FOOTNOTES
[1] Prof. D. C. Gilman, of Yale College.
[2] Meteors, which are nightly visible, are different from the periodic phenomena, seen in August and November, in different localities over the earth, and called falling stars. These exist outside of our atmosphere, and belong not to the earth, but rather to the great solar system.
[3] The English does not convey adequately, certainly as idiomatic English, the fullness of the German classes, Berge, Vorberge, Hochgeberge, Alpen, and Riesenberge.
[4] Not inappropriately has geology been called the Anatomy of mountain ranges. The more mountains are studied geologically, the more safe become the conclusions that are drawn from them. The smaller and more scattered ridges of central Europe have become the chief quarries for geological discovery, because of the rich variety which they afford to the student, and also because of their accessibility.
[5] In exact correspondence with the historic progress of upheaval is the internal and external aspect of the result. In direct connection with the extent, course, grandeur, succession of oceanic and volcanic forces, and in constructing new geological formations, is the inexhaustible variety of structure, in respect to continuity, degrees of fracture, as well as the more or less rich prodigality of mineral treasure brought to light. The later formations—the masses injected to fill up huge chasms opened by volcanic pressure from below—are easily distinguished from the primitive formation. These courses are usually the depositories of minerals, which the great internal heat has apparently sublimated and crystallised, giving us our gold-sand, rock-salt, and the precious metals.
[6] See Fr. Hoffman’s Uebersicht der orographischen und geognostischen Verhältnisse des nordwestlichen Deutschland. Introduction.
[7] This paper may be found in my earlier translation from Ritter. Geographical Studies, page 177.—Ed.