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Commercial Law

Chapter 22: INDEX
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About This Book

The text explains foundational legal principles relevant to banking and commercial practice, aiming to equip bankers to recognize legal problems and know when to consult counsel. It systematically presents contract law, including mutual assent, consideration, performance, termination, and formation by correspondence. It analyzes agency and master and servant relations, partnership and corporate organization, and the transfer of stock. It treats personal and real property, estates and trusts, and duties of carriers and warehousemen. It explains negotiable instruments, basic torts and criminal liabilities, and other commercial topics. Practical orientation is emphasized through cited cases, examples, and guidance for avoiding litigation.

INDEX

  • Acceptance, 32
  • Accommodation Bills, 357
  • Accounting, 133
  • Adequacy of Consideration, 57
  • Administrators, 68, 340
  • Advertisements, 36
  • Agency, 122, 141
  • Agency, Irrevocable, 148
  • Airplanes, 12
  • Alteration, 72
  • Alteration of Written Contracts, 113
  • Aliens, 77, 84
  • Analysis of Indenture, 219
  • Anti-Trust Act, 206
  • Architect's Certificate, 87
  • Articles of Partnership, 175
  • Assault and Battery, 408
  • Assets, Division of, 186
  • Assets of Partnership, 186
  • Assignment of Duties, 107
  • Assignment of Future Claims, 110
  • Assignment of Rights, 106
  • Assignments, 105
  • Assignments, Forged, 242
  • Assignments, General, 425, 430
  • Assignments, Meaning of, 105
  • Assignments, Partial, 109
  • Assignments by Unauthorized Agent, 243
  • Assumption of Mortgage, 314
  • Attachment, 369, 374
  • Attachment of Stock, 248
  • Attorney, Powers of, 105, 125
  • Auction Sales, 39
  • Authority of Agent, 132
  • Avoidance, 81

  • Bailment, 262
  • Bank Accounting, 228
  • Bank Officers, Liability of, 226
  • Bank President, 227
  • Bankruptcy, 66, 95, 247, 428
  • Bankruptcy, Composition in, 437
  • Barred Debts, 64, 65
  • Beneficiary, 75
  • Bids, 40
  • Bilateral Contracts, 26, 108
  • Bills and Notes, 378
  • Bills of Exchange, 392
  • Bills of Lading, 270, 347
  • Blue Sky Laws, 229
  • Bonds, 216, 217
  • Breach of Contract, 92
  • Breach of Warranty, 281
  • Building Contracts, 87
  • Burglary, 422

  • Capacity, Lack of, 244
  • Capacity of Parties, 74, 77, 264
  • Carriers, 267, 344
  • Certificate of Architect, 88
  • Certificates, Forged, 241
  • Certificates, Unindorsed, 256
  • Certificates, Lost, 255
  • Chattels, 291
  • Chattels, Leases of, 291
  • Chattel Mortgage, 291
  • Checks, 112, 382
  • Claim, Liquidated, 59, 112
  • Claim, Proof of, 434
  • Claim, Unliquidated, 112
  • C. O. D., 270
  • Commercial Law, 7
  • Common Carriers, 344
  • Common Law, 9
  • Competition, Unfair, 457
  • Composition in Bankruptcy, 437
  • Composition with Creditors, 425
  • Conditional Contracts, 86
  • Conditional Promise, 35
  • Conditional Sales, 289
  • Conflict of Laws, 336, 458
  • Consideration, 57, 390
  • Consignments, 290
  • Construction of Wills, 334
  • Contract, Agency by, 125
  • Contract to Sell, 261
  • Contracts, 24, 299, 462
  • Contracts:
  • Bilateral, 26, 108
  • Breach of, 92
  • Building, 87
  • By Correspondence, 48
  • By Mail, 48
  • Definition of, 24
  • Discharge of, 110
  • Drafting, 114
  • Enforceability, 57
  • Formal, 25
  • Gambling, 102
  • Illegal, 101
  • Implied, 41
  • Informal, 25
  • In Restraint of Trade, 101
  • Installment, 91
  • Liquidated, 58, 59
  • Of Employment, 88
  • Performance, 86
  • Quasi, 115
  • Sealed, 27
  • Simple, 29
  • To Sell, 261
  • Termination, 86
  • Unenforceable, 26
  • Unilateral, 26
  • Unliquidated, 59
  • Void, 26, 81
  • Voidable, 26, 66, 78, 81
  • Written, 38, 72, 113
  • Contractors, 161
  • Contribution, 446
  • Contributory Negligence, 416
  • Conveyances, Fraudulent, 429
  • Copyright, 450
  • Corporations, 85, 86, 192
  • By-Laws, 207
  • Citizenship of, 196
  • Creation of, 194
  • De Facto, 201
  • De Jure, 201
  • Directors, 212
  • Foreign, 209
  • Indenture, 217
  • Joint Stock, 168
  • Kinds of, 194
  • Liability of, 205
  • Liability of Directors, 224
  • Liability of Officers, 224
  • Management of, 210
  • Powers of, 197, 221
  • Stockholders, 208
  • Correspondence, Contracts by, 48
  • Counter Offer, 43
  • Courts, 20, 21
  • Creation of Corporations, 194
  • Creditors' Rights, 186
  • Criminal Law, 205, 405, 419
  • Cumulative Dividends, 223
  • Cumulative Voting, 213
  • Curtesy, 300, 336

  • Death, 44, 375
  • Debts, 64, 65
  • Deceit, 412
  • Deeds of Trust, 317
  • De Facto Corporation, 201
  • Default, 301
  • Defective Goods, 282
  • Definition of Agency, 122
  • Definition of Contracts, 24
  • Definition of Law, 7
  • Definition of Partnership, 164
  • De Jure Corporation, 201
  • Delectus Personarum, 173
  • Delivery, 272, 388
  • Delivery, Lack of, 244
  • Destruction of Goods in Transit, 362
  • Directors, 212, 221
  • Directors, Election of, 212
  • Directors, Liability of, 224
  • Directors, Powers of, 197, 221
  • Disability, 124
  • Discharge of Contracts, 110
  • Dividends, 222
  • Divine Law, 7
  • Division of Assets, 186
  • Dower, 300, 335
  • Drafting Contracts, 114
  • Drafts, 381
  • Drunkards, 77, 79, 82
  • Due Course, Holders in, 383, 396
  • Duress, 99
  • Duties, Assignment of, 107

  • Easements, 14
  • Employment Contracts, 88
  • Enforceability of Contracts, 57
  • Equitable Title, 284
  • Equity of Redemption, 308
  • Entity Theory, 193
  • Estates and Trusts, 321
  • Escheat, 319
  • Estoppel, 128, 130
  • Executors, 68, 254, 340

  • Fact, Mistakes of, 100, 116
  • False Imprisonment, 414
  • Fidelity, 133
  • Fiduciary Duties, 104
  • Firm Name, 176
  • Firm Property, 186
  • Forbearance, 63
  • Foreclosure, 316
  • Foreign Corporations, 209
  • Forged Assignments, 242
  • Forged Certificates, 241
  • Forgery, 367, 423
  • Formal Contracts, 25
  • Forms:
  • Check, 382
  • Draft, 381
  • Promissory Note, 379
  • Will, 328
  • Fraud, 96, 97, 98, 99, 412
  • Frauds, Statute of, 67
  • Fraudulent Conveyances, 429
  • Fraudulent Sales, 285
  • Full Payment, 112
  • Future Claims, 110
  • Gambling Contracts, 102
  • Garnishment, 373
  • General Agents, 141
  • General Assignments, 425, 430
  • Gifts, 261, 293, 324, 376
  • Goodwill, 178
  • Guarantee, 36, 68, 440
  • Guaranty (see Guarantee).

  • Holder in Due Course, 383, 396
  • Homicide, 421
  • Husband and Wife, 249

  • Illegal Contracts, 101
  • Illegal Object, 172
  • Illegality, 104
  • Implied Authority, 137
  • Implied Contracts, 41
  • Implied Warranty, 277
  • Impossibility, 100
  • Imprisonment, False, 414
  • Inability, 94
  • Incapacity, 244
  • Indentures, 219
  • Independent Contractors, 161
  • Indorsement, Qualified, 399
  • Indorser, 398
  • Infancy, 66
  • Infants, 11, 20, 26, 66, 77, 78, 79
  • Informal Contracts, 25
  • Inheritance Tax Laws, 377
  • Insane, 80
  • Insanity, 44, 77, 79
  • Insolvency, 95
  • Insolvent Debtors, 425
  • Inspection, 273, 278
  • Installment Contracts, 91
  • Insurance, 86, 438
  • Insurance Policy, 36
  • Intent, 30
  • Interest, 466
  • Interpleader, 256
  • Interpretation, 155
  • Irrevocable Agencies, 148
  • Issue of Stock, 215

  • Joint Stock Corporations, 168

  • Knowledge of Illegality, 104

  • Lack of Capacity, 244
  • Lack of Delivery, 244
  • Lands, 69
  • Larceny, 423
  • Law, Common, 9
  • Law, Definition of, 7
  • Law of Partnership, 163
  • Law, Source of, 10
  • Law, Systems of, 9
  • Law, Where to Look for, 11
  • Lawrence v. Fox, 75
  • Lawyers, 17
  • Leases, 435
  • Leases of Chattels, 291
  • Legal Duty, 62
  • Legal Title, 284
  • Liability of Agent, 144
  • Liability of Bank Officers, 226
  • Liability of Directors, 224
  • Liability of Officers, 224
  • Liability of Partnership, 165
  • Libel, 409
  • Limitations, Statute of, 63
  • Limited, 190
  • Limited Partnership, 188
  • Liquidated Claims, 61, 112
  • Liquidated Contracts, 58, 59
  • Liquidation of Partnership, 188
  • Lost Certificates, 255

  • Magazine Subscription, 55
  • Mail Contracts, 48
  • Manslaughter, 422
  • Marriage, 69
  • Married Women, 82, 83
  • Master and Servant, 121, 149
  • Meeting of Stockholders, 208
  • Mistake, 100, 116
  • Misstatements of Opinion, 97
  • Moral Law, 7
  • Mortgage, Assumption of, 314
  • Mortgage Deed of Trust, 218
  • Mortgages, 291, 304
  • Mortgages, Chattel, 291

  • Necessaries, 80
  • Negligence, 281, 416
  • Negligence, Contributory, 416
  • Negligence of Agent, 160
  • Negotiable Instruments Act, 378
  • Negotiable Paper, 378, 465
  • Negotiability, 364, 380, 394, 403
  • Newspaper Subscriptions, 55
  • Non-Assignable Rights, 106
  • Novation, 108

  • Offer and Acceptance, 32, 51
  • Open Receipts, 371
  • Operation of Law, 147
  • Opinion, 97, 275
  • Options, 34, 35, 94
  • Oral Agreements, 38
  • Ownership of Stock, 240
  • Ownership, Rights of, 259

  • Part Payment, 65
  • Partial Assignments, 109
  • Parties, Capacity of, 74, 77, 264
  • Partner by Estoppel, 171
  • Partner, Powers of, 177
  • Partner, Secret, 190
  • Partner, Silent, 190
  • Partnership, 163, 188
  • Past Consideration, 61
  • Patents, 448
  • Performance, 87
  • Performance Excused, 87
  • Performance of Contracts, 86
  • Performance, Specific, 303
  • Personal Property, 258, 259
  • Photographs, 15
  • Power of Attorney, 105, 125
  • Powers of Corporations, 197, 221
  • Powers of Partners, 177
  • Preferences, 430
  • Principal and Agent, 121
  • Principal, Liability of, 142
  • Principal, Rights of, 142
  • Principal Undisclosed, 141
  • Privilege, 411
  • Probate of Wills, 331
  • Promise, Conditional, 35
  • Promise to Marry, 69
  • Promissory Note, 379
  • Promoters, 202
  • Property, Personal, 258, 259
  • Property, Real, 259, 276, 298
  • Proof of Claims, 434
  • Prospectus, 230
  • Protest, 401
  • Proxy, 144, 214

  • Qualified Indorsements, 399
  • Quasi Contracts, 115

  • Railroad Commissions, 345
  • Ratification, 81, 128, 142
  • Real Estate, 69, 298
  • Real Property, 259, 276, 298
  • Receipt in Full, 113
  • Receipt of Acceptance, 53
  • Receipts, 59
  • Receipts, Trust, 355
  • Receipts, Warehouse, 370
  • Receiverships, 430
  • Reimbursement, 136
  • Rejection, 42, 43
  • Releases, 59
  • Renunciation, 113, 147
  • Repudiation, 95
  • Restraint of Trade, 101
  • Revival of Debts, 66
  • Revocation, 42, 146, 330
  • Rewards, 46
  • Rights, Non-Assignable, 106
  • Rights of Ownership, 259
  • Robbery, 424

  • Safe Deposit Companies, 372
  • Sale of Goods, 71
  • Sales Act, 287
  • Sales, Fraudulent, 285
  • Sales of Land, 69
  • Sales of Personal Property, 260
  • Sealed Contracts, 27
  • Sealed Powers of Attorney, 126
  • Seals, 27
  • Searches, Title, 319
  • Secret Partner, 190
  • Securities, 231
  • Self-Defense, 409
  • Set-Off, 436
  • Servant, Master and, 121, 149
  • Service of Agent, 132
  • Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 206
  • Shipper's Load and Count, 361
  • Side Compensation, 134
  • Silence Gives Consent, 53
  • Silent Partners, 190
  • Simple Contracts, 29
  • Slander, 409
  • Source of Law, 10
  • Special Agents, 141
  • Spent Bills, 363
  • Specific Performance, 303
  • Statute of Frauds, 67
  • Statute of Limitations, 63
  • Stock, Attachment of, 248
  • Stock Certificate, Theft of, 244
  • Stock, Dividends on, 222
  • Stock Held in Trust, 250
  • Stock, Issue of, 215
  • Stock, Ownership of, 240
  • Stock, Power to Sell, 251
  • Stock, Transfer of, 238
  • Stockholders, 208
  • Stoppage in Transit, 284
  • Surety Companies, 446
  • Suretyship, 440
  • Systems of Law, 9

  • Tenders, 40
  • Termination of Agency, 145, 147
  • Termination of Contract, 86
  • Termination of Partnership, 185
  • Termination of Offer, 44, 45
  • Testamentary Capacity, 325
  • Theft of Stock Certificate, 244
  • Title, 265, 276
  • Title Searches, 319
  • Torrens Law, 317
  • Torts, 142, 205, 405
  • Torts of Agent, 142
  • Trade Marks, 456
  • Trade Names, 456
  • Trade, Restraint of, 101
  • Transit, Goods in, 362
  • Transit, Stoppage in, 284
  • Transfer of Property, 96
  • Transfer of Stock, 238
  • Trust, Deeds of, 317
  • Trust Receipts, 355
  • Trustee, 250, 251, 252, 253, 340
  • Trustee in Bankruptcy, 432
  • Trusts, 339
  • Trusts, Voting, 215

  • Ultra Vires, 199
  • Unauthorized Assignment, 243
  • Unconditional Promise, 385
  • Undue Influence, 99
  • Undisclosed Principal, 141
  • Unenforceable Contracts, 26
  • Unfair Competition, 457
  • Uniform Partnership Act, 164
  • Uniform Transfer of Stock, 238
  • Unilateral Contracts, 26
  • Unindorsed Certificate, 256
  • Unliquidated Claim, 112
  • Unliquidated Contracts, 59
  • Use of Language, 51
  • Usury, 466

  • Vendor's Lien, 304
  • Void Contracts, 26, 81
  • Voidable Contracts, 26, 66, 78, 81
  • Voting Trusts, 215

  • Warehouse Receipts, 370
  • Warehousemen, 344
  • Warehouses, 344
  • Warranty, 144, 274
  • Warranty, Breach of, 281
  • Warranty, Implied, 277
  • Warranty of Agent, 144
  • Wife, Husband and, 249
  • Wills, 322
  • Witnessed Power of Attorney, 126
  • Workmen's Compensation Act, 154
  • Writing, 67, 72
  • Written Contracts, 38, 72, 113
  • Written Contracts, Alteration of, 113