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Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 of 3 / Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility cover

Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 of 3 / Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility

Chapter 40: INDEX
By George John Romanes
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About This Book

The volume examines post-Darwinian theories of heredity and utility, centering on Weismann's denial of the inheritance of acquired characters and weighing direct, indirect, and experimental evidence on both sides. It scrutinizes how adaptive and specific characters arise, evaluates claims about the roles of use and disuse, natural selection, and utility, and analyzes factors such as climate, food, sexual selection, isolation, and laws of growth in producing variation. The author summarizes arguments, critiques rival positions, and supplements the treatment with appendices addressing panmixia and methodological points.

INDEX

  • A.
  • Acceleration and retardation, 16.
  • Acquired characters, heredity of, 39, 103, 133.
  • Adaptation, 7, 13, 55, 62, 67, 71, 159, 165;
  • of species and of specific characters, 166.
  • Allen, Mr., referred to, 209.
  • All-sufficiency of Natural Selection, referred to, 65, 95.
  • Alone with the Hairy Ainu, referred to, 26.
  • American and European trees compared, 201.
  • American Journal of Science, referred to, 273.
  • American Naturalist, referred to, 35, 58.
  • Ammonites, species of, 254.
  • Animal Intelligence, referred to, 93.
  • Animal Life, referred to, 101.
  • Animal Life and Intelligence, referred to, 33, 36.
  • Apparent Paradox in Mental Evolution, referred to, 90.
  • Appendages of Normandy and Irish pigs, 188.
  • Articulation and inheritance, 335.
  • Artistic faculties of man, 27.
  • B.
  • Babington, Prof., referred to, 252.
  • Bachman, Dr., referred to, 186.
  • Bailey, Prof., referred to, 127.
  • Baker, Mr., referred to, 252.
  • Balancing of brainless frog, 78.
  • Ball, Mr. Platt, referred to, 3, 95; quoted, 50.
  • Bateson, Mr. W., referred to, 36.
  • Beddard, Mr. F., referred to, 174.
  • Bentham, Mr., referred to, 252.
  • Birds, diagnostic characters of, 176;
  • of Australia, effect of climate on, 210;
  • influence of food on, 218.
  • Blastogenetic, 123, 242, 245, 250.
  • Blending of adaptations, 67.
  • Brain, referred to, 80.
  • Broca, Prof., referred to, 64, 67, 174, 318.
  • Bronn, Prof., referred to, 174.
  • Brooks, Prof., referred to, 14.
  • Brown-Séquard, referred to, 104, 122, 142; quoted, 104.
  • Buckley, Mr., referred to, 147.
  • Buckman, Prof. James, referred to, 125.
  • Buckman, Prof. S.S., referred to, 24.
  • Butler, Mr. A. G., referred to, 254.
  • Butler, Mr. Samuel, referred to, 87.
  • Butterfly, seasonal changes of, 210;
  • influence of food on, 217.
  • C.
  • Carnivora, instincts of, 89.
  • Carrière, M. L. A., referred to, 123.
  • Cave animals, colour-changes in, 211.
  • Cave Fauna of North America, quoted, 211.
  • Cessation of Selection, 99, 199, 212, 292.
  • Characters, adaptive and specific, 159, 307;
  • specific, due to Natural Selection, 171.
  • Charadriidae, Geographical Distribution of the Family, quoted, 173.
  • Chimpanzee, counting of, 31.
  • Climate, influence of, on plants, 200;
  • on animals, 209.
  • Co-adaptation, 64.
  • Cockerell, Prof., referred to, 218.
  • Colour, 269.
  • Colour-changes in butterflies, 210.
  • in cave animals, 211.
  • Colours of Animals, referred to, 36.
  • Congenital, as opposed to acquired characters, 134.
  • Constancy of characters not necessarily due to Natural Selection, 186.
  • Contemporary Review, referred to, 60, 65, 95
  • Continuity of germ-plasm, 44, 61, 133;
  • absolute and relative, 134, 155.
  • Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection, referred to, 2; quoted, 180.
  • Cope, Prof., referred to, 14, 15, 20, 63, 256; quoted, 16.
  • Correlation, 171, 184, 211, 222, 268.
  • Costa, M., quoted, 217.
  • Cunningham, Mr. J. T., quoted, 103; referred to, 95, 122.
  • D.
  • Dall, Prof., referred to, 14.
  • Darwin, Charles, referred to, 1-13, 20-22, 25, 44, 45, 51-53, 56, 66, 67, 74, 87, 88, 93, 95, 96-100, 149, 159, 160, 167, 173, 174, 181-183, 187-191, 193, 195, 198, 200-202, 213-216, 218, 219, 226, 256, 261-265, 268, 271, 277, 283, 287, 291, 305-307, 313-332, 337; quoted, 11, 53, 66, 96, 181, 182, 186-191, 193, 195, 201, 202, 213-215, 261, 262, 265, 313-316, 319-322, 324-326, 328-331, 337.
  • Darwin et ses Précurseurs Français, referred to, 234.
  • Darwinian Theory of the Origin of Species, quoted, 254.
  • Darwinism, quoted, 22, 27, 67, 181, 182, 186, 189-191, 221, 222, 235, 236, 252, 253, 269, 270, 273, 313, 316; referred to, 7, 12, 15, 20, 70.
  • De Candolle, Prof., referred to, 206.
  • Deep-sea faunas, 212.
  • Delbœuf, referred to, 224.
  • Descent of Man, quoted, 25, 322-324, 331.
  • Development of the Hard Parts of the Mammalia, referred to, 14.
  • De Vries, Prof., referred to, 122, 174.
  • Diagnostic characters of birds, 176;
  • Marsupials, 178.
  • Divergent Evolution through Cumulative Segregation, quoted, 224.
  • Dixon, Mr. Charles, referred to, 174; quoted, 177, 223.
  • Doctrine of Descent and Darwinism, quoted, 260.
  • Dogs, scratching, reflex of, 80;
  • shaking off water, 84;
  • transplantation of ovaries, 143.
  • Dorfmeister, Dr., referred to, 211.
  • Ducks, use-inheritance in, 96;
  • losing true plumage, 187.
  • Dupuy, Dr., referred to, 105.
  • Dyer, Mr. Thistleton, quoted, 325, 327.
  • E.
  • Effect of External Influences upon Development, referred to, 66, 95.
  • Effects of Use and Disuse, quoted, 50.
  • Eimer, Prof., referred to, 14, 174, 217.
  • Entomological Society, Trans. of, quoted, 211; referred to, 217.
  • Epilepsy of guinea-pigs, 104.
  • Essays on Heredity, quoted, 56, 91, 97, 107, 152; referred to, 12, 36, 65, 105, 110.
  • Eudes-Deslongchamps, M., referred to, 188.
  • European and American trees, compared, 201.
  • Everest, Rev. E., quoted, 213.
  • Evolution without Natural Selection, quoted, 177.
  • Examination of Weismannism, referred to, 39-42, 44, 100, 122, 123, 134, 136, 138-140, 156.
  • Experiments in Pangenesis, referred to, 145.
  • F.
  • Fabre, M., referred to, 88.
  • Factors of organic evolution:
  • Natural Selection, 2, 5, 6;
  • use-inheritance, 3, 11.
  • Factors of Organic Evolution, referred to, 8.
  • Faculties and organs, 29.
  • Fertility, 229.
  • Flat-fish, Mr. Cunningham on, 103.
  • Floral Structures, referred to, 19.
  • Focke, Dr., referred to, 174.
  • Fonctions du Cerveau, referred to, 109.
  • Food, influence of, 217.
  • Foot, of man, 23.
  • Frog, brainless, balancing of, 78.
  • G.
  • Galton, Mr. Francis, referred to, 40-48, 100, 103, 134-139, 145, 146, 152, 154, 156, 300, 303-305; quoted, 46, 100.
  • Gangrene, effects of, 54, 105.
  • Gardener's Chronicle, quoted, 127.
  • Gärtner, Dr., referred to, 206.
  • Geddes, Prof., referred to, 15, 20,174.
  • Gemmules, 47, 145, 155.
  • Genera and species, 261.
  • Germ-plasm and Stirp, 40;
  • and pangenesis, 42;
  • isolation of, 137;
  • stability of, 243.
  • Germ-plasm, referred to, 128.
  • Giard, Prof., referred to, 14, 174.
  • Giraffe, co-adaptation in, 64.
  • Goltz, Prof., referred to, 80, 84.
  • Gould, Mr., referred to, 210.
  • Graft-hybridization, 143.
  • Growth, laws of, 222, 226, 248, 270, 321.
  • Guinea-pigs, epilepsy of, 104.
  • Gulick, Mr., referred to, 174, 259, 260, 271; quoted, 224, 273.
  • Gute und schlechte Arten, quoted, 203.
  • H.
  • Habit, hereditary, 87.
  • Habit and Intelligence, quoted, 225.
  • Hand, of man, 24.
  • Handbook of British Flora, referred to, 252.
  • Haycraft, Prof., referred to, 80.
  • Heape, Mr. Walter, referred to, 147.
  • Henslow, Prof. George, referred to, 18-20, 127-132, 174, 208; quoted, 19, 130, 131.
  • Heredity, problems of, 39.
  • Hering, Prof., referred to, 87.
  • Hewitt, Mr., referred to, 187.
  • Hill, Prof. Leonard, quoted, 132.
  • Haeckel, Prof., referred to, 174, 260, 282.
  • Hoffmann, Dr., referred to, 123, 280.
  • Horse, callosities of, 265.
  • Huxley, Prof. T. H., referred to, 167-170, 185, 256, 275, 283, 307-312; quoted, 307-309.
  • Huxleyan doctrine of species, 167.
  • Hyatt, Prof., referred to, 14, 15.
  • Hymenoptera, social, 92.
  • I.
  • Inadequacy of Natural Selection, referred to, 65, 95.
  • Inconsistencies of Utilitarianism as the Exclusive Theory of Organic Evolution, quoted, 273.
  • Indifferent characters, 171, 185, 208, 247.
  • Insects, instincts of, 91.
  • Instability of useless characters, 186.
  • Instinct and hereditary habit, 87;
  • of Sphex, 88;
  • of carnivora, 89;
  • of man, 89;
  • Prof. Weismann's views on, 90;
  • of insects, 91.
  • Intercrossing, 67-71.
  • Isolation, 223 et seq.
  • J.
  • Jordan, Dr., referred to, 206, 252.
  • K.
  • Karyokinesis, 140.
  • Kerner, Prof., referred to, 174, 202-206, 231, 239, 260, 282; quoted, 203.
  • Koch, Dr., referred to, 217.
  • Kölliker, Prof., referred to, 174.
  • L.
  • Lamarck, referred to, 9-15.
  • Lamarckism, 9, 61, 113.
  • Landor, A. H. Savage, referred to, 26.
  • Language and Weismannism, 334.
  • Lankester, Prof. Ray, quoted, 245, 299; referred to, 305.
  • Lesage, M., referred to, 126.
  • Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, quoted, 319, 320; referred to, 11.
  • Luciani, referred to, 109.
  • M.
  • Making of Flowers, referred to, 19.
  • Manual of British Botany, referred to, 252.
  • Manual of Dental Anatomy, figure from, 267.
  • Marsupials, diagnostic characters of, 178.
  • Materials for the Study of Variation, referred to, 36.
  • Meehan, Mr., referred to, 201.
  • Meldola, Prof., referred to, 68.
  • Mental Evolution in Animals, referred to, 25, 88, 89, 92.
  • Mental Evolution in Man, referred to, 31.
  • Merrifield, Mr., referred to, 211.
  • Mice, mutilation of tails of, 148.
  • Mivart, Prof. St. George, referred to, 4, 174, 217.
  • Monstrosity, in turkeys, 181;
  • in cattle, 196.
  • Morgan, Prof. Lloyd, referred to, 33, 36, 174, 271, 300-305; quoted, 300, 303.
  • Moseley, Prof., referred to, 26.
  • Murphy, Mr. J. J., referred to, 224.
  • Mutilations, inheritance of, 53, 148.
  • N.
  • Nägeli, Prof., referred to, 174, 206, 318.
  • Naked skin of man, 25.
  • Nathusius, referred to, 188.
  • Natural Selection, range of, 2, 5, 51, 62, 92;
  • a theory of species, 161, 169;
  • and cave animals, 211;
  • and Porto Santo rabbits, 214.
  • Natural Selection and Tropical Nature, quoted, 23.
  • Natural Science, quoted, 104.
  • Nature, quoted, 132, 223, 245, 299, 325; referred to, 68, 98, 218.
  • Neo-Darwinian school, 10, 61.
  • Neo-Lamarckian school, 13, 62, 63.
  • Neuer Beitrag zum geologischen Beweis der Darwin'schen Theorie, quoted, 254.
  • Neuter Insects and Darwinism, referred to, 95.
  • Neuter Insects and Lamarckism, referred to, 95.
  • Neuters of hymenopterous insects, 92.
  • Newman, Cardinal, referred to, 20.
  • Niata cattle, 191.
  • O.
  • Obersteiner, Dr., referred to, 105, 106.
  • Oesterreichische medicinische Jahrbücher, referred to, 105.
  • On Truth, referred to, 217.
  • Orang-utan, teeth of, 267.
  • Organic Evolution, referred to, 217.
  • Origin of the Fittest, quoted, 16; referred to, 14.
  • Origine des Plantes Domestiques, démontrée par la culture du Radis sauvage, referred to, 123.
  • Origin of Sex, referred to, 17.
  • Origin of Species, quoted, 3, 4, 181, 182, 186, 188, 190, 261, 262, 265, 321, 322, 325, 326, 329; referred to, 67, 159, 227, 286.
  • Osborn, Prof., referred to, 14, 58, 63.
  • Owen, Sir Richard, referred to, 191.
  • Oxen, skulls of, compared, 192.
  • Oysters, change of, 217.
  • P.
  • Packard, Prof., referred to, 14, 213.
  • Pangenesis, 11, 42.
  • Panmixia, 97, 212, 291.
  • Parsimony, law of, 51.
  • Parsnips, variation of, 125.
  • Pascoe, Mr., referred to, 174; quoted, 254.
  • Perrier, Prof., referred to, 14, 93, 95.
  • Peter, Dr., referred to, 206.
  • Pfeffer, Herr, referred to, 15.
  • Pflüger's Archiv, referred to, 80.
  • Philosophical Transactions, referred 10, 103.
  • Physiological Selection, referred to, 187, 307, 313, 324; quoted, 188, 308.
  • Pickard-Cambridge, Rev. O., quoted, 221.
  • Pig, old Irish, 188.
  • Plants, influence of climate on, 122-207.
  • Porto Santo rabbits, 214.
  • Poulton, E. B., referred to, 36, 217, 337.
  • Presidential Address to the Bristol Naturalists Society, 1891; quoted, 300, 303.
  • Proceedings of the Royal Society, referred to, 145, 147; quoted, 307.
  • Protective resemblance, 72.
  • Protrusion of eyeball, in epileptic guinea-pigs, 111.
  • Q.
  • Quatrefages, M., referred to, 234.
  • R.
  • Rabbits, and use-inheritance, 96;
  • transplantation of ovaries, 143;
  • Porto Santo, 214.
  • Radish, variation of, 123.
  • Rats, scratching, reflex of, 81.
  • Raupen und Schmetterlinge der Wetterau, referred to, 217.
  • Reflex action and use-inheritance, 64-87.
  • Rejoinder to Prof. Weismann, referred to, 95.
  • Reversal of selection, 101, 292.
  • Revue Générale de Botanie, referred to, 126.
  • Richardson, referred to, 188.
  • Roux, Prof., referred to, 298.
  • Rudiments, 294.
  • Ryder, Prof., referred to, 14.
  • S.
  • Sachs, Prof., referred to, 15, 174.
  • "Sally," counting of, 31.
  • Sauermann, Dr., referred to, 218.
  • Schäfer, Prof., referred to, 145.
  • Schmetterlinge des Südwestlichen Deutschlands, referred to, 217.
  • Schmidt, Dr. Oscar, quoted, 260.
  • Schools of Evolutionists, 12-20.
  • Scott, Prof., referred to, 63.
  • Scratching, reflex, in dogs, 80;
  • in rats, 81.
  • Seasonal changes of butterflies, 210.
  • Seebohm, Mr. Henry, quoted, 173; referred to, 174.
  • Selection, cessation of, 99, 292;
  • reversal of, 101, 292.
  • Selection, sexual, 219 et seq.
  • Selective value, 73.
  • Self-adaptation, 18.
  • Semper, Prof. Karl, referred to, 101.
  • Sexual selection, 219 et seq.
  • Sole, pigment of, 104.
  • Somatogenetic and somatoplasm, 123, 137, 155, 242-249.
  • Some Laws of Heredity, referred to, 24.
  • Species, stress laid on origin of, 159;
  • necessarily due to natural selection, 168.
  • ---- definitions of, 229.
  • Spencer, Herbert, referred to, 8, 64-68, 95.
  • Sphex, instincts of, 88, 337.
  • Stebbing, Rev. T. R., quoted, 25.
  • Sterility, 8.
  • Stirp and germ-plasm, 40, 47, 138.
  • Struggle for Existence between the parts of an Organism, referred to, 299.
  • T.
  • Theory of Heredity, referred to, 40, 47, 137, 154; quoted, 46, 47.
  • Thomas, Mr. Oldfield, referred to, 178.
  • Thomson, J. A., referred to, 15.
  • Todd, J. E., referred to, 35.
  • Tomes, Mr., referred to, 267.
  • Transfusion of blood in rabbits, 145.
  • Transplantation of ovaries in rabbits, 143, 147.
  • Trees, comparison of European and American, 201.
  • Turkey, tuft of hair of, 181;
  • losing metallic tints, 186.
  • U.
  • Use-inheritance, 3, 49, 77, 95, 151.
  • Utility, law of, 8, 20, 159;
  • universality of, 166;
  • of specific characters, 172;
  • of specific characters in birds, 176;
  • of specific characters in Mammals, 178.
  • V.
  • Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, quoted, 3, 4, 53, 66, 96, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 213-216, 330, 331.
  • Varieties, climatic, 228.
  • Vestigial characters, 171, 184, 261, 294.
  • Vines, Prof., referred to, 297.
  • Vitality, plumes of birds due to surplus, 270, 25.
  • Voice, of man, 25.
  • W.
  • Wagner, Moritz, referred to, 217.
  • Wallace, Mr. A. R., referred to, 2, 6, 9, 11, 15, 20-35, 50, 66-70, 167, 169, 172-175, 180-198, 210, 218-227, 235-237, 252, 256, 258, 263-278, 285, 313-322, 328, 331, 332; quoted, 22-24, 27, 67, 180-182, 185, 186, 190, 191, 221-223, 235, 236, 269, 273, 313.
  • Wallacean doctrine of species, 167, 169.
  • Weismann, Prof., referred to, 2, 7, 9, 12, 13, 39-60, 65, 66, 90-105, 112, 128, 134-142, 148, 149, 151, 152, 155, 156, 173, 241, 243, 244, 246, 279, 280, 291, 294, 297, 298, 300, 311, 338;
  • quoted, 56, 91, 97, 152, 243, 244, 297.
  • Weismannism, diagram of constituent theories, 43, 136;
  • elusiveness of, 334.
  • Weismannism once more, referred to, 66, 95.
  • Welby, Hon. Lady, referred to, 90.
  • Westphal, Prof., referred to, 105, 107.
  • Withdrawal of foot by reflex action, 75.
  • Würtenberger, Dr., referred to, 254.
  • Y.
  • Yarrell, Mr., referred to, 186.