Contemporary American History, 1877-1913

APPENDIX

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS, 1876-1912

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Guide to Literature of Current History

The best general bibliography for handy use is Channing, Hart, and Turner, Guide to the Study and Reading of American History (new ed. 1912).

G. E. Howard, Present Political Questions (1913)—a valuable syllabus of current questions with discriminating and full bibliographies (published by the University of Nebraska).

The Library of Congress publishes useful bibliographies on special topics of current political and historical interest. A list may be obtained by addressing the Librarian, Washington, D.C.

An important annual review of the current literature of American history is to be found in Writings on American History; published by Macmillan, 1906-1908; by the American Historical Association, 1909-1911; and now by the Yale University Press.

Excellent topical bibliographies are to be found in each of the volumes in Hart, American Nation Series. The four volumes by Dunning, Sparks, Dewey, and Latané should be consulted for the period here covered.

General Works

The best general treatment of the period from 1877 to 1907 is to be found in the four volumes of the American Nation Series edited by A. B. Hart: W. A. Dunning, Reconstruction: Political and Economic; E. E. Sparks, National Development, 1877-1885; D. R. Dewey, National Problems; 1885-1897; J. H. Latané, America as a World Power, 1897-1907. Each of these volumes contains an excellent bibliography of political and economic materials.

H. T. Peck, Twenty Years of the Republic (1906)—readable work covering the period from Cleveland's first administration to 1905.

Edward Stanwood, History of the Presidency (1896 ed.). A second volume (1912) brings the work down to 1909 and contains the platforms of 1912—useful for political sketches and the platforms and election statistics.

The American Year Book, published since 1910, contains an annual survey of American political history and constitutional and social development.

For political and economic matters see the current publications and proceedings of the American Political Science Association, the American Economic Association, and the American Sociological Society.

Personal and Biographical Works

J. P. Altgeld, Live Questions (1890)—valuable for the radical movement within the Democratic party.

F. Bancroft, Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers of Carl Schurz (1913), 6 vols.

John Bigelow, Life of Samuel J. Tilden (1896).

G. S. Boutwell, Reminiscences of Sixty Years (1902).

Grover Cleveland, The Independence of the Executive (1900); Presidential Problems (1904)—particularly valuable for the Chicago strike and the bond issues; G. F. Parker, Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland (1892); A. E. Bergh, Addresses, State Papers, and Letters of Grover Cleveland (1909).

J. A. Garfield, Currency Speeches in the House, 1868-1870; B. A. Hinsdale, Works of J. A. Garfield (1882-1883) 2 vols.; Great Speeches of J. A. Garfield (1881).

Benjamin Harrison, Public Papers and Addresses (Govt. Printing Office, 1893); This Country of Ours (1897)—a popular view of the national government; J. S. Shriver, Speeches of Benjamin Harrison (1891); M. L. Harrison, Views of an Ex-President [Harrison] (1901).

G. F. Hoar, Autobiography of Seventy Years (1903).

R. M. La Follette, Autobiography (1913)—particularly valuable for the history of the radical movement within the Republican party and the origin of the Progressive party.

Wm. McKinley, Speeches and Addresses from Election to Congress to the Present Time (1893); Speeches and Addresses, 1897-1900 (1900); The Tariff—a Review of Its Legislation from 1812 to 1896 (1904); J. S. Ogilvie, Life and Speeches of McKinley (1896).

L. A. Coolidge, An Old-Fashioned Senator [O. H. Platt] (1910).

Thomas C. Platt, Autobiography (1910).

Theodore Roosevelt, The New Nationalism (1910) contains the famous speech on that subject and other essays; An Autobiography (1913)—an intimate view of his political career.

John Sherman, Recollections of Forty Years (1897).

Edward Stanwood, James G. Blaine (1905).

W. H. Taft, Political Issues and Outlooks (1909); Presidential Addresses and State Papers (1910).

Woodrow Wilson, The New Freedom (1913). An edited collection of President Wilson's campaign speeches arranged to exhibit in systematic form his political and economic doctrines.

Topical Bibliography

The Economic Revolution: Coman, Economic History of the United States (1911 ed.)—several useful chapters on the period since the Civil War; R. T. Ely, Evolution of Industrial Society (1906).

Tariff: Edward Stanwood, American Tariff Controversies in the Nineteenth Century (1903); F. W. Taussig, Tariff History of the United States (1910 ed.).

Finance: See the annual review in the American Year Book; D. R. Dewey, Financial History of the United States (1903); A. B. Hepburn, History of Coinage and Currency in the United States (1903); J. L. Laughlin, History of Bimetallism in the United States (1897); W. H. Harvey, Coin's Financial School (1894)—the famous work which did so much to stir up popular sentiment in favor of free silver; W. J. Bryan, The First Battle (1897)—invaluable for the political aspects of the question.

Trusts: I. M. Tarbell, The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904); G. H. Montague, The Rise and Progress of the Standard Oil Company (1903)—more favorable to trusts than the preceding work; H. D. Lloyd, Wealth against Commonwealth (1894)—a critical attack on the evil practices of trusts; J. W. Jenks, The Trust Problem (1905 ed.)—study of the methods and causes of trusts; John Moody, The Truth about the Trusts (1904)—full of valuable historical and statistical data; W. Z. Ripley, Trusts, Pools, and Corporations (1905)—a useful collection of historical and descriptive materials.

Railways: W. Z. Ripley, Railroads: Rates and Regulation (1913)—a monumental and scholarly treatise; E. R. Johnson, American Railway Transportation (1903); H. S. Haines, Restrictive Railway Legislation in the United States (1905); B. H. Meyer, Railway Legislation in the United States (1903).

Civil Service: C. R. Fish, Civil Service and the Patronage (1905, Harvard Studies); L. G. Tyler, Parties and Patronage (1888).

Populism: S. J. Buck, The Granger Movement ... 1870-1880 (1913, Harvard Studies)—important for all aspects of agrarianism for the period; F. L. McVey, The Populist Movement (1896).

Labor: R. T. Ely, The Labor Movement in America (1902); T. V. Powderly, Thirty Years of Labor (1889); John Mitchell, Organized Labor (1903); T. S. Adams and H. Sumner, Labor Problems (1906).

Immigration: Frank Warne, The Immigrant Invasion (1913); Peter Roberts, The New Immigration (1912)—a study of the social and industrial life of Southeastern Europeans in America; H. P. Fairchild, Greek Immigration (1911), and Immigration: a World Movement and its American Significance (1913); P. F. Hall, Immigration and Its Effects on the United States (1908); I. A. Hourwich, Immigration and Labor (1912)—a study of the economic aspects of immigration and favorable to a liberal immigration policy; J. W. Jenks and W. J. Lauck, The Immigration Problem (1912)—particularly valuable for the data presented.

Socialism: Morris Hillquit, History of Socialism in the United States (1910); W. J. Ghent, Mass and Class (1904); J. W. Hughan, American Socialism of To-day (1912); W. E. Walling, Socialism as It Is (1912). On the newer aspects of socialism and trades-unionism: John Spargo, Syndicalism, Industrial Unionism, and Socialism (1913); A. Tridon, The New Unionism (1913); J. G. Brooks, American Syndicalism (1913); W. H. Haywood and F. Bohn, Industrial Socialism (1911); James O'Neal, Militant Socialism (1912).

Women: Edith Abbott, Women in Industry (1909); E. D. Bullock, Selected Articles on the Employment of Women (1911); E. B. Butler, Women in the Trades (1909); R. C. Dorr, What Eight Million Women Want (1910); I. H. Harper, Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony (1899-1908), History of the Movement for Woman Suffrage in the United States (1907); E. R. Hecker, Short History of Woman's Rights (1910); G. E. Howard, A History of Matrimonial Institutions (1904); Helen Sumner, Equal Suffrage (1909)—a study of woman suffrage in Colorado; C. P. Gilman, Woman and Economics (1900).

Controversy over the Judiciary: Gilbert Roe, Our Judicial Oligarchy (1912)—a criticism of recent tendencies in the American judicial system; B. F. Moore, The Supreme Court and Unconstitutional Legislation (1913)—a historical survey; W. L. Ransom Majority Rule and the Judiciary (1912); F. R. Coudert, Certainty and Justice (1913); G. G. Groat, Attitude of American Courts in Labor Cases (1911); C. G. Haines, The American Doctrine of Judicial Supremacy (1914).

Popular Government: G. H. Haynes, The Election of Senators (1906)—valuable for the question of popular election; C. A. Beard and Birl Shultz, Documents on the Initiative, Referendum and Recall (1912); E. P. Oberholtzer, Initiative, Referendum, and Recall in America (1911); Walter Weyl, The New Democracy (1912); H. Croly, The Promise of American Life (1909).

The South: A. B. Hart, The Southern South (1910); E. G. Murphy, Problems of the Present South (1904); H. W. Grady, The New South (1890); W. G. Brown, The Lower South (1902).

The Negro Problem: The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science for September, 1913, is devoted to articles on the progress of the negro race during the last fifty years. A. P. C. Griffin, Select List of References on the Negro Question (1906, Library of Congress); R. S. Baker, Following the Color Line (1908)—valuable for the handicaps imposed on the negro in the South; J. M. Mathews, Legislative and Judicial History of the Fifteenth Amendment (1909); M. W. Ovington, Half a Man (1911)—status of the negro in New York; T. N. Page, The Negro (1904)—viewed as a Southern problem; A. H. Stone, Studies in the American Race Problem (1908)—discouraging view of the economic capacities of the negro; B. T. Washington, The Negro in the South (1907)—useful for economic matters; and The Future of the Negro (1900); A. B. Hart, Realities of Negro Suffrage (1905); G. T. Stephenson, Race Distinctions in American Law (1910).

The Growth of the West: H. H. Bancroft, Chronicles of the Builders of the Commonwealth (1891-1892), 7 vols.; J. C. Birge, The Awakening of the Desert (1912); C. C. Coffin, The Seat of Empire (1871); Katharine Coman, Economic Beginnings of the Far West (1912), 2 vols.—exploration and settlement; J. H. Eckels, The Financial Power of the New West (1905); F. V. Hayden, The Great West (1880)—resources, climate, Mormons, and Indians; J. S. Hittell, The Commerce and Industries of the Pacific Coast (1882); R. P. Porter and others, The West (1882)—review of social and economic development from the census of 1880; L. E. Quigg, New Empires in the Northwest (1889)—Dakotas, Montana, and Washington; Julian Ralph, Our Great West (1893)—survey of conditions; Joseph Schafer, A History of the Pacific Northwest (1905); W. E. Smyth, The Conquest of Arid Arizona (1900).

Monroe Doctrine: J. B. Moore, History of American Diplomacy (1905); J. W. Foster, A Century of American Diplomacy (1901); J. H. Latané, Diplomatic Relations of the United States and Spanish America (1900); A. B. Hart, Foundations of American Diplomacy (1901); Hiram Bingham, The Monroe Doctrine (1913)—a severe criticism of the Doctrine.

The Spanish War: F. E. Chadwick, Relations of the United States and Spain—excellent for diplomatic affairs; H. C. Lodge, The War with Spain (1899)—an interesting popular account; H. D. Flack, Spanish-American Diplomatic Relations Preceding the War of 1898 (1906)—a careful analysis of the causes of intervention; George Dewey, Autobiography (1913).

Imperialism: D. C. Worcester, The Philippines: Past and Present (1914), 2 vols.—a great and authoritative work by the former Secretary of the Interior in the Philippines; H. P. Willis, Our Philippine Problem (1905)—a study of American Colonial policy; J. A. Leroy, The Americans in the Philippines (1914)—a large and authoritative work on the early stages of American occupation; F. C. Chamberlin, The Philippine Problem (1913); J. G. Schurman, Philippine Fundamentals (1901); Elihu Root, Collection of Documents Relating to the United States and Porto Rico (1898-1905, Washington); L. S. Rowe, The United States and Porto Rico (1904); E. S. Wilson, Political Development of Porto Rico (1906); W. F. Willoughby, Territories and Dependencies of the United States (1905)—a general work on the government of the territories.

The Panama Canal: J. B. Bishop, The Panama Gateway (1913)—an authoritative general account; W. F. Johnson, Four Centuries of the Panama Canal (1906).

The Peace Conferences: Joseph Choate, The Two Hague Conferences (1913); J. B. Scott, The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 (1909).

American Interests in the Orient: F. F. Millard, The New Far East (1906)—special reference to American interests in China; P. S. Reinsch, World Politics (1900).

INDEX

• Aguinaldo, 217
• Alabama, disfranchisement of negroes in, 11
• Aliens, proportion of, 248
• Altgeld, Governor, 108, 160
• American Civic Federation, 251
• American Federation of Labor, 250
• Anti-monopoly party, 138
• Anti-trust cases, 331 ff.
• Anti-trust law (1890), 134
• Arbitration in labor disputes, federal law, 102
• Arbitration, treaties, 1911, 329
• Archbald, Judge, impeachment of, 326
• Arizona, 41 ff.;
  • contest over recall of judges, 287
• Army. See Spanish War
• Arthur, Chester A., nomination, 95;
  • administration, 97
  
  
• Ballinger, R. A., 328
• Blaine, James G., 95;
  • candidacy in 1884, 98;
  • on silver question, 121
• Bland-Allison bill, 123
• Bonds, sales under Cleveland, 106
• Bourne, Senator, attacks on convention system, 353 ff.
• Bryan, W. J., speech in Democratic convention of 1896, 180;
  • nomination of, 187;
  • acceptance speech in 1896, 188;
  • favors initiative and referendum, 284;
  • candidacy in 1900, 227;
  • candidacy in 1908, 318 ff.;
  • program in 1908, 318;
  • attacks Taft's judicial appointments, 330
  
  
• Campaign funds, 239, 240 ff.;
  • controversy over, in 1904, 268;
  • in 1908, 320;
  • in 1912, 357
• Campaign, 1896, 195
• Canada, reciprocity with, 342
• Cannon, Speaker, overthrow of, 336 ff.
• Capital, influence of, in politics, 33
• Capitalism, in South, 48;
  • evolution of, 229 ff.
  • See Industry and Labor.
• Cervera, Admiral, 210 ff.
• China, opening of, 203;
  • American interests in, 224
• Chinese coolies, 35
• Cities, growth of population, 34, 247
• Civil rights act, 14 ff.
• Civil rights cases, 15
• Civil service, and Theodore Roosevelt, 104;
  • law of 1883, 130
• Clark, Champ, candidacy of, 365
• Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 276
• Cleveland, Grover, career of, 97;
  • nomination and first administration, 98 ff.;
  • second administration, 105 ff.;
  • tariff message of 1887, 110;
  • and income tax, 139;
  • bond issues, 162;
  • supports Gold Democrats, 193;
  • and Venezuela affair, 199;
  • and negotiations with Spain, 206
• Coastwise vessels, exemption of, 276
• Colombia, failure of negotiations with, 278
• Combinations, in business, origin of, 36
• Commerce, growth of, 202;
• interstate, 312
• Conkling, Roscoe, sketch of, 51 ff.;
  • and Grant's candidacy, 95
• Conservation, Roosevelt's policy, 275
• Consolidated Gas case, 81
• Constitution, provisions relative to money, 119;
  • criticism of, 305 ff.
• Convention, presidential, attacks on, 353 ff.
• Corporations, growth of, 235;
  • regulation of, 310.
  • See Trusts.
• Court, commerce, 326
• Courts, criticism of, 89
• Coxey's army, 107
• Crédit Mobilier affair, 31
• Cuba, conditions in, 204;
  • war over, 209 ff.;
  • settlement of, after the war, 221;
  • interference in (1906), 222
• Currency, law of 1908, 197
  
  
• Dakota, 41 ff.
• Daniel, J. W., temporary chairman of Democratic convention, 171
• Debs, E. V., imprisonment of, 108;
  • and injunctions, 160;
  • candidate for President, 298
• Debt, national, refunding of, 117
• De Lôme incident, 207
• Democrats, contest against election laws, 4 ff.;
  • party platforms, 108 ff.;
  • convention of 1896, 168 ff.;
  • platform of 1896, 172;
  • Gold, convention of 1896, 192 ff.;
  • convention and platform of 1904, 267;
  • victory in 1910, 339;
  • in 1912, 372
• Dewey, victory at Manila, 209
• Dingley tariff, 229
• Direct primary, 289
• Due process. See Fourteenth amendment.
  
  
• Economy and efficiency commission, 328
• El Caney, 211
• Election laws, federal, contest over repeal of, 4 ff.
• Employers' liability, federal, 274
• Erie Railway, capitalization of, 39
  
  
• Farmers, discontent of, 162
• Farmers' Alliance, 151
• Farm population, 40
• Farms, increase in number, 40;
  • size of, in South, 47
• Fifteenth amendment, nullification of, in the South, 1;
  • schemes to avoid, 9 ff.
• Finance, high, early experiments in, 39
• Fourteenth Amendment, interpretation of, 54 ff.
• Free silver, discussion by W. J. Bryan, 180 ff.
• Free silver. See Bryan, W. J.
  
  
• Garfield, nomination and administration of, 94 ff.;
  • assassination, 96
• Georgia, disfranchisement of negroes in, 11
• Gold Democrats, 192 ff.
• Gold standard, Republicans favor in 1896, 166;
  • established by law (1900), 197;
  • Parker telegram on, 267
• Gompers, Samuel, 251
• Gould, Jay, 38
• Granger cases, 67 ff.
• Granger movement, 147
• Grant, third term contest, 94
• Great Britain, and Venezuela affair, 199
• Greenback party, on income tax, 137;
  • doctrines of, 150
• Greenbacks, amount of, 117;
  • reissue of, 123
• Guiteau, assassinates Garfield, 96
  
  
• Hague conference, 281
• Hancock, General, candidate for the Presidency, 96
• Hanna, M. A., convention of 1895, 165;
  • and campaign of 1900, 227;
  • career and policies of, 239 ff.
• Harriman, E. H., and controversy with Roosevelt, 270
• Harrison, Benjamin, candidacy and administration, 103 ff.
• Hawaiian Islands, 203
• Hayes, and the South, 1 ff.;
  • vetoes repeal of election laws, 5;
  • administration of, 92 ff.
• Hay-Pauncefote treaty, 276
• Haywood, W. D., 301
• Hepburn act, 271
• Hill, D. B., in Democratic convention of 1896, 170 ff.
• Hobson, R. P., 210
  
  
• Idaho, 41 ff.
• Immigration, 34, 248
• Imperialism, 199 ff.;
  • in American politics, 227
• Income tax, law of 1894, 127; 137 ff.;
  • annulled by Supreme Court, 152 ff.;
  • W. J. Bryan on, 189;
  • advocated by Roosevelt, 262;
  • amendment to federal constitution, 325
• Industry, in 1860, 29;
  • in South, 48. See Labor.
• Industrial Workers of the World, 301
• Initiative and referendum, origin and growth of, 284 ff.;
  • in Progressive platform, 371;
  • favored by Wilson, 380
• Injunctions, use of, in labor disputes, 36;
  • an issue in politics, 158 ff.
• Insular cases, 218 ff.
• Insurance, regulation of, 310
  
  
• Japan, opening of, 203;
  • American interests in, 224
• Jenks, J. W., on trusts, 238
• Jim Crow cars, 19
• Judicial review, growth of doctrine of, 67 ff.
• Judiciary. See Supreme Court and Recall.
  
  
• Knights of Labor, 35, 249
• Ku Klux Klan, 1
  
  
• Labor, number of wage earners, 34;
  • in South, 48;
  • in party platforms, 114;
  • and tariff, 115;
  • regulation of, 249 ff., 304, 308
• Labor legislation and the courts, 87 ff.;
  • Federal, 141
• Labor movement, 249
• Labor problem, rise of, 35
• Labor, Knights of, 35, 249
• Labor Reformers, 35, 145 ff.
• La Follette, R. M., candidacy of, 344 ff.
• Laissez faire, and the Constitution, 54 ff.;
  • Gold Democrats defend, 192;
  • decline of, 304;
  • Wilson's view of, 377
• Liberal Republicans, 109
• Lincoln, on social equality for the negro, 21
• Lochner v. New York, 87
• Louisiana, Republican rule in, overthrown, 1 ff.;
  • disfranchisement of negroes in, 11
  
  
• Maine, the battleship, 207
• Manila, naval battle of, 209
• Massachusetts, primary law in, 356
• McKinley, Wm., tariff bill, 126;
  • and the gold standard, 167;
  • election of, 197;
  • administration of, 199 ff.;
  • and Spanish war, 206 ff.;
  • renomination in 1900, 227;
  • election, 228;
  • campaign funds of, 241
• Merritt, General, 212
• Mexico, relations with, 342
• Miles, General, 212
• Mills, tariff bill, 126
• Minnesota rate case, 73 ff.
• Mississippi, disfranchisement of negroes in, 10
• Mitchell, John, 250
• Money question. See Silver question.
• Monroe Doctrine, 199 ff.;
  • Roosevelt on, 262; 280
• Montana, 41 ff.
• Morgan, J. P., 231
• Mormons, 42 ff.
• Morrison, W. R., and tariff, 126
• Mugwumps, 99
• Munn v. Illinois, 67 ff.
  
  
• Nebraska, primary law in, 356
• Negro, disfranchisement of, 1 ff., 7 ff.;
  • social discriminations against, 14 ff.;
  • attitude of the North toward, 19 ff.;
  • problem, 22 ff.;
  • education of, 23;
  • in industries, 24;
  • movement, 25
• New Mexico, 41 ff.
• New nationalism, 314 ff.
• North Carolina, disfranchisement of negroes in, 11
• North Dakota, 41 ff.
• Northern Pacific, 42
  
  
• Oregon, primary law in, 354
  
  
• Palmer, J. M., candidate for President, 192
• Panama, canal, sketch of, 275 ff.;
  • revolution in, 278
• Paper money. See Greenbacks.
• Parcels post, 327
• Parker, Alton B., nomination and candidacy of, 267 ff.
• Payne-Aldrich tariff, 323 ff.
• Pensions, vetoes by Cleveland, 101;
  • law of 1890, 105
• Philippines, military operations in, 209 ff.;
  • revolt against the United States, 217;
  • government of, 223;
  • in American politics, 227;
  • Republican platform of 1904 on, 265;
  • Democratic platform of 1904 on, 267
• Platt amendment, 221
• Poll tax, to disfranchise negroes, 9
• Populist party, origin of, 149 ff.
• Populists, and disfranchisement of negroes, 9;
  • on income tax, 138
• Porto Rico, conquest of, 212;
  • government of, 222
• Postal savings banks, 326
• Primary, direct, origin and growth of, 288;
  • presidential, 352 ff.;
  • presidential, in 1912, 358
• Progressive party, origin of, 357 ff.; 370 ff.
• Progressive Republican League, 344
• Prohibition party, 144 ff.
• Pullman strike, 107
• Pure food law, 273
  
  
• Railways, construction of, 29 ff.;
  • land grants to, 30;
  • frauds connected with, 31;
  • anarchy among, 39;
  • state regulation of, 67 ff.;
  • party platforms on, 113 ff.;
  • regulation, federal, 133;
  • state regulation of, 149;
  • and stock watering, 234;
  • regulation of, 272;
  • physical valuation of, 273;
  • consolidation of, 306
• Reagan v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company, 76 ff.
• Recall, of judges, origin of, 89;
  • origin and growth of, 287;
  • Wilson on, 380
• Reciprocity with Canada, 341
• Reed, T. B., speakership, 104;
  • candidate for President, 165
• Republicans, platform of 1876, 2;
  • radical school, 2;
  • favor new "force" bill, 20;
  • favor enforcing the Civil War amendments, 21;
  • doctrines of, 1880-1896, 90 ff.;
  • party platforms, 108 ff.;
  • convention of 1896, 164 ff.;
  • convention of 1900, 226;
  • convention of 1904, 265;
  • convention of 1912, 357 ff.
• Resumption act, 118
• Rockefeller, J. D., 37
• Roosevelt, at San Juan Hill, 211;
  • nominated for Vice President, 227;
  • succeeds to the Presidency, 228;
  • administrations of, 254 ff.;
  • doctrines of, 255 ff.;
  • characterization of, by Republicans in 1904, 266;
  • Democratic criticism of, in 1904, 268;
  • Parker charges as to campaign funds of, 269;
  • La Follette's criticism of, 347;
  • candidacy of, in 1912, 349 ff.;
  • new nationalism, 350;
  • breaks with Republicans, 360
• Rough Riders, 211
• Rules committee, powers of, 337
• Russo-Japanese war, Roosevelt's part in ending, 281
  
  
• Samoan Islands, 203
• San Juan Hill, 211
• Santiago, military and naval operations near, 210 ff.
• Santo Domingo, affair of, 279
• Senators, U. S., direct election of, 290 ff.;
  • popular election favored by Wilson, 380
• Shafter, General, 211 f.
• Sherman, silver purchase act, 124;
  • anti-trust law, 134
• Silver question, party platforms on, 116, 162;
  • origin and development of, 119 ff.;
  • in campaign of 1896, 165 ff.
• Sixteen to one. See Silver question.
• Slaughter-House cases, 59 ff.
• Smyth v. Ames, 78
• Socialism, opposition to, 251;
  • rise and growth of, 296 f.
• Socialist Labor party, 147, 297
• Socialist party, rise of, 298;
  • vote in 1912, 372
• Socialists, vote of, increase in 1904, 271
• South, Republican rule in, 1 ff.;
  • new constitutions providing for disfranchisement of negroes, 10 ff.;
  • over-representation of, in Congress, 20;
  • economic advance of, 46 ff.;
  • Republican delegates from, 354
• South Carolina, Republican rule in, overthrown, 1 ff.;
  • disfranchisement of negroes in, 11
• South Dakota, 41 ff.;
  • initiative and referendum in, 284
• Southern Pacific, 42
• Spain, war with, 204 ff.
• Spanish War, close of, 212 ff.
• Speakership. See Reed and Cannon.
• Standard Oil Company, 37
• State socialism, 252
• Steel trust, 230
• Stock watering, 234
• Strikes, of 1877, 35;
  • Pullman, 107
• Suffrage, woman, growth of, 294
• Sugar trust, 239
• Supreme Court, declares parts of election laws invalid, 6 f.;
  • and disfranchisement of negroes, 13;
  • civil rights cases, 15;
  • and Fourteenth Amendment, 54 ff.;
  • criticism of, 86;
  • and income tax, 152;
  • Democratic attack on, in 1806, 173 ff.;
  • defense of, 178;
  • W. J. Bryan on, 189;
  • Gold Democrats defend, 193;
  • Taft's appointments, 329
  
  
• Taft, W. H., on recall of judges, 287;
  • in Philippines 223;
  • nomination and election of, 317 ff.;
  • administration of, 322 ff.;
  • nomination of, in 1912, 362;
  • acceptance speech, 364;
  • Progressive criticism of, 345
• Tariff, in Cleveland's first administration, 103;
  • Wilson bill, 108;
  • party doctrines on, 1877-1896, 108 ff.;
  • legislation, 1877-1896, 124 ff.;
  • Republican platform of 1908 on, 318;
  • Payne-Aldrich act, 323 ff.;
  • board, 339 f.;
  • Democratic attacks on in 1911-1912, 341
• Third term contest, 94
• Tillman, on negro suffrage, 8;
  • attack on Cleveland in Democratic convention of 1896, 175
• Trusts, origin of, 37;
  • party platforms on, 112;
  • law against (1890), 134;
  • growth of, 229 ff.;
  • views as to cause of, 237;
  • Roosevelt on, 257 ff.;
  • Bryan on, in 1908, 319;
  • Republican platform of 1912, 363;
  • Progressive party's platform, 371;
  • Wilson's view of, 375 ff.
  
  
• Unemployment, in 1894, 107
• Union Labor party, 138, 146
• Union Pacific, scandal of, 31
• Unions, Trade, 301 ff.
• United Labor Party, 146
• United States v. Cruikshank, 7
• United States v. Harris, 7
• United States v. Reese, 7
• Utah, 41 ff.;
  • initiative and referendum in, 285
  
  
• Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 38
• Venezuela affair, 199
• Vetoes, by Cleveland, 101 f.
• Vilas, Senator, in Democratic convention of 1896, 179
• Virginia, disfranchisement of negroes in, 11;
  • ex parte, 17
  
  
• Wage earners, number of, 34
• Washington, state of, 41 ff.
• West, development of, 41
• Wilson, Wm., tariff bill, 127
• Wilson, Woodrow, candidacy of, 365;
  • acceptance speech, 367;
  • policies of, 373 ff.
• Women in industries, 248
• Woman suffrage, growth of, 294 ff.;
  • endorsed by Progressives, 371
• Wyoming, 41 ff.