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Colouration in Animals and Plants

Chapter 113: [101]
By Alfred Tylor
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Nature/Gardening/AnimalsScience - Biology

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The author examines the origins and principles of colouration across animals and plants, arguing that decorative patterns arise from structural and functional organization: pigments in transparent forms are applied to organs and the same primitive principles persist in opaque tissues. He proposes a law of emphasis whereby function-localized coloring concentrates, and shows how symmetry and repetition follow from like parts being similarly decorated. The text surveys colour perception, spots and stripes, mimicry and seasonal varieties, and details colouration in protozoa, coelenterates, arthropods, vertebrates and plants, while considering inherited memory as a factor shaping patterns and concluding with general principles illustrated by plates.

GLOSSARY.

INDEX.

  PAGE
Abyla 63
Acanthometra 57
Actinea Cari, varieties of 66
—— mesembryanthemum 54
Acanthostratus 57
Actinozoa 51, 52
Æschna 77
Agalma breve 64
Agrion puella 77
Aiptasia mutabilis 67
Albinism in butterflies 79
Alcyonariæ 54
Allman, Prof., on Hydroids 59, 60
"Alps and Sanctuaries" quoted 36
Amœba 56
Amphibia 89
Amphilonche 57
Andres, Dr., on Hydrozoa 65
Anemonia sulcata 67
Anemones, Sea 52
Animals and Plants, origin of 36
—— classification of 49
Anœchtochilus 95
Anteater 93
Anthocaris belemia 41
—— belia 42
—— cardamines 41, 42
—— euphemoides 43
—— eupheno 42
—— simplonia 42
Apatura iris 46
—— larvæ of 81
Arachnida 82
Araschnia Levana 43, 45
—— porima 43, 45, 79
—— prorsa 43, 45
Arctia 69
Arachnocorys 57
Argus Pheasant 6, 39, 91
Argynnis Lathonia 69
Armadillo 84
Arthropoda, colouration of 85
Ascidians 35
Automatic habits 9
Arthorybia rosacea 64
Badger 93
Begonia 95
Birds, colouration of 89
—— of Paradise 90
Biston betularia 79
Black and White, production of 28
Blackwell, J., on British Spiders 82
Blatta 14
Bougainvillea 16
Bower Birds 5
Bunodes crassicornis 54
—— gemmaceus, varieties of 66
—— rigidus 67
Burnet Moths 5, 69
Butler S., on inherited memory 9, 10, 11, 15
—— on origin of animals and plants 36
Butterflies, albinism in 79
—— classification of 74
—— sense organs of 30
—— varieties of 77
Caladium 95
Calathea 96
Calycophoridæ 63
Carcinus mœnas 4
Carcinus mœnas 4
Carpocanium 57
Cats, colouration of 17, 92
—— recognising form 32
Caterpillars, colours of 81
—— spiracular markings 22
Cephalopoda 87
Cerithium 86
Char 88
Chlorophyll in hydra 59
Cicada 77
Cladococeus 57
Classification of animals 49
—— of butterflies 74
Cœlenterata 20
—— colouration in 51
Cœlodendrum 57
Cœnonympha davus 79
—— pamphilus 79
Cœnosarc 55
Coleus 95
Colour and form 32
—— and transparency 53
—— epidermal 72
—— following structure 83, 91
—— hypodermal 53, 73
—— nature of 25
—— of day-and-night flying insects 47, 69
—— opaque 53
—— perception of 5, 23, 25, 32
—— uniform, why rare 28
Colouration 3
—— laws of 21, 51
—— of desert animals 4
—— of arthropoda 85
—— of cœlenterata 51, 59
—— of insects 68
—— of invertebrata 49
—— of molluscs 85
—— of plants 94
—— of protozoa 51
—— of spiders 82
—— of vertebrata 88
—— sexual 5
—— varieties of 3
Contour feathers 91
Conus 86
Coppinia arcta 60
Corallium rubrum 54
Corals 54
Correlation of teeth and hair 94
Corynida 52
Cowries 86
Crab, shore 4
Croton 46
Cuttle-fishes 19, 87
Cyllo leda 45
Cynthia cardui 68
Cypræa 86
Cyrtidosphæra 57
Dallas, W. S., on butterflies 71
Danais 72
—— niavius 30, 80
Darwin, C. 1, 2, 5, 9, 11, 14, 45, 47, 94
Darwin, Dr. E., cited 37
Deer 92
Deformity, antipathy to 32
Deilephila Euphorbiæ 81
—— galii 81
Descent with modification 1
Desert animals, colour of 4
Dictyoceras 57
Dictyophimus 57
Diphyes 63
Disease, markings in 39, 44
Distant, W. L., on Malayan butterflies 80
Distinctive Colouration 3
Dogs recognising portraits 32
Dracæna ferrea 96
Elephant, increase of 2
Engelmann on Euglena 34
Epidermal colour 72
Eresus cinnabarinus 82
Eucecryphalus 57
Eucrytidium 57
Euglena viridis 34
Evolution 1-98
Eye-spots 45, 47
Fayrer, Sir W., on snakes 89
Feathers 91
Fishes, colours of 88
Foal, stripes on 46
Foraminiferæ 56
Fuller, W. J., on aquatic larvæ 77
Gamopetalous flowers 96
Gegenbaur's "Comparative Anatomy" cited 82
General colouration 3
Gloxinia 96
Gomphina 77
Gonepteryx Cleopatra 41, 42
—— rhamni 40, 42
Gonophores 52
Grapta interrogationis 79
Gregarinidæ 56
Guinea-fowl 91
Haagen, Dr., on colour 53, 72
Habits 8
Haeckel, Prof., on Radiolaria 57
Hair and teeth, correlation of 94
Hawk moths 69
Hebrides, colours of insects in 80
Heredity 2
Herpes 40, 93
Heteromorphism 78
Higgins, Rev. H. H. 39
Hoverer flies 84
Humming birds 90, 92
Hutchinson, Mr., on herpes 40
Huxley, Prof., on hydrozoa 63
Hydra viridis 59
Hydrida 59
Hydrozoa 51, 59
Hypodermal colour 53, 72
Identity of offspring and parent 11
Identity, personal 10
Inherited memory 8
Insects, colour in 68, 75
John Dory 89
Kallima inachus 30, 80
Kentish Glory Moth 30
Lamium galeobdolon 96
Lankester, Prof. Ray, on development of eyes 97
Large Copper Butterfly 68
Larvæ, colours of 45, 81
Laws of emphasis 21
—— exposure 18
—— heredity 2
—— multiplication 2
—— repetition 21, 22
—— structure 18
—— variation 2
Leaf-butterfly 16, 30
Leidy, Prof., on Rhizopoda 56
Leopard 17, 92
Leucophasia diniensis 41
—— sinapis 41
"Life and Habit" cited 9
Light, reflected 26
—— sensibility to 33
—— waves 25
Liminitis sibilla 43
Lion 17, 92
—— stripes on young 46
Lithocysts of hydroids 62
Lucernaria auricula 65
Lycæna dispar 68
Lycosa agretyca 83
—— allodroma 83
—— andrenivora 83
—— cambria 84
—— campestris 83
—— latitans 84
—— picta 84
—— piratica 84
—— rapax 83
Mackerel 88
Mactra 86
—— stultorum 87
Madrepores 54
Mammalia, colouration in 92
Margarita catenata 87
Measles 39
Medusæ 52, 65
Melanism in insects 79
Meldola, Prof. R., on Melanism 79
Melitæa artemis 43
—— athalia 43
Mimicry 3, 4
Mollusca 21
—— colouration in 85
Monstrosities, antipathy to 32
Morphinæ 72
Morpho 4
Murex 86
Muscles of insects 71
Nectarinea chloropygea 90
Newman, Mr., on varieties of butterflies 77
Newts 89
Nitzsch on feather-tracts 91
Nudibranchs 85
Nymphalidæ 74
Oak Egger Moth 30
Ocelli 47
Ocelot 93
Oliva 86
Opaque colouring 53
Organ-pipe coral 54
Origin of animals and plants 36
—— — species 1
Orthopœcilism 78
Oxen 94
Painted Lady Butterfly 68
Pangenesis 12
Papilio Ajax 79
—— machaon 43, 68, 76, 78
—— —— larva of 81
—— merope 30, 76, 80
—— nireus 14
—— podalirius 43
Paradisea Papuana 90
—— regia 90
—— speciosa 90
—— Wallacei 90
—— Wilsoni 90, 91
Pavetta Borbonica 96
Pecten 86
Pelargonium 96
Perch 88
Personal identity 10
Physalia 63
—— caravilla 64
—— pelagica 64
—— utriculus 64
Physophoridæ 63
Plaice 88
Plants and animals, origin of 36
—— colour in 95
Pneumatophores 63
Portuguese Man o' War 63
Protective resemblance 3
Protista 34
Protozoa 20
—— colouration in 51, 56
Python 89
Radiolaria 57
Rarity of uniform colour 28
Ray Lankester, Prof., on Ascidians 35
Red Admiral Butterfly 29
Repetition, effects of 8
Reptilia, colouration in 89
Resemblance, Protective 3
Rhizophora filiformis 64
Rhizopoda 56
Rhododendron 96
Ringlet Butterflies, eye-spots of 47
Roach 88
Romanes, Prof., cited 33, 34
Satyrus hyperanthus 79
Scales of insects, structure of 72
Scarlet Tiger Moth 5
Sea anemones 52
—— —— colours of 67
Seasonal dimorphism 70
Sea squirts 35
Segestria senoculata 83
Selection, sexual 5
Self-coloured flowers 28
Sense organs of Butterflies 30
Sertularidæ 63
Sexual colours 4
—— selection 5
—— dimorphism 70
Shell, Structure of 85
Shore Crab 4
Simple variation in Butterflies 77
Siphonophora 63
Small pox 39
Snakes, patterns of 89
Sollas, Prof., on Sponges 58
Soles 88
Sparassus smaragdulus 82
Species, origin of 1
Sphæronectes 63
Sphingidæ 45, 69
Spiders, structure and colour of 82
Spiracles of larvæ 22
Spondylus 86
Sponges 57
Spongida 57
Spongocyclia 57
Spots and Stripes 39
Stephanomia amphitridis 63
Struggle for existence 2
Sun-birds 90
Sus vittatus 46, 94
Sutton, Mr. Bland, on Herpes 40
Swallow-tailed Butterflies 68
Syncoryne pulchella 62
Systems of colouration 51
Teeth and Hair, correlation of 94
Thomisus cinereus 82
—— floricolens 82
Thomisus luctuosus 84
—— trux 82
Thrush, increase of 2
Tiger 17, 92
—— Moths 69
Tipula 33
Toucans 90, 92
Transparency and colour 53
Trigonia 86
Tubipora musica 54
Tubularida 59
Tylor, A., on Specific change 10
Vanessa Antiopa 76
—— atalanta 29, 43, 69
—— urticæ 77
Variation in insects 70
—— law of 2
—— simple, in Butterflies 77
Velella 52, 65
Vertebrata, colouration of 88
Viverridæ 94
Wallace, A. R., on sexual selection 5, 6, 14, 15
—— on colour 29
—— on abnormal structures 94
Warning colours 4
Wasps 84
Weir, J. Jenner, on variation in insects 78
Weismann, Dr., on Caterpillars 81
Wing of Butterfly, typical 70
—— patterns of 76
Woodpecker 91
Yellow Archangel 96
Zebra 92
Zygæna 69