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Computers—the machines we think with cover

Computers—the machines we think with

Chapter 59: Index
By D. S. Halacy
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Engineering & Technology

About This Book

A concise overview traces the development of electronic computing from early mechanical aids through modern electronic machines, explains core technical concepts such as analog versus digital, binary logic, and electronic components, and describes how computers operate. It surveys practical applications in science, industry, government, finance, communications, automation, and transportation, and considers emerging roles in control systems, translation, and design. The closing sections examine academic uses and prospects for future miniaturization, automation, and broader social and economic impacts.

Index

  • Abacus, 5, 21, 22, 60, 85, 129, 178, 181
  • Abstracting computer, 245, 248
  • Accuracy
    • analog computer, 82
    • digital computer, 87
  • Ackerman, 110
  • ADAM computer, 258
  • Adaptive principle, 205
  • Adders, 107, 108, 115
  • Adding machine, 129
  • Addition, computer, 106
  • Address, computer, 63
  • Advertising, use of computer, 180
  • AID, 183, 184
  • AIEE, 254
  • Aiken, 46
  • Air Force, 6, 132, 133, 151, 160, 182, 225
  • Airborne computer, 90, 154, 158, 162
  • AiResearch Mfg. Co., 69
  • Airline reservations, computer, 58, 183, 184
  • Algebra, Boolean, 8, 110, 119
  • Alpha rhythm, 126
  • Alphanumeric code, 104
  • American Premium Systems, Inc., 175
  • Analog computer, 21, 45, 72, 74, 80, 125, 203
    • direct, 76, 79
    • direct-current, 76
    • discrete, 80
    • indirect, 76, 79
    • mechanical differential analyzer, 76
    • scaling, 76
  • Analytical engine, 36, 37
  • AND gate, 112, 113, 117, 119
  • Antikythera computer, 25
  • Apollo computer, 182
    • space vehicle, 169
  • Applications, digital computer, 92
  • A priori concept, 126, 135
  • APT computer, 209
  • Aquinas, St. Thomas, 235
  • Arabic numbers, 23
  • Archytas, 25
  • Arithmetic unit, computer, 51, 60
  • Aristotle, 26
  • Aristotelian logic, 109
  • Arizona Journal, 179
  • Army, U. S., 21, 78, 146, 259
  • Ars Magna, 28, 29
  • ARTOC, 157
  • Artron, 136
  • Ashby, W. Ross, 51, 124, 128, 251
  • ASC computer, 155
  • Associated Press computer system, 177
  • Asynchronous computer, 255
  • Athena computer, 52
  • Atlas missile, 4, 168
  • Atlas-Centaur missile, 169
  • Atomic Energy Commission, U. S., 149
  • Automatic
  • Automation, 26, 80, 173, 181, 201, 202, 203, 211, 217
  • Automaton, 26
  • Auto-parking, use of computer, 178
  • Autonetics, 207
  • AUTOPROMPT computer, 210
  • AUTOTAG, 156
  • AutoTutor teaching machine, 213, 225
  • B-29, 45, 77, 82
  • Babbage, 5, 35, 37, 41, 51
  • Babylonian arithmetic, 23
  • Ballistic computer, 83
  • Banking, 1, 172, 173
  • Bar Association, American, 152, 249
  • Battelle Memorial Institute, 195
  • Batten, Barton, Durstine, & Osborn, 180
  • Bell Telephone Laboratories, 4, 147, 241
  • Bendix Corp., 182, 190, 218
  • Bendix G-15 computer, 183, 188
  • Bernal, J. D., 264
  • Bernstein, Alex, 141
  • Bettelheim, Bruno, 144
  • BIAX memory units, 10
  • Bierce, Ambrose, 43, 121
  • BINAC computer, 7, 47
  • Binary, 98
  • Bionics, 7, 132, 135, 255
  • BIRDIE, 259
  • Birds, counting, 18
  • Bit, 55, 104
  • “Black box” concept, 50, 115
  • BLADES system, 191
  • Block diagram, 58
  • BMEWS, 159
  • Boeing Airplane Co., 186
  • Boltzmann equation, 158
  • Bomarc missile, 186
  • Book of Contemplation, 27
  • Book of Knowledge, 6, 226
  • Boole, George, 38, 110
  • Boolean algebra, 38, 110, 119
  • Bradbury, Ray, 153, 257
  • Brain, 121
  • Brain
  • BRAINIAC computer, 88, 117
  • Britton, Lionel, 121
  • Buffer
    • computer, 55
    • lexical, 238
  • Buildings, automation of, 217
  • Burack, Benjamin, 44
  • Bureau of Mines, U. S., 189
  • Bureau of Ships, U. S., 255
  • Burke, Edmund, 32
  • Burkhart, William, 45
  • Bush, Vannevar, 13, 45, 76
  • Business, computer in, 171
  • Business management, use of computer, 12, 143
  • Butler, Samuel, 32, 33, 121, 252, 268
  • CALCULO computer, 75
  • Calculus Ratiocinator, 109
  • Calendars as computers, 24
  • California Institute of Technology, 169
  • Cancer Society, American, 193
  • Candide, 30
  • Capek, Karel, 43, 121, 215
  • Caplin, Mortimer, 150
  • Carroll, Lewis, 38, 118
  • CDC 1604 computer, 165
  • Celanese Corp. of America, 207
  • Celestial simulator, 85
  • Census, 41
  • Census Bureau, U. S., 149
  • Chain circuit, 127
  • Characteristica Universalis, 109
  • Charactron tube, 66
  • Checkers (game), 8, 143
  • Checking, computer, 60
  • Checkout computer, 183
  • Chemical Corp., 249
  • Chess, 8, 9, 16, 35, 99, 142, 156
  • Circuit
    • chain, 127
    • delay-line, 63
    • flip-flop, 63, 115
    • molecular, 9, 253
    • printed, 62
    • reverberation, 128
  • Clapp, Verner, 248
  • Clarke, Arthur C., 265
  • CLASS teaching machine system, 226-228
  • Clock, 20, 24, 56, 85
  • COBOL language, 234
  • Code, computer
  • Color computer, 4
  • Commercial Art, 175
  • Commission on Professional and Hospital Activity, 194
  • Communication, use of computers, 179
  • Computer
  • Computer Control Co., 260
  • Conjunctive operation, 37, 51, 110
  • Consciousness, 144, 145, 267
  • Continuous analog computer, 80
  • Continuous digital computer, 80
  • Continuous quantity, 73
  • Control, computer, 51, 56
  • Control Data Corp., 194
  • Conversion
    • analog-to-digital, 74
    • digital-to-analog, 74
  • Converters, 94
  • Cook, William W., 29
  • Copland, Aaron, 11, 196
  • Cornell Medical College, 123
  • Cornell University, 133
  • Corrigan Communications, 231
  • Council on Library Resources, 248
  • Counting
    • Australian, 20
    • birds, 18
    • boards, 20
    • digital, 84
    • machines, 20
    • man, 19
    • modulo-, 97, 101
  • Credit card, 13, 256
  • Cryogenics, 70
    • components, 63
  • Cryotron, 9, 88, 141, 254, 255
  • Cybertron, 135, 139
  • Cyborg, 265
  • Daedalus, 18
  • Darwin, Charles, 32, 137, 252
  • Data
  • Daystrom, Inc., 211
  • Dead Sea Scrolls, 235
  • Decimal system, 19
  • Decision-making, 91
  • Defense, use of computer, 259
  • Delay-line circuit, 63
  • DeMorgan, Augustus, 38, 110, 115
  • Department of Commerce, U. S., 149, 221
  • Department of Defense, U. S., 148, 234
  • Design, use of computer, 14, 172, 186, 268
  • Desk calculator, 51
  • Diagnostic use of computer, 194
  • Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratory, U. S. Army, 69
  • Dictionary, computer, 49, 50
  • DIDAK teaching machine, 224
  • Difference engine, 5, 35
  • Digiflex trainer, 225
  • Digital computer, 18, 45, 73, 84, 125, 203
  • Digital differential analyzer, 94
  • Digitronics, 236
  • Discrete quantity, 73
  • Disjunctive operation, 110
  • Division, computer, 107
  • Dodgson, Charles L., 38
  • Do-it-yourself computer, 75, 88, 117, 147
  • Douglas Aircraft Co., 65
  • Dow Chemical Corp., 208
  • Du Pont Corp., 208
  • Dunsany, Lord, 108
  • Eccles-Jordan circuit, 47
  • Eckert, J. Presper, 47, 85
  • EDGE computer system, 185
  • Education, use of computers, 219
  • Elan vital, 127
  • Election, use of computers, 150
  • Electric Questionnaire, 133
  • Electric utilities, use of computers, 93, 208
  • Electrical-analog computer, 75
  • Electrical logic machine, 44
  • Electronic computers, 1, 46, 122, 151
  • Elephant, compared with computer, 56
  • Encyclopedia Britannica, 6, 226
  • ENIAC computer, 7, 40, 46, 85, 215
  • Erewhon, 32, 121
  • ERMA computer, 173
  • Ernst, Heinrich, 132, 215
  • Euler, 142, 143, 163
  • EURATOM, 158
  • Family tree, computer, 86
  • Farnsworth Car Pool logic problem, 116, 118
  • Farrington Electronics, Inc., 240
  • Federal Aviation Authority, 149, 161
  • Federal Government, 148
  • Feedback principle, 36, 204
  • Fein, Louis, 260
  • Fermat’s theorem, 56
  • Ferranti, Ltd., 182
  • Ferrite cores, 9, 63, 131, 253
  • FIELDATA computer family, 157
  • FINDER computer system, 161
  • Finn, James D., 224
  • Flexibility of digital computer, 89
  • Flight simulator, 83
  • Flip-flop
  • Floating-point arithmetic, 108
  • Flow chart, computer, 58, 59
  • Flyball governor, 36, 203
  • Fluid computer, 70
  • Food Machinery Corp., 249
  • Ford Instrument Co., 42
  • Forrester, J. W., 199
  • Fortune, 245
  • Frankenstein, 42, 212
  • Freed, Roy, 152
  • Free learning, 7
  • Freight trains controlled by computer, 211
  • Game-playing, 8, 12, 143
  • Gaming theory, 92
  • Gardner, Martin, 140
  • GE 210 computer, 172
  • GE 225 computer, 245
  • General Dynamics Corp., 169, 183, 256
  • General Electric Co., 10, 45, 67, 76, 77, 79, 171, 172, 240
  • General Motors Corp., 218
  • General Precision, Inc., 69
  • General-purpose computer, 81, 85, 191
  • Gestalt principle, 241
  • Giant Brain, 121
  • Gigacycle computer, 254
  • Gilfillan Radio, 67
  • Glenn, John, 3
  • Go (game), 143
  • Goal-seeking behavior, 124
  • Gödel, Kurt, 135
  • “Golem,” 27
  • Goodrich Tire & Rubber Co., 188
  • Goodyear
    • Aircraft Corp., 77
    • Tire & Rubber Co., 208
  • Goren, Charles, 226
  • Government, 258, 263
  • Greek numbers, 23
  • Grieg, 11
  • Grimaldi, 99
  • Gulliver’s Travels, 30
  • Half-adder, 107, 115
  • Hamilton, Sir William, 109
  • “Hand” computer, 132, 214, 215
  • Handwriting reader, 241
  • Harcourt-Brace, 226
  • Harvard Business Review, 171, 172
  • Harvard University, 132, 217, 224
  • Hawkeye aircraft computer, 162
  • Heath, D. C., and Co., 226
  • HAYSTAQ, 249
  • Heikolator computer, 195
  • Hero, 18
  • Heuristics, 56, 142
  • High-school computer training, 15, 220
  • High-temperature susceptibility, 69
  • Hilbert, David, 110
  • Hiller, Lejaren A., Jr., 197
  • Hindu numbers, 23
  • HIPO system, 195
  • Hippo problem, 155
  • Hoffman Electronics Corp., 267
  • Holland, James, 224
  • Hollerith coding, 42
  • Hollerith, Herman, 2, 41, 54, 148
  • Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 109
  • Homeostat, 124
  • Homer, 26, 47
  • Hood, H. P. & Sons, 206
  • Hoover Commission, 149
  • Hourglass, 24
  • Household computer, 15, 257
  • Hughes Aircraft Co., 203, 215, 222
  • Hugo, Victor, 251
  • Hybrid computer, 80, 84, 92
  • IBM cards, 41
  • IBM 704 computer, 8
  • IBM 1401 computer, 175
  • IBM 1620 computer, 177
  • IBM 7074 computer, 175
  • Icarus, 18
  • Ice cream, computer-made, 206
  • ILLIAC computer, 197
  • “Illiac Suite,” 196, 197
  • Iliad, 26, 235
  • India, chess legend, 99
  • Industrial Advertising Research Institute, 180
  • Industrial revolution, 173
  • Industry, 181
  • “Inflexible Logic,” 32
  • Information explosion, 245
  • Information retrieval, 14, 243, 246, 247
  • Input, computer, 51, 54, 125
  • Instamatic computer system, 183
  • Insurance, use of computer, 92, 173
  • Intellectronics, 258, 262
  • Intelligence, 124, 135
  • Interagency Data Processing Committee, 148
  • Internal Revenue Department, U. S., 150
  • International Air Transport Association, 235
  • International Association of Machinists, 218
  • International Business Machines Corp., 69, 237, 247, 255
  • Interlingua, 237
  • Inventory, 176, 185
  • Inverter, 114, 119
  • IRE, 170
  • Isaacson, L. M., 197
  • Jacquard, Joseph M., 4, 34, 41, 54, 202, 242
  • Jet engine simulator, 78
  • Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 169
  • Jevons, William S., 40
  • JOHNNIAC computer, 11, 47, 129, 140, 142
  • Johnson’s Wax Co., 178
  • Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 188, 189, 205
  • Journalistor, 64, 252
  • Kalin, Theodore, 45, 135
  • Kalin-Burkhart machine, 45
  • Kane, Sydney, 193
  • Kant, Immanuel, 135
  • Kelvin, Lord, 75
  • Kelvin wheels, 76
  • Khayyám, Omar, 108
  • KNXT, television station, 179
  • Kresge Eye Institute, 195
  • Kyoto University, 243
  • Lamb, Sydney, 238
  • Language, computer, 233
  • LARC computer, 47, 162, 191
  • Law, 232
  • Law Institute, American, 152
  • Learning, 123
  • Learning, Inc., 226
  • Leibnitz, Gottfried, 24, 29, 85, 99, 109, 120
  • Lenkurt Electric Co., Inc., 190
  • LGP-30 computer, 198
  • Library, use of computers, 231
  • Limitations of computers, 89
  • Lincoln Laboratory, 124
  • Lindgren, Astrid, 3
  • Literature, computers in, 30
  • Litton Industries, 128
  • Livanov, M., 133
  • Lockheed Aircraft Corp., 185, 248
  • Logarithms, 30
  • Logic, 38, 90, 108, 229
  • Logical algebra, 40, 108
    • piano, 40
  • Loom, Jacquard, 34
  • Loy, W. D., 23
  • Luhn, H. P., 247
  • Lull, Ramon, 27, 28, 122
  • Lull’s wheel, 28
  • Machine Design, 180
  • Machine shop, use of computers, 209
  • Machine Translations, Inc., 239
  • MAD, computer language, 220
  • Maelzel chess automaton, 35
  • Magic squares, 142
  • Magnetic cores, 64
  • Magnetic disc, 63
  • Magnetic drum, 63
  • Magnetic films, 88, 255
  • Magnetic ink, 3, 240
  • Magnetic tape, 55
  • Majority rule checking, 60
  • Malin, David, 220, 221
  • Maloney, Russell, 32
  • Management games, 199
  • MANIAC computer, 47, 156, 165
  • Man-machine relationship, 258
  • Mark I computer, 46, 219
  • Marquand, Allan, 40, 44
  • Matsuzake, Kiyoshi, 21
  • Mauchly, John, 47, 85
  • Mayans, 24, 97
  • McCarthy, John, 170
  • McDonnell Aircraft Corp., 186
  • McDonough, James, 235
  • McDougall, W., 124
  • McGraw-Hill Book Co., 226
  • Mechanical-relay, 122
  • Mediation principle, 102
  • Medical diagnosis, 257
  • Medical Research Foundation, American, 193
  • Medical use of computers, 193
  • MEDLARS system, 194
  • Memex computer, 13
  • “Memistor,” 137
  • Memory computer, 51, 63, 254
    • BIAX, 10
    • MIND, 137
    • molecular, 64
    • scratch-pad, 63
    • unit, 62
  • Mercury space capsule, 168, 249
  • Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, 236
  • Michigan State University, 151
  • MICR, 240
  • “Mill,” computer, 38, 51, 60
  • MIND memory unit, 137
  • Minneapolis-Honeywell Co., 162, 206, 208, 216
  • Minimax theory, 156
  • Minuteman missile, 4, 137, 168
  • MIPS computer, 159
  • MIT, 44, 169, 209, 215, 220
  • Mobot, 145, 215, 216, 266
  • MOBIDIC computer, 157
  • Modeling principle, 83
  • Modular approach, 115, 116
  • Molecular block memory, 64
  • Molecular circuit, 9, 253
  • Molecular electronics, 9
  • Monsanto Chemical Corp., 208
  • “Mooer’s” Law, 245
  • Morse code, 99
  • Mozart, 11, 197
  • Multiplication
    • computer, 61, 107
    • Russian peasant, 103
  • MUSE computer, 48
  • Music, 11, 92, 196, 257
  • Nanosecond, 61
  • NANWEP, 165
  • Napier, John, 30
  • “Napier’s bones,” 30
  • National Library of Medicine, 194
  • NASA, 149
  • National Bureau of Standards, 94, 239, 249, 258
  • National Cash Register Co., The, 240
  • National Science Foundation, 158, 249
  • Navigation, use of computer, 182
  • Navy, U. S., 162
  • Negation principle, 113, 114
  • Neuristor, 137
  • Neurons
  • Newell, Allen, 141, 251
  • Newton, Isaac, 30
  • New York University, 194, 220
  • Nike missile, 119, 157, 191
  • Nim (game), 8, 143
  • NORAD, 3, 160, 258
  • North American Aviation Corp., 65, 185
  • Numbers
    • cuneiform, 23
    • Arabic, 23
    • Babylonian, 23
    • binary, 55
    • discrete, 73
    • Greek, 23
    • Hindu, 23
    • pure binary, 102, 104
    • Roman, 23, 97
  • Numerical control, 210
  • Numerical weather prediction, 163
  • Odyssey, 235
  • Ohio State University, 222
  • On-line computers, 81, 205
  • On-stream computers, 83, 207
  • On the Origin of Species, 32
  • Operant reinforcement, 223
  • Operations research, 36, 155, 256
  • Optical scanning, 240
  • OR gate, 112, 113, 117, 119
  • Outline of Psychology, 124
  • Output, computer, 51, 65, 125
  • Packaging density, 9, 140
  • Paper tape, 54
  • Papermaking, 209
  • Paradox, 45
  • Parallel addition, 107
  • Parallel operation, 126
  • Parametron, 255
  • Parity bit checking, 105
  • Parrish, Stephen Maxfield, 235
  • Pascal, Blaise, 30, 85
  • Patent Office, U. S., 249
  • Pauling, Linus, 7, 268
  • Pavlov, 133
  • Peace Corps, 149, 258
  • Peale, Mundy, 125
  • PEP system, 186
  • Perceptron, 7, 8, 134, 135
  • PERT system, 186
  • Petroleum industry, 208
  • Philadelphia Electric Co., 208
  • Philco Corp., 240
  • Phillips Petroleum Co., 207
  • Phonetic typewriter, 56
  • Picatinny Arsenal, 157
  • Pierce, John R., 147, 197
  • Pitt, William, 39
  • Plato, 25, 30
  • PLATO computer system, 25, 226
  • Player-piano, 54, 68
  • “Plot Genii,” 29
  • Plotto, 29
  • Pneumatic buffering, 69
  • Pneumatic capacitor, 69
  • Pneumatic computer, 54, 68, 69
  • Pneumatic diode, 69
  • Pneumatic flip-flop, 69
  • Pneumatic inductor, 69
  • Poetry computer, 144
  • Polaris missile, 4, 162, 168
  • Polymorphic data-processing, 264
  • Post office, 55, 149, 225
  • Potentiometers, 76
  • Predictive analysis, 238
  • Predictive control, 205
  • Prentice-Hall, Inc., 226
  • President, 16, 258
  • Pressey, Sydney, 222
  • Prices, computer, 5, 48, 147
  • Primitive equations, 163
  • Principia Mathematica, 110
  • Printed-circuit, 62
  • Printers, 65, 66
  • Prison, use of computers, 221
  • Problem-solving computer, 140, 143
  • Process control, 83
  • Procter & Gamble, 249
  • Program, 52, 226
  • Programmer, 55, 56, 103, 104, 128, 233
  • Programming, 36, 55
  • Psychological Matrix Rotation Computer, 78, 94
  • Public Health Service, U. S., 194
  • Pueblo Indians, 97
  • Punched cards, 2, 34, 41, 42, 43, 54
  • Purdue University, 76, 220
  • Pure binary, 102, 104
  • Q-5 computer, 77
  • Radcliffe College, 224
  • Radiation effects, 69
  • RAMAC computer, 150, 151, 198, 199
  • Ramo, Simon, 258, 262
  • Rand Corp., 11, 129
  • Random-access memory, 63, 131
  • Random net, 136
  • Range Keeper Mark I computer, 42
  • RAYDAC computer, 260
  • Raytheon Co., 135, 136
  • RCA, 205, 218, 255
  • RCA 501 computer, 151
  • Reading, by computer, 3, 55, 229
  • Reader’s Digest, 236
  • Real estate, 179
  • “Real-time” computers, 78, 168, 202, 205
  • RECOMP computer, 47
  • Reeves Instrument Co., 77
  • Republic Aviation Corp., 125
  • Reservations, airline, 3
  • Reverberation circuit, 128
  • Revolution, computer, 251
  • Rheem Califone, 224
  • Richardson, L. F., 163
  • Road to Oz, The, 27
  • Robot, 44, 212
  • Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 194
  • Roman numerals, 23, 97
  • Rosenblatt, Frank, 133, 135
  • Ross, Douglas, 209
  • Rossby, C. G., 165
  • Royal McBee, Corp., 220
  • Royal Society, 251
  • Rubáiyát, 108
  • R.U.R., 44, 121
  • Russia, 11, 77, 133, 143, 195, 207, 215, 221, 236, 242
  • Russian peasant multiplication, 103
  • Russell, Bertrand, 110, 111, 130
  • Sabre computer, 183
  • SAC, 160, 161
  • SAGE computer, 3, 12, 37, 53, 158, 159, 226, 259
  • Samuel, Arthur, 251
  • Sara Lee Bakeries, 206
  • Sausage making by computer, 179
  • Scaling, analog computer, 76
  • Scientific American, 140, 239
  • “Sea Wolf” testing by computer, 162
  • Second industrial revolution, 171
  • Self-reproducing machines, 33, 268
  • Selfridge, Oliver, 124
  • Sequential computers, 126
  • Sex and numbers, 19
  • Shannon, Claude, 44, 110, 215
  • Shelley, Mary W., 42
  • “Shoebox” computer, 242
  • Sidewinder missile, 160
  • Signal Corps, U. S. A., 77
  • Simon, Herbert, 141
  • Simulator, 79, 169, 187, 189
  • Simulmatics Corp., 181
  • Simultaneous linear equations, 77
  • Skinner, B. F., 133, 223, 230
  • Skybolt missile, 160
  • Slide rule, 7, 85
  • Smee, Alfred, 121
  • Social Security, 149
  • “Software,” computer, 54
  • Solartron-John Brown, Ltd., 174
  • Sonotype, 243
  • Son pan, 23
  • “Sorcerer’s Apprentice,” 27
  • Soroban, 5, 22
  • Southern Methodist University, 179
  • Spaceborne computers, 167
  • Space flight, 3, 92
  • SPADATS system, 160
  • Special-purpose computers, 79
  • Speech computer, 242
  • Sperry Rand Corp., 255
  • Sports, use of computers, 198
  • SSEC computer, 155, 156
  • Standard Oil Co. of California, 207
  • Stanhope, Earl of, 39
    • demonstrator, 40
  • Stapledon, Olaf, 265
  • Steel mill, 189, 204
  • Steele, J. E., 132
  • Stock Exchange, American, 176
  • Stock market, 176, 177
  • Stone Age computer, 21
  • “Store” computer, 36, 62
  • Stravinsky, Igor, 197
  • STRETCH computer, 47, 48
  • Stromberg-Carlson, 191
  • “Subroutine” computer program, 59
  • Subtraction, computer, 106
  • Sumerian cuneiform, 23
  • Sundial, 24
  • Sun Oil Co., 208
  • Supermarket, use of computers, 13, 174
  • Surveyor space vehicle, 169
  • Swift, Jonathan, 30
  • Switch, statistical, 137
  • Syllogism, 26, 109
  • Symbiosis, 265
  • Symbolic logic, 38, 109, 110, 115, 248, 255
  • Synnoetics, 260
  • SYNTAC, 150
  • Synthetic rubber production, 208
  • System Development Corp., 156, 220, 226
  • Szoeny refinery, 207
  • Tabula rasa, 126
  • Tallies, 20
  • Tape memory, 64
    • magnetic, 54
    • paper, 54
  • TASCON, 180
  • Taylor, Frederick W., 171
  • Teaching machines, 6, 100, 222, 225
  • Technical Information Service, 249
  • Technical Operations, Inc., 150
  • Telecredit, 179
  • Teleflite, 183
  • Testing computers, 117
  • Texas Company, The, 208
  • Thinking, 123
    • molecular theory of, 268
  • Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, Inc., 226, 258
  • Thomson, James, 75
  • Thomson & McKinnon, 177
  • Thor missile, 167
  • Tick-tack-toe, 8, 143
  • Tik-Tok, 27
  • Titan missile, 168
  • TMI Grolier, 226
  • Torres y Quevedo, L., 35
  • Trading stamps with computers, 175
  • Traffic control, 218
  • Trains, 215
  • Transcontinental & Western Air Lines, 186
  • TransfeRobot, 4, 213, 217
  • Transportation, 181
  • Transistors, 9, 87, 144
  • Translation computer, 91, 92, 237
  • Traveling-wave tube, 255
  • Truth tables, 110, 112
  • Tunnel diode, 255te
  • Turing, A. M., 191
  • TutorText, 226
  • UNESCO, 236
  • Unimate, 4, 212, 213
  • Union Carbide, 208
  • Unitary system, 97
  • Unicall, 243
  • United Air Lines, 182, 183
  • United States Industries, Inc., 213, 218, 225
  • UNIVAC computer, 47, 149, 151, 171, 221
  • University of California, 76
  • University of California at Berkeley, 238
  • University of California at Los Angeles, 133, 219
  • University of Illinois, 78
  • University of London, 8
  • University of Michigan, 135, 220
  • University of Pennsylvania, 46
  • University of Philadelphia, 193
  • University of Southern California, 225
  • University of Washington, 152
  • Upjohn Co., The, 127
  • Vacuum tubes, 9, 63, 114, 122
  • van Vogt, A. E., 267
  • Venn, John, 29, 38
  • Videosonic trainer, 222
  • VIDIAC character-generator, 242
  • Vitruvius, 25
  • Vocal computer, 67
  • Voltaire, 29
  • Voltmeter, 76
  • von Braun, Wernher, 168
  • von Kempelen, Wolfgang, 35
  • von Neumann, John, 130, 137, 156, 251, 253
  • Wall Street, 6, 176
  • Walter, Grey, 251
  • Walnut information retrieval system, 246, 247
  • War strategy, 143
  • Water clock, 24
  • Watt, James, 36, 203
  • Way of All Flesh, The, 32
  • Wearever Aluminum Co., 236
  • Weather Bureau, U. S., 166
  • Weather map, 164
  • Weather prediction, 15, 163
  • Wells, H. G., 13, 121
  • Werner, Gerhard, 123
  • Western Electric Co., 212
  • Western Reserve University, 245
  • Westinghouse Corp., 76, 211, 218
  • Whitehead, A. N., 110, 130
  • Wiener, Norbert, 123, 251
  • Williams, John, 268
  • Wood, Tom, 21
  • World Brain, 13
  • Wright Brothers, 18
  • X-15 aircraft, 71, 160
  • Young & Rubicam, 181
  • Zero, concept of, 24
  • Zuse L23 computer, 199
  • Zworykin, Vladimir, 194