters from New Jersey to Gulf States.

759c. Dwarf Hermit Thrush (H. g. nana). Similar to No. 759, but smaller, W. 3.2, back slightly browner.

Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from Washington south through Sierra Nevadas; east, in migrations, to Nevada and Arizona; south to Lower California and western Mexico. (A. O. U.)

757. Gray-cheeked Thrush (Hylocichla aliciæ). L. 7.5; W. 4. Ads. Tail and back the same color, olive without brownish tinge; eye-ring and lores whitish, cheeks and breast only slightly tinged with buff, breast with wedge-shaped spots. Notes. Doubtless like those of No. 757a.

Range.—Breeds in Labrador and west to Alaska: migrates through eastern North America and winters in Central America.

757a. Bicknell Thrush (H. a. bicknelli). Similar to No. 757, but smaller, L. 7; W. 3.5. Notes. Calls, pheu like that of Veery; a low cluck like that of Hermit Thrush, and rarely, a pip or peenk like that of Olive-backed Thrush; song, like that of Veery but more interrupted. (Brewster.)

Range.—Breeds in the high parts of the Catskills and north to White Mountains and Nova Scotia; winters in tropics.

758. Russet-backed Thrush (Hylocichla ustulata). L. 7.2; W. 4. Tail not decidedly more rufous than back. Ads. Eye-ring, cheeks, sides of neck and breast distinctly buffy; breast with wedge-shaped spots; back and flanks olive-brown; tail slightly browner. The most deeply colored bird of the ustulata group.

758a. Olive-backed Thrush (H. u. swainsonii). Similar to No. 758, but back, tail, and flanks without brownish or rufescent tinge. Notes. Call, a liquid puit; song, suggesting both that of Hermit Thrush and the Veery.

Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in Alleghanies from Pennsylvania and the Catskills, north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters in Central and South America.

758b. California Olive-backed Thrush (H. u. œdica). Differs from 758 and 758a, in more rufescent coloration on the flanks; sides and upper surface usually paler than No. 758. (Oberholser.)

Range.—California, except north coast; north in interior to southern Oregon; south, in winter to Arizona and southern Mexico. (Oberholser.)

758c. Alma Thrush (H. u. almæ). Similar to No. 758a, but back and flanks grayer. The palest bird of the ustulata group.

Range.—Alaska, except Yukon Basin, south in Rocky Mountain region, and west to Utah and eastern Nevada. (A. O. U.)

566. White-winged Junco (Junco aikeni). L. 6.5; W. 3.30. Ads. Resembling No. 567, but larger, paler, wings generally with two white bars; three outer tail-feathers mostly or entirely white; fourth partly white.

Range.—Breeds in Wyoming and western North Dakota; winters in Colorado, western Kansas, casually to Indiana and Wisconsin. (Ridgw.)

567. Slate-colored Junco (Junco hyemalis). L. 6.2. W. 3. Ad. ♂, summer. Head and back gray, the crown sometimes slightly darker, the feathers usually more or less tipped with brownish; breast and sides gray; belly white; third outer tail-feather with white. Ad. ♀, summer. Similar, but brown wash stronger. Ads., winter. Brown tips to feathers longer, sides sometimes brownish. Notes. Calls, a sharp, kissing note and a rapid chew-chew-chew, song, a simple, twittering trill.

567e. Carolina Junco (J. h. carolinensis). Similar to No. 567, but slightly larger, W. 3.2, the upperparts and breast uniform slate-gray without a brownish wash the bill horn color.

Range.—Alleghanies from Virginia to Georgia.

568. Pink-sided Junco (Junco mearnsi). L. 6.2. Ad. ♂, summer. Sides broadly brownish pink, center of belly white; breast pale slate-gray, crown darker, back washed with brownish. Ad. ♀ in summer. Similar to the ♂, but with less pink on sides, the crown washed with gray. Ads. winter. Similar to summer Ads., but with more brownish.

567.1 Montana Junco (Junco montanus). Similar to No. 568, but with less pink on the sides, the throat and breast darker slate.

Range.—Breeding from northwestern Montana and northern Idaho north to northwest Territory and Alberta; in winter south to Mexico, east more or less irregularly to the Mississippi, Massachusetts, and Maryland. (Ridgw.)

571. Baird Junco (Junco bairdi). Back and sides rusty cinnamon, head gray, throat and breast grayish white, belly white.

Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.

572. Guadalupe Junco (Junco insularis). Similar to mearnsi but smaller, W. 2.7, bill longer, head and breast darker.

Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

571.1. Townsend Junco (Junco townsendi). Similar to No. 567.1, but with the back grayer, the brownish wash much reduced.

Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, northern Lower California.

569. Gray-headed Junco (Junco caniceps). L. 6.5; W. 3.2; T. 2.9. Ads. Head, breast and sides gray; back reddish brown; no reddish brown on wings; three outer tail-feathers with white; upper and lower mandibles pinkish.

Range.—Breeds in mountains of southern Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and northern New Mexico. (Ridgw.)

570. Arizona Junco (Junco phæonotus palliatus). L. 6.5; W. 3.2; T. 2.9. Ads. Head gray; underparts grayish white; back, and to a greater or less extent, wing-coverts and tertials, reddish brown; three outer tail-feathers with white; iris yellow; upper mandible blackish, lower yellowish. Notes. Calls, resemble those of No. 567; song suggests that of Song Sparrow.

Range.—Breeds in mountains of southern Arizona and southward.

570a. Red-backed Junco (Junco dorsalis) L. 6.7; W. 3.3; T. 3. Ads. Head gray; underparts grayish white; back reddish brown; no reddish brown on wings; three outer tail-feathers with white; upper mandible blackish, lower flesh-color; iris "brown."

Range.—Breeds on high mountains of New Mexico and central Arizona; winters south to northern Mexico and western Texas.

567a. Oregon Junco (Junco oreganus). L. 6.2; W. 3. Ad. ♂, summer. Head, neck, throat and breast black sharply defined from the mahogany brown back, third outer tail-feather with little or no white; sides washed with pinkish brown. Ad. ♀, summer. Head and breast grayer, back paler. Ads. winter. Back deeper, the head and neck more or less tipped with brown, the breast with gray, these areas less sharply defined from the back and belly.

—Shufeldt Junco (J. o. shufeldti). Similar to No. 567a, but larger, W. 3.1, brown of back less intense.

Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from Oregon north to British Columbia (and eastward in humid regions to Montana?); winters south to northern Mexico.

567b. Coues Junco (J. o. connectens). Similar to shufeldti, but back paler, brownish gray, breast grayer, sides with less pinkish brown, head and breast still sharply defined from adjacent areas.

Range.—Breeds in the interior of British Columbia and probably in arid districts southward (breeding areas not definitely known); winters southward doubtless to Mexican boundary.

567c. Thurber Junco (J. o. thurberi). Similar to No. 567, but back much paler, a bright pinkish brown; head and breast black as in No. 567.

Range.—Breeds in mountains from southern Oregon south to southern California; east to western Nevada.

567d. Point Pinos Junco (J. o. pinosus). Similar to No. 567c, but throat and breast slate-color.

Range.—Santa Cruz district of California; breeds from King Mountain, south at least to Point Sur, County; wanders eastward in winter into Santa Clara and San Benito Valleys. (Grinnell.)

733. Plain Titmouse (Bæolophus inornatus). L. 5.5. Ads. Head crested; above grayish brown; below grayish white, belly white, sides often buffy. Notes. Similar to those of the Tufted Titmouse, but weaker and less varied. (Ridgw.)

733a. Gray Titmouse (B. i. griseus). Similar to No. 733, but above gray, below whitish gray, no buff on sides.

Range.—Southwestern United States: from southeastern California and Nevada to Colorado and New Mexico.

733b. Ashy Titmouse (B. i. cineraceus). Similar to No. 733a, but underparts grayish white, not whitish gray.

Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.

743. Bush-Tit (Psaltriparus minimus). L, 4.2; T. 2.1. Ads. Crown sooty brown; back grayish brown; below brownish white, sides darker.

743a. California Bush-Tit (P. m. californicus). Similar to No. 743, but crown much lighter, brighter brown, quite different from the brownish gray back; underparts paler. Notes. When feeding, a faint tsit, tsit, tsit, tsit, when moving about, tsit, tsit, tsit, sre-e-e-e; tsit, sre-e-e-e; when a bird is separated from its companions, same as last but uttered more hurriedly; alarm note, a greatly intensified tsit´´; tsit´´; tsit´´; tsit´: in presence of Hawk or Owl a shrill, quavering trill, sre-e-e-e-e-e. (Grinnell.)

Range.—California, except the north coast region.

743b. Grinda Bush-Tit (P. m. grindæ). Similar to No. 743, but back bluish ash-gray. (Ridgw.)

Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.

744. Lead-colored Bush-Tit (Psaltriparus plumbeus). L. 4.5. Ads. Crown and back bluish gray, sides of head brownish; below dingy white with a buffy tint on belly.

744.1. Santa Rita Bush-Tit (Psaltriparus santaritæ). Similar to No. 744, but smaller, sides of head paler, male with a more or less distinct blackish line along sides of head as in female of No. 745. (Ridgw.) (Now considered the same as 745.)

Range.—Santa Rita Mountains, southern Arizona.

745. Lloyd Bush-Tit (Psaltriparus lloydi). L. 4.2. Ad. ♂. Sides of head shining black, crown blue-gray, back browner; chin blackish, underparts whitish, the belly and sides buffy. Ad. ♀. Sides of head brownish, ear-coverts bordered above by a narrow black line; no black on chin. Yng. Similar to ♀, but no black in head.

731. Tufted Titmouse (Bæolophus bicolor). L. 6. Ads. Head crested; forehead black; above gray; below whitish, sides rusty. Notes. A clearly whistled péto, péto, and a hoarse de-de-de.

731a. Texan Tufted Titmouse (B. b. texensis). Similar to No. 731, but forehead rusty, upperparts paler.

Range.—Southeastern Texas.

732. Black-crested Titmouse (Bæolophus atricristatus). L. 6.1. Ads. Head with a black crest; forehead white or tinged with rusty; back gray; below whitish, sides rusty. Notes. An abbreviation of the call of No. 731, pete-pete-pete-pete. (Bailey.)

Range.—"From southeastern Texas west to El Paso, south to eastern Mexico." (Bailey.)

751. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila cærulea). L. 4.5; T. 2. Outer tail-feathers with white, white tip of next to outer one at least 1.00 long. Ad. ♂. Above bluish gray, forehead narrowly black; below grayish white. Ad. ♀. Similar, but lighter gray; no black on forehead. Notes. Call, a twanging ting; song, sweet and varied but of small volume.

Range.—Eastern United States, west to Colorado; breeds from the Gulf States north to southern New Jersey, and Ontario; wanders casually as far north as Maine and Minnesota; winters from the Gulf States southward.

751a. Western Gnatcatcher (P. c. obscura). Similar to No.. 751, but slightly grayer above; white tip to next to outer tail-feather less than 1.00 long.

Range.—Western United States from western Texas west to California and Lower California.

752. Plumbeous Gnatcatcher (Polioptila plumbea). L. 4.4. Outer web of outer tail-feather wholly white, inner web black except at tip. Ad. ♂. Crown shining black, back blue-gray; underparts grayish white. Ad. ♀ and Yng. ♂. Similar, but no black on head. Yng. ♀. Back and sides with a brownish wash. Notes. Call, a faint mew; song, "a harsh ditty of five notes, something like a Wren's song with notes like those of a Swallow." (Cooper.)

753. Black-tailed Gnatcatcher (Polioptila californica). L. 4.5; T. 2.1. Similar to No. 752, but outer vane of outer tail-feather black margined with white; back darker, underparts much grayer, flanks brownish.

Range.—Pacific coast region of southern California and northern Lower California.

734. Bridled Titmouse (Bæolophus wollweberi). L. 5.2. Ads. Head crested, black and gray; throat black; hind neck with a white band bounded by black; back olive-gray; below whitish. Notes. Chickadee-like but fainter. (Henshaw.)

Range.—Tableland of Mexico north to western Texas and southern Arizona.

738. Mountain Chickadee (Parus gambeli). L. 5.5. Ads. A white line over the eye and a black through it; back gray; belly whitish. Notes. A hoarse, dee-dee-dee, a two or three-noted phe-be whistle exactly like that of the Chickadee and an exceedingly sweet three-noted whistle of regular intervals, d, c, a.

Range.—"Mountainous portions of the western United States from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, north to British Columbia, Idaho, etc., and south to northern Lower California." (A. O. U.)

740. Hudsonian Chickadee (Parus hudsonicus). L. 5.2; W. 2.6. Ads. Crown hair-brown, back a more yellow brown; sides of head and neck grayish white; throat black, belly white, sides rusty. Notes. Tscha-dee-dee-dee-dee; the dee-dee notes repeated with almost incessant volubility. (Brewer.)

740a. Kowak Chickadee (P. h. stoneyi). Similar to No. 740, but larger, W. 2.7. above grayer, crown much paler.

Range.—Kowak River region, Alaska.

740b. Columbian Chickadee (P. h. columbianus). Similar to No. 740, but grayer above, crown slaty-drab.

Range.—Rocky Mountains from Montana northward; Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.

—Canadian Chickadee (P. h. littoralis). Similar to No. 740, but smaller, W. 2.5, crown duller brown.

Range.—British America east and south of Hudson Bay; northern New York, northern New England, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia.

739. Alaskan Chickadee (Parus cinctus alascensis). L. 5.2. Ads. Crown brown, back brighter; sides of head and neck pure white; throat blackish; belly whitish, sides buffy.

Range.—"Northern Alaska and eastern Siberia." (A. O. U.)

741. Chestnut-backed Chickadee (Parus rufescens). L. 4.6. Ads. Back and sides rusty chestnut, crown sooty brown, throat black. Notes. A lisping the-the-the-te-te. (Kobbe.)

741a. California Chickadee (P. r. neglectus). Similar to No. 741, but with only a tinge of rusty on flanks.

Range.—"Coast of California from Monterey County northward." (A. O. U.)

741b. Barlow Chickadee (P. r. barlowi). Similar to No. 741a, but with no rusty on flanks.

Range.—Vicinity of Monterey, California.

735. Black-capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillus). L. 5.2; T. 2.5. Ads. Cap and throat black; back gray with a brownish tinge; outer margins of wing-coverts grayish white; flanks, cream buff. Notes. Chickadee-dee, liquid gurgles and chuckling notes and a sweet, clearly whistled, phe-be or phe-be-e.

735a. Long-tailed Chickadee (P. a. septentrionalis). Similar to No. 735, but tail longer, 2.7, flanks paler, white edgings broader.

Range.—Rocky Mountain region north to British Columbia; east to Manitoba and the Plains.

735b. Oregon Chickadee (P. a. occidentalis). Similar to No. 735, but much darker; flanks grayish.

Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to Sitka.

736. Carolina Chickadee (Parus carolinensis). Similar to No. 735, but smaller, L. 4.6; T. 2., the greater wing-coverts not margined with whitish. Notes. Whistle "tswee-dee, twsee-dee."

Range.—Southeastern United States north to middle New Jersey, and southern Illinois; resident from southern New Jersey southward.

736a. Plumbeous Chickadee (P. c. agilis). Similar to No. 736, but paler above, whiter below.

Range.—"Eastern and central Texas (Bee, Victoria, Cook, and Concho Counties, etc.") (A. O. U.)

737. Mexican Chickadee (Parus sclateri). Similar to No. 735, but sides broadly gray like back, black more extended. Notes. A rapid, vigorous double-noted whistle repeated three times, wholly unlike that of the Chickadee.

Range.—Mountainous portions of the Mexican tableland north to southern Arizona.

630. Black-capped Vireo (Vireo atricapillus). L. 4.5. Ad. ♂. Crown and cheeks shining black; lores and eye-ring white; back olive-green; below white, sides tinged with greenish yellow; two whitish wing-bars. Ad. ♀. Similar, but black of head duller. Yng. "Top and sides of head dull grayish brown; lores, orbital ring and lower parts dull buffy white or pale buffy." (Ridgw.) Notes. "Of the general character of the White-eye or bellii type." (Bailey.)

Range.—Breeds in central and western Texas; north to southern Kansas; winters in southern Mexico.

727. White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis). L. 6. Ad. ♂. Crown and foreback bluish black; sides of head and neck grayish white; tertials with distinct black marks rounded at end. Ad. ♀. Similar but black of head and shoulders washed with gray. Notes. Call, a nasal yank-yank and conversational notes; song, a tenor, ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha, all on the same note.

727a. Slender-billed Nuthatch (S. c. aculeata). Similar to No. 727, but head usually greenish black; black of tertials less deep and one next to inner one usually pointed at end.

Range.—Western North America west of the Rockies: breeds from Lower California north to British Columbia; resident.

727b. Florida White-breasted Nuthatch (S. c. atkinsi). Similar to No. 727, but somewhat smaller, wing-coverts and tertials not tipped with grayish; ♀ with head black as in ♂.

Range.—Florida and north along the coast to South Carolina.

727c. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch (S. c. nelsoni). Similar to No. 727a, but larger, W. 3.7, with somewhat more white in tail and more rusty on flanks and lower belly.

Range.—Wooded mountains of northern Chihuahua and Sonora, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and northward. (Mearns.)

727d. St. Lucas Nuthatch (S. c. lagunæ). Similar to No. 727a, but with the wings and tail shorter, the black tips of the outer tail-feathers more restricted; W. 3.2; T. 1.7. (Brewster.)

Range.—Higher mountains south of La Paz, Lower California. (Brewster.)

728. Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis). L. 4.6. Ad. ♂. A stripe through the eye and crown, black; line over eye white; underparts rusty. Ad. ♀. Similar, but crown gray like back, line through the eye blackish, paler below. Notes. A fine, thin, nasal, penny-trumpet like, drawled yna-yna.

Range.—North America, breeding from the northern portions of the northern tier of States northward, and southward in the Alleghanies to Virginia, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada in California; winters irregularly southward to the Gulf States and Arizona.

729. Brown-headed Nuthatch (Sitta pusilla). L. 4.3. Ads. Crown brown; a white patch on nape; back bluish gray; below grayish white, sometimes tinged with buff. Yng. Crown whitish. Notes. A conversational, twittering tnee-tnee.

Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States north to Delaware, accidentally to New York and casually to Missouri.

730. Pygmy Nuthatch (Sitta pygmæa). L. 4.3. Ads. Crown grayish olive; a whitish patch on nape; a dark brown line through eye; below white tinged with buff. Yng. Crown gray like back. Notes. A metallic, clinking clittick, clittick.,

730a. White-naped Nuthatch (S. p. leuconucha). Similar to No. 730, but bill larger, crown grayer, back less bluish gray, nape patch more conspicuous, underparts white with scarcely more than a trace of buffy. (Ridgw.)

Range.—Lower California.

444. Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus). L. 8.5. Tail tipped with white. Ads. Above slaty, crown blacker with an orange patch. Yng. Similar, but no crown-patch. Notes. An unmusical, steely chatter. "A soft and very pleasing song," heard only in the early morning. (O. T. Miller.)

Range.—North America, breeds from Florida north to New Brunswick and Manitoba, and from eastern Texas northwest to Utah, Nevada, northeast California and western British Columbia; winters south of United States, to Central and South America.

445. Gray Kingbird (Tyrannus dominicensis). L. 9. Ads. No-white tip on tail; an orange crown-patch; under wing-coverts sulphur; ear-coverts black; above gray; below white. Notes. A loud, chattering, pitírri, pitírri.

Range.—West Indies, breeding north through Florida along the coast to South Carolina; winters in Lesser Antilles, Mexico, and Central America.

701. American Dipper; Water Ouzel (Cinclus mexicanus). L. 8. Ads. Slaty gray, head and neck browner. In winter more or less tipped with whitish. Notes. Song, remarkably sweet and lively, in modulation resembling somewhat that of Brown Thrasher, but less powerful though sweeter in effect. (Ridgway.) Call, a sharp, pebbly cack-cack-cack.

Range.—"The mountainous parts of central and western North America, from the Yukon Valley and Unalaska to Guatemala; east in the United States, to the eastern base of the Rocky mountains. Apparently resident throughout its range." (A. O. U.)

704. Catbird (Galeoscoptes carolinensis). L. 8.9. Ads. Slaty gray, cap and tail black, under tail-coverts reddish chestnut. Notes. Call, a whining, nasal tchay; song, rich, musical, and varied.

Range.—North America; west to British Columbia and rarely Pacific coast states; breeds from the Gulf States north to New Brunswick and the Saskatchewan; winters from Gulf States southward.

754. Townsend Solitaire (Myadestes townsendii). L. 8.5. Ads. Brownish gray; eye-ring, tips of outer tail-feathers, a narrow wing-bar white; wing with a buff band showing in flight. Notes. Song, a rich, flowing, Grosbeak-like warbling, sung with great vigor and freedom and often for comparatively long periods.

Range.—"Western United States, from the Plains westward to the Pacific coast, north to British Columbia and south in winter to the southern border of Arizona and northern Lower California; breeds from the mountains of New Mexico, southern Arizona, and central California northward."

621. Northern Shrike (Lanius borealis). L. 10.2. Lores grayish. Ads. Above bluish gray; tail black, outer feathers tipped with white; below white, usually with wavy bars. Yng. Above washed with brown; below more distinctly and more heavily barred Notes. Song, not unlike that of the Brown Thrasher but more disconnected, less loud.

Range.—North America; breeds from Labrador to Alaska; winters south, irregularly, to Virginia, Kansas, Arizona, and California.

622. Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus). 9. Lores black. Ads. Underparts white without bars; above bluish gray; rump and upper tail-coverts little if any paler; tail black, outer feathers tipped with white. Yng. Underparts, head, and rump more or less narrowly barred. Notes. Call, harsh and discordant; song, a series of guttural gurgles, squeaky whistles.

622a. White-rumped Shrike (L. l. excubitorides). Similar to No. 622, but paler above, rump and upper tail-coverts whiter; bill less deep.

Range.—"Western North America, from eastern border of the Plains to the Pacific, except coast of California, and from Manitoba and the Plains of the Saskatchewan south over tablelands of Mexico."

622b. California Shrike (L. l. gambeli). Similar to No. 622, but rump paler, breast usually with indistinct wavy bars and tinged with brownish.

Range.—Pacific coast, from Lower California to British Columbia.

622c. Island Shrike (L. l. anthonyi). Similar to No. 622b, but darker and smaller, W. 3.7.

Range.—Santa Barbara Islands, California.

703. Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos). L. 10.5. Ads. Above ashy gray; below soiled whitish; outer tail-feathers with white; wing-coverts narrowly tipped with white; primaries white basally. Notes. Call, a harsh, kissing note; song indescribable.

703a. Western Mockingbird (M. p. leucopterus). Similar to No. 703, but with a very slight brownish tinge below and white areas in wing averaging larger.

Range.—Southwestern United States and northern Mexico from Indian Territory and eastern Texas west to California.

765. Wheatear (Saxicola œnanthe). L. 6; W. 3.7. Ad. ♂. Back gray, upper tail-coverts and base of tail white; below white more or less washed with buff. Ad. ♀. Browner above and below, no black through eye. Ads. in winter and Yng. Similar to ♀, but cinnamon brown above, cinnamon below.

765a. Greenland Wheatear (S. œ. leucorhoa). Similar to No. 765, but larger, W. 4.

Range.—Western Europe; breeds in Greenland and on adjoining mainland; rarely south to St. Lawrence; casually to Louisiana.

573. Black-throated Sparrow (Amphispiza bilineata). L. 5.3. Ads. Throat, upper breast, and front of face black; a white stripe over eye and another at the side of the throat; above grayish brown unstreaked; outer web of outer tail-feather white, except at tip; at least half an inch of tip of inner web white. Notes. Song, simple but sweet, three ascending and three descending notes.

573a. Desert Sparrow (A. b. deserticola). Similar to No. 573, but above grayer, the white tip to outer tail-feather less than half an inch long.

Range.—Western United States and northern Mexico, from western Texas to southeastern California; breeds north to southern Colorado, and western Nevada; winters south into Mexico.

602. Morellet Seed-eater (Sporophila morelleti). L. 4.6. Ad. ♂. Entire upperparts, cheeks, tail, wings and breast-band black; bases of wing-feathers, tips to coverts and underparts, except breast-band, whitish. Ad. ♀. Above grayish brown, below uniform buffy. Yng. ♂. Variously intermediate between Ad. ♂ and Ad. ♀. At least two years evidently required to reach mature plumage.

Range.—Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas.

636. Black and White Warbler (Mniotilta varia). L. 5.3. Ad. ♂. Above streaked black and white; throat black or white; belly white; sides streaked black and white. Ad. ♀. Less black; whiter below; throat always white. Notes. Song, a thin, wiry, see-see-see-see.

Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Louisiana, and northern Texas, north to Hudson Bay region; winters from Gulf States south to northern South America; accidental in California.

661. Black-poll Warbler (Dendroica striata). L. 5.6. Ad. ♂. Crown black, cheeks white; back streaked, gray and black; below white streaked with black; wing-bars and tail-spots white. Ad. ♀. No black cap; above olive-green streaked with black. Yng. and Ad. in winter. Above olive-green lightly streaked with black; below yellowish white; breast obscurely streaked. Notes. Song, a slender, wiry tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree, rapidly uttered. (Langille.)

Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan, and Colorado, north to Labrador and Alaska; winters in West Indies and northern South America.

665. Black-throated Gray Warbler (Dendroica nigrescens). L. 5. Ad. ♂. Crown, cheeks and throat black, a white stripe at sides of throat, a yellow line before eye; back gray streaked with black; wing-bars and tail-patches white. Ad. ♀. Similar, but crown not always wholly black. Yng. Above washed with brownish, black areas tipped with white. Notes. Song, zee-ee-zee-ee, ze, ze, ze, with the quality of the song of Dendroica virens or D. cærulescens.

Range.—Western United States; breeds in mountains from Arizona and northern Lower California, north to Colorado and Vancouver Island; winters in Mexico.

611. Purple Martin (Progne subis). L. 7.8. Ad. ♂. Shining blue-black, all feathers with dusky bases. Ad. ♀. Above dull blue-black; breast grayish edged with white; belly whitish. Yng. ♂. Variously intermediate between ♀ and Ad. ♂.

611a. Western Martin (P. s. hesperia). ♂ similar to ♂ of No. 611; ♀ belly whiter; forehead grayish.

Range.—Pacific coast from northern Lower California to Washington (and British Columbia?); winters in tropics.

611.1. Cuban Martin (Progne cryptoleuca). W. 5.50. Ad. ♂. With feathers of ventral region basally marked with white. Ad. ♀ and Yng. ♂. With breast and flanks sooty grayish brown, belly pure white.

Range.—Cuba, north in spring to southern Florida.

612. Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons). L. 5.5. Ads. Throat chestnut, forehead and rump cinnamon-buff; nape gray; crown and back glossy blue-black, the back streaked with white. Yng. Throat dusky, often mixed with chestnut; back blackish brown; rump cinnamon-buff, forehead usually with same.

612.2. Mexican Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon melanogastra). Similar to No. 612, but smaller, W. 4.1, forehead deeper, usually chestnut, like throat, rump darker, more rusty.

Range.—Mexico, north to southern Arizona.

613. Barn Swallow (Hirundo erythrogastra). L. ♂, 7.5; ♀, 6.5. Tail deeply forked. Ad. ♂. Above glossy blue-black, forehead chestnut; throat and upper breast chestnut, belly paler. Ad. ♀. Forehead, and underparts paler; tail less deeply forked. Notes. Song, a sweet, twittering, warbling song. (The notes of all our Swallows, while simple, are diagnostic but difficult of description.)

Range.—North America, north to Greenland and Alaska; breeds through most of range; winters south to southern Brazil.

614. Tree Swallow (Iridoprocne bicolor). L. 6. Ads. Above steel-blue or steel-green; below white. Yng. Sooty gray above; white below.

Range.—North America; breeds locally from Lat. 41° on Atlantic coast and Lat. 38° on Pacific coast north to Labrador and Alaska; winters from South Carolina and southern California to the tropics.

615. Northern Violet-Green Swallow (Tachycineta thalassina lepida). L. 5.2; W. 4.5. Ad. ♂. Above bronze-green; upper tail-coverts greener; an indistinct nape-ring; mark above eye, cheeks and underparts white; flank-patches white, often showing from above. Ad. ♀. Much duller, the head browner, Yng. Above brownish sooty with a greenish tinge; a whitish mark above and behind eye; below white.

615a. St. Lucas Swallow (T. t. brachyptera). Similar to No. 615, but wing shorter, ♂, 4.1, ♀, 4. (Brewster.)

Range.—Lower California.

458. Black Phœbe (Sayornis nigricans). L. 7.2. Ads. Breast and head black, back grayer; outer web of outer tail-feather white; belly black, under tail-coverts white streaked with dusky. Notes. A liquid hip, a rising kee-ree, and a falling kee-wray. (Bailey.)

458a. Western Black Phœbe (S. n. semiatra). Similar to No. 458, but under tail-coverts white without dusky streaks.

Range—Pacific coast of Mexico and United States, from Colima to Oregon, including most of Arizona. (Nelson.)

494. Bobolink; Reed bird (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). Ad. ♂, summer. Black; nape buffy, lower back, scapulars and upper tail-coverts white. Ad. ♀. Above yellowish brown streaked with buff, and black. below yellowish white, sides streaked with black. Winter plumage, Ads and Yng. Like ♀ but yellower. Notes. Song, an irrepressible bubbling outburst of "mad music" often given on the wing; calls, a blackbird-like chuck and a metallic, far carrying, chink.

Range.—Eastern North America, west to Utah; breeds from northern New Jersey, Illinois and Kansas, north to Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and Montana; migrates south through Florida and West Indies, and winters south of Amazon.

534. Snowflake (Passerina nivalis). L. 6.9. Hind toe-nail twice as long as shortest toe-nail. Ad. ♂, summer. Head, rump, secondaries, outer tail-feathers and below white; rest of plumage largely black. Ad. ♀, summer. Similar, but crown blackish, back edged with rusty or grayish. Winter. Above rusty and black, below white, breast tinged with rusty. Notes. Calls, a clearly piped whistle, and a peculiar chirr, often uttered when taking wing; song, short, simple, but rather sweet. (Minot.)

534a. Pribilof Snowflake (P. n. townsendi). Similar to No. 534, but larger, with relatively longer bill; ♂, W. 4.7; B. .5. (Ridgw.).

Range.—Aleutian and Commander Islands, Pribilof Islands, Shumagin Islands. (Ridgw.).

535. McKay Snowflake (Passerina hyperborea). L. 7.5; W. 4.6; B .4. Similar to No. 534, but with more white. Ad. ♂, summer. Back and scapulars entirely white. Ad. ♀, summer. Crown and hindneck white. Yng. Not certainly distinguishable from Yng. of No. 534. (Ridgw.)

Range.—Breeds on Hall and St. Mathews Islands, Bering Sea; in winter west coast of Alaska.

605. Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys). L. 7.2. Ad. ♂. Black, patch in wing white, outer tail-feathers tipped, tertials margined with white. Ad. ♀. Above grayish brown streaked with blackish; below white conspicuously streaked with black; all but central tail-feathers with white tips; broad wing-bars buff. Yng. ♂. Variously intermediate between Ad. ♂ and ♀. (See page 251).

Range.—Western United States, chiefly east of Rockies; breeds from western Kansas and eastern Colorado, north to western Minnesota and Assiniboia; winters in Mexico; irregular west in migrations to Idaho and southern California.

484. Canada Jay; Whiskey Jack (Perisoreus canadensis). L. 11.5. Ads. Black of hindhead reaching to back of eye; back, wings, and tail gray, belly lighter, throat white; forehead buffy white. Notes. ca-ca-ca and a number of peculiar sounds impossible to reproduce on paper. (Bendire.)

484a. Rocky Mountain Jay (P. c. capitalis). Similar to No. 484, but head white, black of hindhead grayer and not reaching to eye.

Range.—Rocky Mountain region from New Mexico and Arizona north to Montana and Idaho.

484b. Alaskan Jay (P. c. fumifrons). Very near to No. 484, but forehead averaging more yellowish.

Range.—Alaska; interior and west to Cook Inlet, north of southern coast region.

484c. Labrador Jay (P. c. nigricapillus). Similar to No. 484, but black of hindhead deeper and reaching forward as a well defined ring around the eye; below browner.

Range.—Labrador.

485. Oregon Jay (Perisoreus obscurus). Similar to No. 484, but back feathers with light shaft streaks, forehead less white, underparts nearly uniform white.

Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to southern British Columbia.

485a. Gray Jay (P. o. griseus). Similar to No. 485, but larger and grayer; back, etc., deep mouse gray, instead of brown; below grayish white instead of brownish white. (Ridgw.)

Range.—British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northern California, east of Coast and Cascade Ranges. (Ridgw.)

491. Clarke Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana). L. 12. Ads. Gray; wings and middle tail-feathers black, tips of secondaries and outer tail-feathers white. Notes. A loud, harsh, car-r-car-r.

475. American Magpie (Pica pica hudsonia). L. 20. Ads. Bill black; scapulars, belly and most of inner margins of primaries white; wings glossy blue black, tail externally greenish; back and breast velvety black. Notes. Cack, cack, also garrulous gabble intermixed with whistling notes. (Bendire.)

476. Yellow-billed Magpie (Pica nuttalli). Similar to No. 475, but bill and eye-space yellow; smaller, L. 18. Notes. A harsh, rasping, cac-cac-cac; and a low, rich whistle, audible only at a short distance.

Range.—California, west of Sierra Nevada, "north to Red Bluff and south to Santa Paula." (Grinnell.)

493. Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). L. 8.5; T. 2.5. Ad. summer, Metallic green and purple spotted above with buffy; bill yellow. Ad. winter. Similar, but above heavily spotted with brownish buff; below heavily spotted with white; bill blackish. Notes. A long-drawn, two-noted whistle, the second lower; and a chattering, metallic call when in flocks.

Range.—Europe and northern Asia; accidental in Greenland; introduced into New York City in 1890; now common, extending east to New Haven, Connecticut, north to Ossining, New York, south to Staten Island and Plainfield, New Jersey.

495. Cowbird (Molothrus ater). L. 7.9; W. 4.2. Ad. ♂. Head and neck coffee-brown, body greenish black. Ad. ♀. Brownish gray, throat lighter. Yng. Like ♀. Notes. A metallic twitter, and by the male, a long-drawn, glassy kluck-tse-e-e; and watery gurgling notes uttered with spread wings and tail.

495a. Dwarf Cowbird (M. a. obscurus). Similar to No. 495, but smaller, L. 7.5; W. 4.

Range.—Southwestern United States; from Gulf Coast of Texas west along Mexican boundary to Arizona and Lower California; winters south of United States.

496. Red-eyed Cowbird (Callothrus robustus). L. 9. Ad. ♂. Velvety bronze-black; wings and tail shining blue-black. Ad. ♀. Dull black, wings and tail with slight greenish reflections.

Range.—Southern and eastern Mexico north, in spring, to Lower Rio Grande, Texas.

620. Phainopepla (Phainopepla nitens). L. 7.5. Crested. Ad. ♂. Shining black; inner vanes of primaries largely white, showing in flight. Ad. ♀. Dark gray, tail blacker, wing-coverts and quills narrowly margined with whitish. Yng. Like ♀. Notes. Calls, commonest, like call of young Robin; male has also a scold, a Meadowlark-like note and a harsh ca-rack or ca-racack; song, a jumble of flute-like tones and weak, squeaky notes. (Bailey.)

Range.—Mexico north to western Texas, southern Utah and southern California; winters from Mexican border southward.

509. Rusty Blackbird (Scolecophagus carolinus). L. 9.5. Ad. ♂. Nearly uniform greenish black, sometimes with rusty edgings. Ad. ♀. Slaty gray, generally with some rusty edgings. Winter plumage of both sexes similar to summer but widely tipped with rusty above and yellowish rusty below. Notes. More musical than those of other Blackbirds; calls, tcback or turalee repeated several times. (Bendire.)

Range.—Eastern North America west to the Plains; breeds from New Brunswick, northern New England, northern New York, and Manitoba, north to Labrador and Alaska; winters from Virginia, southern Illinois, and Kansas, southward.

510. Brewer Blackbird (Scolecophagus cyanocephalus). L. 10. Ad. ♂. Whole head violet-purple, rest of plumage bright greenish black. Ad. ♀. Grayish brown, throat paler, wings and tail greenish black, no rusty. Winter plumage with light grayish brown edgings to the feathers of the anterior part of the body. Notes. Chack and a loud, shrill whistle. (Bailey.)

Range.—Western North America from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds from Texas and northern Lower California north to the Saskatchewan and British Columbia; winters in the southern parts of its range; casually east to Mississippi River states.

511. Purple Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula). L. ♂, 12. Ad. ♂. Head, purple, steel-green or steel-blue; back purple, brassy green or greenish; the feathers always with iridescent bars. Notes. Tchak and a short unmusical call uttered with spread wings and tail.

511b. Bronzed Grackle (Q. q. æneus). Head as in No. 511, back and belly bronze, the feathers wholly without iridescent bars.

Range.—Eastern United States west to the Rockies; breeds from southern Texas to Great Slave Lake, east to Alleghanies, and, in New York, east and northeast to Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Labrador; winters chiefly in lower Mississippi valley; migrates in part east of the Alleghanies.

513. Boat-tailed Grackle (Megaquiscalus major). L. ♂, 16; W. 7.5; T. 7. Ad. ♂. Head and neck glossy purple; back and belly glossy greenish blue. Ad. ♀. Much smaller, T. 5.2; above blackish brown; below soiled rusty buff. Notes. Tchack, a variety of hoarse, rather forced whistles and a gurgling roll as of a Coot pattering over the water.

513a. Great-tailed Grackle (M. m. macrourus). Similar to No. 513, but larger, ♂, L. 18; T. 9. Foreback and breast, as well as head and neck, purple, only rump and lower belly greenish blue; ♀ blacker both above and below than ♂ of 513. Notes. Tchack, and a greater variety of squeaky calls and hoarse whistles than are uttered by No. 513.

Range.—Eastern Texas and south into Mexico.

486. American Raven (Corvus corax sinuatus). L. 24; W. 16; B. 2.7. Ads. Resembling No. 488, in color but glossier below and with the feathers of throat narrow and lengthened; nape feathers gray at base. Notes. A hoarse, croaking, craack-craack, sometimes a deep, grunting koeer-koeer; a clucking, and a metallic klunk. (Bendire.)

Range.—Western North America, from Guatemala north to British Columbia; east to the Rockies, west to Pacific.

486a. Northern Raven (C. c. principalis). Similar to No. 486, but larger, L. 25; W. 17; B. 3.

Range.—Eastern North America, from mountains of northern Georgia and coast of Maine, north to Greenland; west to the Rocky Mountains.

487. White-necked Raven (Corvus cryptoleucus). L. 18.5. Ads. Blue-black; feathers of throat narrow and lengthened and with feathers of neck all around, white at the base. Notes. Kwank-kwank, less loud and penetrating than those of No. 486. (Bendire.)

Range.—Northern Mexico, north to western Kansas, eastern Colorado (rarely), and southern California; east to western Texas.

488. American Crow (Corvus americanus). L. 19.3; W. 12.1; B. 2.00. Black with steel-blue or deep, purplish reflections; below duller, neck feathers not lengthened. Notes. Caw, caw, with many variations; song, car-r-r-uck, oo-oo-oo-oo-ah.

488a. Florida Crow (C. a. pascuus). Similar to No. 488, but wings and tail somewhat shorter, bill and feet slightly larger, W. 12; T. 7.3; B. 2.1.

Range.—Florida.

489. Northwest Crow (Corvus caurinus). Similar to No. 488 in color but smaller; L. 16; W. 11; B. 1.7.

Range.—Northwest coast, from Oregon to Kadiak Island, Alaska.

490. Fish Crow (Corvus ossifragus). L. 16; W. 11; B. 1.5. Ads. Resemble No. 488, in color, but back feathers are uniform blue-black without dull margins; underparts are nearly as bright as upperparts. Notes. A hoarse, nasal, reedy car resembling the call of the young of No. 488.

Range.—Atlantic coast north to Connecticut, (casually Massachusetts), west along Gulf coast to Louisiana; resident, except at northern limit of range.