FOOTNOTES.
1. Thorpe’s Northern Mythol., ii. 104.
2. Jamieson’s Scot. Dict. Another designation, in Sweden, is not so honorable, for it is that of Laettfaerdig kona, the Wanton Quean.—Ibid. The term Lady-bird, in England, has been also applied to a prostitute.—Wright’s Provinc. Dict.
3. Jaeger, Life of Amer. Ins., p. 22.
4. It is curious to notice the association of this insect with the cow in the English and French names.
5. Jamieson’s Scot. Dict.
6. Chambers’ Pop. Rhymes, 1841, p. 170–1.
7. Thorpe’s North. Mythol., iii. 182.
8. Ibid., ii. 104.
9. Ibid., iii. 182.
10. Thorpe’s North. Mythol., ii. 104.
11. 4th Pastoral, 11. 83–8.
12. It probably is induced to fly away by the warmth of the hand.
13. Notes and Queries, i. 132.
14. Ibid., i. 28, 55, 73.
15. Jamieson supposes this word to be derived from the Teutonic Land-heer, a petty prince.—Scot. Dict.
16. Jamieson’s Scot. Dict. Cf. Chambers’ Pop. Rhymes, 1841, p. 170–1.
17. Thorpe’s North. Mythol., iii. 328.
18. Grose, Antiq. (Prov. Gloss.) p. 121.
19. Chambers’ Pop. Rhymes, 1841, p. 170.
20. Notes and Queries, iv. 53.
21. Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci.
22. Kirby and Spence, Introd., ii. 9.
23. Newell’s Zool. of the Poets, p. 48.
24. Life of Amer. Ins., p. 21.
25. A. 1, sc. iii.
26. Quot. with preceding in Newell’s Zool. of the Poets, p. 50–2.
27. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 317.
28. Jaeger, Life of Amer. Ins., p. 61.
29. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 316.
30. Shaw’s Zool., vi. 42.
31. Gough’s Sepul. Mon., vol. i. p. xii.—These sepulchral tumuli, or burrows, are of the remotest antiquity, and continued in use till the twelfth century.—Ibid.
32. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt. ii. (2d S.) 261; and Pettig. Hist. of Mummies, p. 53–5.
33. Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci.
34. Cuvier’s Animal Kingd.—Ins., i. 530.
35. The Mirror, xix. 180; and Saturday Mag., xvi. 144.
36. N. & Q., 2d S., ii. 83.
37. Bradley, Phil. Account, p. 184.
38. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxii. 81.
39. Nat. Hist. of Ins., Lond., 1838, ii. 156.
40. Theatr. Ins., p. 149. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 1006.
41. Cuvier, An. King.—Ins., i. 533.
42. Nat. Hist., xi. 34. Holl. Trans., p. 326. K.
43. James’ Med. Dict. Cf. Brookes’ Nat. Hist. of Ins., p. 321.
44. Amoreux, p. 154. Burmeister’s Manl. of Entomol., p. 561. Keferot. Uber den unmittelbaren Nutzen der Insekten, Erfurt, 1829, 4to, p. 8–10. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 303, note. Shaw’s Zool., vi. 28, note.
45. Nat. Hist., xvii. 37.
46. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 255, note.
47. Ins. Archit., p. 252.
48. Detharding de Ins. Coleop. Danicis, 9. Quot. by Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 33.
49. Northern Mythol., ii. 53.
50. Bjornstj. Theog. of Hindoos, p. 108.
51. Oliv. Col. I. 3, viii. 59. Cuvier, An. King.—Ins., i. 452.
52. Cuvier, qua supra.
53. Donovan’s Ins. of China, p. 4.
54. Cuvier, qua supra.
55. De Pauw’s Sacred-beetle of the Egyptians was “the great golden Scarabee, called by some the Cantharides.”—ii. 104.
56. Wilkinson, Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 259.
57. Val. Hieroglyphica, p. 93–5.
58. Ibid.
59. Plut. Of Isis and Osiris, p. 220. The translation of this passage as given by Philemon Holland is as follows: “The Fly called the Beetill they (the Egyptians) reverence, because they observe in them I wot not what little slender Images (like as in drops of water we see the resemblance of the Sun) of the Divine power.… As for the Beetills, they hold, that throughout all their kinds there is no female, but all the males do blow or cast their seed into a certain globus or round matter in the form of balls, which they drive from them and roll to and fro contrariwise, like as the Sun, when he moveth himself from the West to the East, seemeth to turn about the Heaven clean contrary.”—p. 1071, ed. of 1657.
60. Quot. by Montfaucon, Antiq., vol. ii., Part 2, p. 322.
61. De Pauw tells us that the description of the Scarabæus as given by Orus Apollo (Horapollo) is, that “it resembles the sparkling luster of the eye of a cat in the dark.”(!)—ii. 104.
62. Horap., i. 10.
63. Anct. Egypt., i. (1st S.) 296.
64. Horap., Hierogl., i. 10.
65. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 258.
66. Treasvrie, B. 7. c. 14, p. 662. Printed 1613.
67. Horap. Hierog., i. 10.
68. Fosbroke, Encycl. of Antiq., i. 208.
69. Of Isis, &c. Holl. Transl., p. 1051.
70. Ælian, x. 15.
71. Wilkinson, Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 257.
72. Of Isis, &c., qua supra.
73. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 256.
74. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 256.
75. Ibid.
76. Pettigrew, Hist. of Mum., p. 220.
77. Ibid.
78. Ibid.
79. Travels, ii. 306 (?).
80. Fosbroke, Encycl. of Antiq., i. 208.
81. Ibid. Vide Pierius’ Hieroglyph., p. 76–80. Solis operum similitudo; Mundus; Generatio; Vnigenitus; Deus in humano corpore; Vir, paterve; Bellator strenuus; Sol; Luna; Mercurius; Febris lethalis a sole; Virtus enervata deliciis.
82. Fosbroke, Encycl. of Antiq., i. 208.
83. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 257.
84. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 257.
85. De Pauw, ii. 104.
86. Pettig. Hist. of Mum., p. 220.
87. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 256.
88. Montf. Antiq., ii. (Pt. II.) 322.
89. Ibid., ii. (Pt. II.) 339.
90. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 259, note.
91. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 259, note.
92. Ibid.
93. Bunsen, Egypt’s Place, i. 504, fig. 116; i. 508, fig. 169.
94. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., i. (2d S.) 258, fig.
95. Bunsen, Ibid., i. 572, fig. 12; i. 576, fig. 9; i. 582, fig. 3.
96. Bunsen, Ibid., i. 617–632.
97. Bunsen’s Egypt’s Place, iii. 142.
98. Ibid.
99. Quot. by Montf. Antiq., ii. (Pt. II.) 323.
100. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 257.
101. Pettig. Hist. of Mum., p. 220.
102. Maury’s Indig. Races, p. 156.
103. Phind’s Thebes, p. 130.
104. Donovan, Ins. of China, p. 3.
105. Fosbroke, Encyclop. of Antiq., i. 208.
106. Ibid.
107. Montf. Antiq., ii. (Pt. II.) 339.
108. Ibid.
109. Montf. Antiq., ii. (Pt. II.) 339.
110. Ibid.
111. Fosbroke, Encycl. of Antiq., i. 208.
112. There is now at Thebes an arch-forger of Scarabæi—a certain Ali Gamooni, whose endeavors, in the manufacture of these much-sought-after relics, have been crowned with the greatest success. For the coarser description of these, he has, as well as chance European purchasers, an outlet in a native market; for they are bought from him to be carried up the river into Nubia, where they are favorite amulets and ornaments, as mothers greatly delight to patch one or two to the girdles by short thongs, which constitute the only article of dress of their children. Through this very medium, too, it sometimes happens that these spurious Scarabæi come into the possession of unsophisticated travelers, who are not likely to suspect their origin in that remote country, and under such circumstances.
Scarabæi also of the more elegant and well-finished descriptions are not beyond the range of this curious counterfeiter. These he makes of the same material as the ancients themselves used,—a close-grained, easily-cut limestone, which, after it is graven into shape and lettered, receives a greenish glaze by being baked on a shovel with brass filings.
Ali, not content with closely imitating, has even aspired to the creative; so antiquarians must be on their guard lest they waste their time and learning on antiquities of a very modern date.—Vide Rhind’s Thebes, p. 253–5. Mr. Gliddon, in an incidental note, Indig. Races, p. 192, takes credit for having furnished this same Ali, some twenty-four years ago (as it would appear), with broken penknives and other appliances to aid his already-manifested talent, in the somewhat fantastic hope of flooding the local market with such curiosities, and so saving the monuments from being laid under contribution!
113. Winkleman, Art. 2, c. 1.
114. Paraph. from Fosbroke’s Encycl. of Antiq., i. 208.
115. Of those deposited in the British Museum, Mr. Birch has made the following report:
A Scarabæus having on the base Ra-men-Chepr, a prenomen of Thothmes III. Beneath is a Scarab between two feathers, placed on the basket sub.
A Scarabæus in dark steaschist, with the figure of the sphinx (the sun), and an emblem between the fore paws of the monster. The sphinx constantly appears on the Scarabæi of Thothmes III., and it is probably to this monarch that the one here described belongs. (On many Scarabæi in the British Museum, and on those figured by Klaproth from the Palin Collection, in Leeman’s Monuments, and in the “Description de l’Egypt,” Thothmes is represented as a sphinx treading foreign prisoners under him.—Layard.) After the Sphinx on this Scarab are the titles of the king, “The sun-placer of creation,” of Thothmes III.
Small Scarabæus of white steaschist, with a brownish hue; reads Neter nefer nebta Ra-neb-ma, “The good God, the Lord of the Earth, the Sun, the Lord of truth, rising in all lands.” This is Amenophis III., one of the last kings of the XVIII. dynasty, who flourished about the fifteenth century B.C.
Scarabæus in white steaschist, with an abridged form of the prenomen of Thothmes III., Ra-men-cheper at en Amen, “The sun-placer of creation, the type of Ammon.” This monarch was the greatest monarch of the XVIII. dynasty, and conquered Naharaina and the Saenkar, besides receiving tribute from Babel or Babylon and Assyria.
Scarabæus in pale white steaschist, with three emblems that cannot well be explained. They are the sun’s disk, the ostrich feather, the uræus, and the guitar nablium. They may mean “Truth the good goddess,” or “lady,” or ma-nefer, “good and true.”
Scarabæus in the same substance, with a motto of doubtful meaning.
Scarabæus, with a hawk, and God holding the emblem of life, and the words ma nefer, “good and true.” The meaning very doubtful.
A Scarabæus with a hawk-headed gryphon, emblem of Menta-Ra, or Mars. Behind the monster is the goddess Sati, or Nuben. The hawk-headed lion is one of the shapes into which the sun turns himself in the hours of the day. It is a common emblem of the Aramæan religion.
Scarabæus with hawk-headed gryphon, having before in the uræus and the nabla or guitar, hieroglyphic of good. Above it are the hieroglyphics “Lord of the earth.”
Small Scarabæus in dark steaschist, with a man in adoration to a king or deity, wearing a crown of the upper country, and holding in the left hand a lotus flower. Between this is the emblem of life.
Scarabæus, with the hawk-headed Scarabæus, emblem of Ra-cheper, “the creator Sun,” flying with expanded wings, four in number, which do not appear in Egyptian mythology till after the time of the Persians, when the gods assume a more Pantheistic form. Such a representation of the sun, for instance, is found in the Torso Borghese.
It will be observed, adds Layard, that most of the Egyptian relics discovered in the Assyrian ruins are of the time of the XVIII. Egyptian dynasty, or of the fifteenth century before Christ; a period when, as we learn from Egyptian monuments, there was a close connection between Assyria and Egypt.—Layard’s Babylon and Nineveh, p. 239–240.
116. Layard’s Babylon and Nineveh, p. 157, 166.
117. Hist. of Mum., 53–5; Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 261, note.
118. Wilkin. Anct. Egypt., ii. (2d S.) 156.
119. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxx. 11; Holland, ii. 395. K.
120. Phil. Trans. Abridg., ii. 785; Gent. Mag., xix. 264–5.
121. Phil. Trans. Abridg., ix. 11. Concerning the worship of animals in general by the Egyptians, the following remarks in a note may not be inappropriate, as they embrace the worship of the Scarabæus.
A class of animals, to which may be referred the cow, dog, sheep, and ibis, were at first naturally protected and respected out of gratitude for the benefits derived from them. But in time, it is supposed, this respect, by unthoughtful descendants believing too implicitly the teachings of their fathers, was gradually enlarged to so great extent that it became reverence, and at last, perhaps after centuries, worship. For example, at A time, the ibis is respected on account of its destroying noxious serpents; at B, reverenced; and at C, worshiped.
When at C time, the ibis is worshiped, suppose the masses have lost the reason (which in the case of the Egyptians is an allowable supposition, since it is an historical fact that but the initiated knew the reasons for their manner of worship), and serpents are its food, is it not plain then that if the food be taken away the sacred bird cannot live? Hence at C time are serpents preserved and protected as food for the ibis; and as this protecting care increases as above, till at D they are reverenced, and at E worshiped. To this second class may be referred the crocodile, which was preserved, etc. as food for the ichneumon, a sacred animal of the first class.
Analogies between animals, and even plants, and certain sources of goodness, or objects of wonder, as the sun, and motion of the stars, were at A time, noticed; at B, respected or reverenced; and at C, worshiped. Thus, among plants, became the onion sacred, from the resemblance of the laminæ which compose it, in a transverse section, to circles—to the orbits of the planets. And thus the Scarabæus from the analogies between its movements and shape and the motions of the sun, traced, as we have before remarked on the authority of several ancient writers, became also an object of adoration.
A fourth reason may also be given, which follows as a consequence of the latter. If such analogy, as, for example, that between the beetle and the sun, had been observed in the time of picture and hieroglyphic writing, to represent the sun, the beetle would have been taken. Now, it is a well-authenticated fact, that these hieroglyphics in time became sacred, and, if the beetle was found among them, it for this, if for no other reason, would have been looked upon with the same veneration.
Good men, too, to preserve the lives of animals oftentimes wantonly taken, introduce them into fables and poetry, and connect pleasing tales with them. The “Babes in the Wood” have so fixed the respect for the tameness of the robin, that it is even now deemed a sacrilege with our boys to stone this bird. And may there not have been such good men, and such tender stories, among the Egyptians, and the remembrance of whom and which long lost by the lapse of time?
122. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 33.
123. Ins. of China, p. 6.
124. Nat. Hist., xxix. 6 (38).
125. Nat. Hist., xxx. 11 (30). Holland, Trans., ii. 390.
126. James’ Med. Dict.
127. Donovan’s Ins. of China, p. 6.
128. Theatr. Ins., p. 160. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 1012.
129. Cuvier suggests that the Scarabæus nasicornis of Linnæus, which haunts dead bark, or the S. auratus, may be the insect here referred to.
130. Nat. Hist., xi. 28 (34).
131. Shaw’s Zool., vi. 20. Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci.
132. St. Clair, West Indies, etc., i. 152.
133. Simmond, Curiosities of Food, p. 295.
134. Ibid.
135. Tennent, Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, p. 407.
136. Tennent, Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, p. 407.
137. Theatr. Ins., p. 152. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 1009.
138. De Geer, iv. 275–6. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 33.
139. Hist. of Ins. (Murray, 1830) ii. 296.
140. Chronicles, iv. 326.—The water overflowing the low grounds brought the beetles for air to the surface, whence they were swept away by the current.
141. Phil. Trans. Abridg., ii. 781–3.
142. Phil. Trans. Abridg., ii. 782.
143. Shaw, Zool., vi. 25.
144. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 179.
145. Anderson’s Recr. in Agric., iii. 420.
146. Anim. Biog., iii. 233.
147. Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci.
148. Ibid.
149. Shaw’s Zool., vi. 88.
150. Tennent, Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, p. 405.
151. Donovan, Ins. of India, p. 5.
152. Donovan, Ins. of China, p. 13.
153. Travels, i. 384.
154. Ibid., i. 331.
155. Cuvier, An. King.—Ins., i. 356.
156. Introd., i. 156.