Early Man in the New World

Chapter 12

REFERENCES AS TO ILLUSTRATIONS

(In the main, the earliest instances of publication)

PAGE 13. Edward Brerewood, Enquiries Touching the Diversity of Languages, and Religions, Through the Chief Parts of the World (1622—1st ed., 1614).

PAGE 18. W. A. Johnston, “Quaternary Geology of North America in Relation to the Migration of Man,” in The American Aborigines, ed. D. Jenness (1933).

PAGE 19. Carl Sauer, “Geographic Sketch of Early Man in America,” Geographical Review, Vol. 34 (1944).

PAGES 26 and 27. Harold S. Gladwin, Excavations at Snaketown: II, Comparisons and Theories (1937), and Ernst Antevs, personal communication.

PAGE 44. Arthur Holmes, Principles of Physical Geology (1945). Earnest A. Hooton, Up from the Ape (1931).

PAGE 48. Richard F. Flint, Glacial Geology and the Pleistocene Epoch (1947). Ernst Antevs, The Last Glaciation (American Geographical Society Research Series, no. 17, 1928). Richard F. Flint and H. G. Dorsey, “Glaciation of Siberia,” Bulletin, Geological Society of America, Vol. 56 (1945). R. A. Daly, The Changing World of the Ice Age (1934).

PAGE 55. Arthur Keith, New Discoveries Relating to the Antiquity of Man (1931). Henry Fairfield Osborn, Men of the Old Stone Age (1915). Albrecht Penck and Eduard Brückner, Die Alpen im Eiszeitalter (1901-1909). Frederick E. Zeuner, The Pleistocene Period: Its Climate, Chronology and Faunal Successions (1945). H. N. Fisk, Geological Investigation of the Alluvial Valley of the Lower Mississippi River (1944). Henry Fairfield Osborn, Man Rises to Parnassus (1927).

PAGE 58. George C. Simpson, “Ice Ages,” Nature, Vol. 141 (1938). Carl Sauer, “Geographic Sketch of Early Man in America,” Geographical Review, Vol. 34 (1944).

PAGE 62. W. J. Sollas, Ancient Hunters and Their Modern Representatives (1911).

PAGE 66. Harold Peake and Herbert John Fleure, Apes and Men (1927). J. Reid Moir, The Antiquity of Man in East Anglia (1927). E. Ray Lankester, “Rostro-Carinate Flint Implements,” Proceedings, Royal Society, Vol. 41 (1912).

PAGE 71. Henry Fairfield Osborn, Men of the Old Stone Age (1915). L. S. B. Leakey, Adam’s Ancestors (3rd ed., 1935). Miles C. Burkitt, The Old Stone Age: A Study of Palaeolithic Times (1933).

PAGE 74. Charles Dawson and A. Smith Woodward, “On a Bone Implement from Piltdown (Sussex),” Quarterly Journal, Geological Society of London, Vol. 71 (1917). O. G. S. Crawford, Man and His Past (1921).

PAGE 82. Henry Fairfield Obsorn, Men of the Old Stone Age (1915). Hans Weinert, “Zusammenfassung des Pithecanthropus Problems,” Zeitschriften für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte, Vol. 87 (1928).

PAGE 83. Gustav H. R. von Koenigswald, “Search for Early Man,” Natural History, Vol. 56 (1947).

PAGE 89. Franz Weidenreich, Apes, Giants, and Men (1946). J. H. McGregor, “Restoring Neanderthal Man,” Natural History, Vol. 26 (1926). R. Verneau, “Les Grottes de Grimaldi,” Anthropologie, Vol. 2 (1906). Raymond W. Murray, Man’s Unknown Ancestors (1943).

PAGE 90. Gabriel de Mortillet, Musée Préhistorique (1881).

PAGE 91. W. H. Holmes, Handbook of Aboriginal American Antiquities (1919).

PAGE 92. Ibid.

PAGE 93. Ibid.

PAGE 98. Henry Fairfield Osborn, Men of the Old Stone Age (1915).

PAGE 100. John Evans, The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments of Great Britain (1872).

PAGE 101. Miles C. Burkitt, The Old Stone Age: A Study of Palaeolithic Times (1933). George Grant MacCurdy, Human Origins (1924).

PAGE 102. Harold Peake and Herbert John Fleure, Hunters and Artists (1927).

PAGE 103. George Grant MacCurdy, Human Origins, Vol. I (1924). L. S. B. Leakey, Adam’s Ancestors (3rd ed., 1935).

PAGE 105. Miles C. Burkitt, The Old Stone Age: A Study of Palaeolithic Times (1933). George Grant MacCurdy, Human Origins, Vol. I (1924). Edith Plant, Man’s Unwritten Past (1942).

PAGE 106. George Grant MacCurdy, Human Origins, Vol. I (1924).

PAGE 107. Thomas Wilson, “Prehistoric Art,” Report, U.S. National Museum for 1896 (1898).

PAGE 108. E. Lartet and H. Christy, Reliquiae Aquitanicae (1875).

PAGE 108. Michele Mercati, Metallotheca, Opus Posthumum (1717).

PAGE 109. Mark R. Harrington, Gypsum Cave, Nevada (Southwest Museum Papers, no. 8, 1933).

PAGE 110. Emile Cartailhac and Henri Breuil, “La Caverne d’Altamira à Santillane près Santander (Espagne),” Peintures et gravures murales des cavernes paléolithiques (1906). L. Capitan, H. Breuil, and D. Peyroni, “La Caverne de Font-de-Gaume aux Eyzies (Dordogne),” Peintures et gravures murales des cavernes paléolithiques (1910).

PAGE 112. Hugo Obermaier and Paul Wernert, Las Pinturas rupestres del barranco de Valltorta (1919).

PAGE 113. Ibid.

PAGE 114. L. Capitan, H. Breuil, and D. Peyroni, “La Caverne de Font-de-Gaume aux Eyzies (Dordogne),” Peintures et gravures murales des cavernes paléolithiques (1910).

PAGES 116 and 117. Harold Peake and Herbert John Fleure, Hunters and Artists (1927). Arthur Keith, New Discoveries Relating to the Antiquity of Man (1931). Henry Fairfield Osborn, Men of the Old Stone Age (1915). Robert Braidwood, personal communication, 1946. Frederick E. Zeuner, Dating the Past (1946).

PAGE 144. Charles C. Abbott, “The Stone Age in New Jersey,” American Naturalist, Vol. 16 (1872).

PAGE 145. Israel C. Russell, The Geological History of Lake Lahontan (U.S. Geological Survey, Monograph no. 11, 1885).

PAGE 147. J. Graham D. Clarke, “New World Origins,” Antiquity, Vol. 14 (1940).

PAGE 152. W. J. Sollas, Ancient Hunters and Their Modern Representatives (1911).

PAGE 155. H. M. Wormington, Ancient Man in North America (Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series no. 4, 2nd rev. ed., 1944). Edgar B. Howard, “Evidence of Early Man in North America,” Museum Journal, Vol. 24 (1935). Alex Krieger, “Artifacts from the Plainview Bison Bed,” Bulletin, Geological Society of America, Vol. 58 (1947).

PAGE 157. Frank C. Hibben, “Evidence of Early Man in Alaska,” American Antiquity, Vol. 8 (1943). Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., “Developments in the Problem of the North American Paleo-Indian,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 100 (1940).

PAGE 158. Edgar B. Howard, “Evidence of Early Man in North America,” Museum Journal, Vol. 24 (1935). W. J. Sollas, Ancient Hunters and Their Modern Representatives (1911). Edith Plant, Man’s Unwritten Past (1942). Jacques J. M. de Morgan, Prehistoric Man (1925).

PAGE 159. Frank C. Hibben, op. cit.; Frank J. J. Roberts, Jr., op. cit.

PAGE 161. H. M. Wormington, Ancient Man in North America (2nd rev. ed., 1944). E. W. C. and H. H. Campbell, and others, The Archaeology of Pleistocene Lake Mohave (Southwest Museum Papers, no. 11, 1937).

PAGE 162. H. M. Wormington, Ancient Man in North America (2nd rev. ed., 1944).

PAGE 165. Frank C. Hibben, “Evidences of Early Occupation in Sandia Cave, New Mexico,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 99 (1941). Bruce Howe and Hallam L. Movius, Jr., A Stone Age Site in Tangier, Vol. 28 (Papers of the Peabody Museum, 1947). Edith Plant, Man’s Unwritten Past (1942).

PAGE 168. Paul S. Martin, George I. Quimby, and Donald Collier, Indians Before Columbus (1947).

PAGE 171. Mariano Barceno, “Descripción de un hueso labrado, de llama fosil,” Anales, Museo Nacional de México, Vol. 2 (1882).

PAGE 179. G. F. Becker, “Antiquities from Under Tuolumne Table Mountain in California,” Bulletin, Geological Society of America, Vol. 2 (1891).

PAGE 190. Edwin H. Colbert, “The Association of Man with Extinct Mammals in the Western Hemisphere,” Proceedings of the Eighth American Scientific Congress, Vol. 2 (1942).

PAGE 208. Earnest A. Hooton, Up from the Ape (1931).

PAGE 212. Griffith Taylor, “The Nordic and the Alpine Races and Their Kin,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 37 (1931).

PAGE 214. L. S. B. Leakey, Adam’s Ancestors (1935). Rudolf Martin, Lehrbuch der Anthropologie, etc. (1928). E. P. Stibbe, An Introduction to Physical Anthropology (1938). Earnest A. Hooton, Up from the Ape (1931).

PAGE 216. E. P. Stibbe, An Introduction to Physical Anthropology (1938). Earnest A. Hooton, Up from the Ape (1947). Herman F. C. ten Kate, “Matériaux pour servir à l’anthropologie de la presqu’île Californienne,” Vol. 7, Bulletin, Société d’ Anthropologie de Paris (1884). George and Edna Woodbury, Prehistoric Skeletal Remains from the Texas Coast (Medallion Papers, Gila Pueblo, no. 28, 1935). Louis R. Sullivan and Milo Hellman, “The Punin Calvarium,” Anthropological Papers, Amer. Museum of Natural History, Vol. 23 (1925). Aleš Hrdlička, “Early Man in America,” American Journal of Science, Ser. 4, Vol. 34, (1912). Earnest A. Hooton, “Notes on Five Texas Crania,” Bulletin, Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Soc., Vol. 5 (1933).

PAGE 228. Harold S. Gladwin, Excavations at Snaketown: II, Comparisons and Theories (Medallion Papers, Gila Pueblo, no. 26, 1937).

PAGE 235. Erich M. von Hornbostel, Die Musik auf den nordwestlichen Salomon-Inseln aus dem Phonogramm-Archiv des Psychologischen Instituts der Universität Berlin (1912). Erland Nordenskiöld, The Ethnography of South America as Seen from Mojos in Bolivia (Comparative Ethnological Studies, no. 3, 1924).

PAGE 237. Harold S. Gladwin, Excavations at Snaketown: II, Comparisons and Theories (Medallion Papers, Gila Pueblo, no. 26, 1937). Frances Elmore, “The Casa Grande National Monument,” Arizona’s National Monuments (1945). James Wickersham, “An Aboriginal War Club,” American Antiquarian, Vol. 3 (1895). J. Imbelloni, “On the Diffusion in America of Patu Onewa, Okewa, Patu Paraoa, Miti, and Other Relatives of the Mere Family,” Journal, Polynesian Society, Vol. 39 (1930).

PAGE 250. George C. Vaillant, “A Bearded Mystery,” Natural History, Vol. 31 (1931). Matthew W. Stirling, “Great Stone Faces of the Mexican Jungle,” National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 78 (1940). Miguel Covarrubias, Mexico South (1946).

PAGE 273. Paul C. Mangelsdorf and C. Earle Smith, Jr., “New Archaeological Evidence on Evolution in Maize,” Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets, Vol. 13, no. 8 (Mar. 4, 1949).

PAGE 282. A. P. Okladnikov, “Archaeological Data on the Ancient History of the Baikal Region,” Review of Ancient History, Vol. 86 (Moscow, 1938). Henry B. Collins, Jr., “Eskimo Archaeology and Its Bearing on the Problem of Man’s Antiquity in America,” Proceedings, American Philosophical Society, Vol. 86 (1943). Edgar B. Howard, “Evidence of Early Man in North America,” Museum Journal, Vol. 24 (1935).

PAGE 285. Hallam L. Movius, Jr., Early Man and Pleistocene Stratigraphy in Southern and Eastern Asia, Vol. 19, no. 3 Papers, Peabody Museum (1944).

PAGE 287. Thomas T. Paterson, “On a World-Correlation of the Pleistocene,” Transactions, Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. 60 (1942).

INDEX

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

Abbevillian, as substitution for Chellean, 64

Abbott, C. C., 124;

discoveries of, 145

Abilene points. See Milnes Milnesand points

Acosta, Father José de, believes Old and New Worlds joined, 12, 13

Adhémar, J., on cause of glaciation, 54

Agassiz, Louis, and glacial hypothesis, 46, 47, 121

Agriculture, animals in, 8;

development of, 7, 30, 39, 40, 167, 182;

difference between Mediterranean and New World, 264;

in fertile crescent, 40;

and increase of roundheadness, 211;

of Indian culture, 246, 263-65, 267-68, 272;

and neolithic man, 38, 283;

origins in New World of, 254, 258, 265;

women in, 38, 39, 265

Altamira, paintings discovered at cave of, 110-11

Ameghino, Fiorino, 125-26;

discoveries of, 123-24

American Association for the Advancement of Science, 258

Anderson, Edgar, on Burmese origin of corn, 274-75

Animal fossils, 189-205;

abundance of, 128;

Alaskan, 203;

in association with human bones, 120-21, 123, 126, 130-33, 139, 204, 215, 294

Animals, domesticated, 8, 34

Antevs, Ernst, 150;

and Cochise culture, 167;

dates corn, 273;

and glaciation, 49, 205;

on length of residence of man in New World, 31;

on Minnesota man, 132;

on pluvials, 293, 294

Archeology, beginnings of, 61

Arrow, as precursor of spear point, 105

Ashe, Thomas, on extinct American mammals, 193

Aterians, use of arrowhead by, 107

Atlantis, 16

Aurignacian culture, 99-101;

recognized in ancestry of American Indian, 218, 285-86

Australopithecines, 85-87

B

Badarians, 39

Barbour, Erwin H., on existence of glacial man, 290

Basket Makers, 219, 221-22, 247

Basketry, beginnings of, 38;

in first Christian centuries, 219

Bastian, Adolf, 175;

theory of psychic unity by, 238

Bering Strait, 2, 3. See also Migration routes

crossing of, 2, 16, 17, 24, 60, 219-20, 224, 278;

Palisades culture north of, 188

Bernhardi, A., and glacial hypothesis, 46

Bird, Junius, 274;

discoveries of, 132, 175

Birdsell, Joseph, on origin of early man in New World, 230-31

Bison bison, evolution of, 198-200

Boas, Franz, on diversity of languages, 6

Boucher (de Crèvecoeur) de Perthes, Jacques, 129-30;

discovers reality of glacial man, 63, 64

Bow and arrow, hypothesis on invention of, 108-9, 242

Braidwood, Robert G., on stay of Solutreans in Europe, 102;

time scale of early man by, 65

Breasted, James H., Sr., on advent of agriculture, 39

Bronze Age, limits of, 33, 34

Broom, Robert, and Dart discover southern apes, 85

Brückner, Eduard, and Alpine glaciation, 47;

on duration of glaciation, 55;

on temperatures during glaciation, 53

Bruman, Henry J., 266;

on agriculture in New World, 272-73

Bryan, Kirk, 137, 150;

flints recorded by, 175;

on length of residence of man in New World, 31, 289-90;

on Minnesota man, 132;

on movement of Durst Silts, 163;

on pluvials, 293

Burins, 107

Burkitt, M. C., on pluvials, 294

C

Calaveras skull, dispute with churchmen over, 122

Campbell, Mr. and Mrs. W. H., discoveries of, 160, 169, 175

Carbon 14. See Dating, through radiocarbon

Carter, George F., on existence of glacial man, 183, 290

Catholic church, 191;

explanation of Indians by, 12

Cephalic index, 210-18

Childe, Gordon, on beginnings of archeology, 61;

on invention of writing, 115;

on neolithic civilization, 37, 38;

on Stone Age, 114-15;

on superiority of metal over stone for tools, 34

Clovis man, name change of, xii;

points of, found with extinct mammal fossils, 191

Cochise culture, 167-69

Colbert, Edwin H., on extinction of mammals, 203

Confins man, 131, 293

Conquistadores, 2

Conyers, discoveries of, 61, 62

Coon, Carleton S., on origins of early man in New World, 230, 284

Corn, 267, 268-76;

no wild ancestor for Indian, 263, 272;

origins in New World of, 265

Coup de poing. See Hand axes

Cressman, L. S., discoveries of, 179

Croll, James, on causes of glaciation, 54

Cro-Magnon man, 63, 89, 97, 126;

as part of Aurignacian culture, 99, 100

Culture periods, Ameghino’s, 123;

confusion in determining, 115-18;

history of classification of, 33;

indicated by tools, 65-72;

major divisions of, 33-37;

Mortillet’s, 64, 65, 68

Cummings, Byron, discovers milling stones, 167

Cuvier, cataclysmal explanation of great extinction by, 201

D

Dart, Raymond, 86;

and Broom discover southern apes, 85

Dasypodidae. See Extinct armadillo

Dating, of early man by death of mammals, 189-205, 294;

through pluvial periods, 52, 63;

through pottery, 247;

through radiocarbon, xi, 9, 86, 94-97, 100, 102, 138, 140, 179, 188, 204, 278;

from sloth dung, 160;

of Turin skeletons, 140

Dawn stones. See Eoliths

Diaz (del Castillo), Bernal, on principle of wheel in New World, 30;

on Mexican mammoth bone, 136

Dixon, Roland B., criticizes Rivet’s languages hypothesis, 255;

on cultural diffusion, 243-44;

on origins of early man in New World, 220-22;

on transpacific migration, 30, 218

Douglas, A. E., originates tree-ring count, 49

Dubois, Eugène, 85;

discovers Java man, 81, 82

E

Eden culture, name change of, xii;

points of, 154, 158, 203;

pressure flaking in, 104, 181

Eiseley, Loren C., on Athabasca bison, 200;

on extinction of American mammals, 192-93, 195, 202-3;

questions evidence of historic mastodon, 197

Ekholm, Gordon, on Asia-America diffusion, 258

Engravings, on bone, 172-73

Eoliths, development of tools from, 67, 163;

origin of, 67, 68

Eskimo, 6, 220, 279;

Caspian strain in, 221

Eustatism, 59

Evans, Glen L., discovers Plainview point, 156

Ewing, Maurice, on cause of glaciation, 56, 57

Extinct armadillo, 190

F

Facial index, 211-12

Fertile crescent, 40

Figgins, J. D., discovers Folsom point, 144-46

Fire lenses, 183

Flint knapping, 282-83;

finest, 154;

steps in, 282-83

Flint, Richard F., on last glaciation, 19, 49, 60

Fluorine test, for fossils, 76

Folsom man, dating of, 28, 151-52, 181, 191, 199-201;

Generalized, 156;

pressure flaking in culture of, 104;

spear points of, 144-51, 153-55, 191, 198

Fontechevade man, discovery of, 80

Font Robert point, 100, 105;

appearance of, 107

Frere, John, discoveries of, 62

G

García, Fray Gregorio, on origins of Indians, 14, 15

Geikie, James, and glacial hypothesis, 47

Giddings, J. L., Palisades culture of, 188

Gigantopithecus, 83, 84

Glacial Period. See Great Ice Age

Glaciation. See Ice ages

Gladwin, Harold S., 49, 162;

on advent of Pygmies in New World, 225-26;

on cultural diffusion, 242-43, 246-49;

on independent invention of agriculture, 267;

on invasion of America by Alexander the Great, 249-55;

on various early migrations to New World, 227, 229-30, 247

Great Ice Age, definition of, 44, 45, 48, 60;

large mammals in, 84, 181, 204;

rainfall during, 294;

theory of flake vs. core tools in, 70.

See also Ice ages

Grimaldi man, 102

Günz glaciation, Danubian glaciers before, 47;

determination of time of, 54

Gypsum man, 159, 160

H

Haddon, A. C., recognizes Australoid in America, 218

Haeckel, Ernst, 81

Hand axes, 84, 85, 173;

as products of core industry, 70, 286;

development of, 68, 111;

in the New World, 173-76, 183, 287;

spread of use of, 72

Harrington, John, on diversity of Indian speech, 6

Harrington, M. R., discoveries of, 159;

on forebears of Eskimo, 223;

on migration through Ireland, 25

Haua Fteah, importance of finds at, 96

Heidelberg man, 80;

taurodontism in, 77

Heizer, Robert F., discoveries of, 136, 160;

on Monument skulls, 135

Henri-Martin, Mlle., 80

Hester, Jim, on extinction of mammals, 205

Hibben, Frank C., and Generalized Folsom points, 156;

discoveries of, 164;

on crossing into New World, 20;

redates Durst Silts, 163

Holmes, W. H., 31;

attacks early man, 124, 174;

on King’s pestle, 178

Holocene. See Postglacial Period

Homo sapiens. See Man

Hooton, Earnest A., 31, 32, 97;

on length of residence of man in New World, 132-33;

on origins of early man in New World, 219-20, 222-23;

quoted, 207, 233;

recognizes Australoid in America, 218;

on resemblance of American Indian to Old World peoples, 209, 222-23, 233, 241-42;

on spurious finds, 125-26

Housebuilding, earliest evidence in New World of, 171

Howard, Edgar B., discoveries of, 149-50;

on customs of Folsom man, 152-53, 280;

on length of residence of man in New World, 6;

on preservation of mammals, 198

Howells, W. W., quoted, 1;

sees similarity between American and Pacific tribes, 222

Howorth, Henry H., on extinction of mammals in New World, 201

Hrdlička, Aleš, attacks on traces of early man by, 124-28, 134;

on Aurignacian and Magdalenian ancestry in American Indian, 218;

on Calaveras skull, 123;

on crossing into New World, 18, 20;

on Indian culture, 240-41;

on migration routes, 21

Huntington, Ellsworth, on migration across Atlantic, 25

I

Ice ages, xii, 9, 18, 19;

Alpine glaciations in, 47, 48;

changes in sea level in, 50-53;

classification of, 44, 45;

extent of Wisconsin glaciation in, 18, 24, 26, 60;

hypothesis of land bridge in, 17, 18, 289;

hypothesis on causes of glaciation in, 53-60;

mammals in Americas in, 190;

migration in, 288-92;

and migration routes, 21-25, 60;

overlapping of centers in, 49;

Sangamon Interglacial period in, 24;

wood in, 35

Imbelloni, José, on advent of Pygmies in New World, 225-26

Indian race, autochthonous origin of, 233-34;

as descendants of Welsh, 16;

as inventor of own culture, 261;

myth of, 207, 279

Insects, in man’s diet, 41

International Congress of Americanists, 257

J

Java man. See Pithecanthropus erectus

Jefferson, Thomas, excavates Virginia mound, 120;

and fossils of extinct mammals, 191;

on origin of Eskimo, 286

Jenks, A. E., 132;

discoveries of, 154, 157;

on Sauk Valley skull, 133

Johnson, Frederick, traces migration routes, 21

K

Kay, G. F., on Minnesota man, 132

Keith, Sir Arthur, 31, 94;

on Lagoa Santa craniums, 130;

recognizes Australoid in America, 218

King, C. J., discoveries of, 178-79

Kingsborough, Lord, 129;

believes Indians to be Lost Tribes, 15

Koch, A. C., 120-21;

discoveries of, 154

Kroeber, Alfred L., on cultural diffusion, 244-45;

on number of languages, 5

L

Lagenaria gourd, 258

Lagoa Santa caves, 121, 127, 130-32, 135, 142

Larkin, Frederick, on Indian domestication of mammoth, 194

Leakey, L. S. B., and discovery of Zinjanthropus, 86;

on paleolithic pottery sherds, 38

Leechman, Douglas, traces migration routes, 21

Leighton, M. M., on finds at Elm Creek Silts, 162-63;

on length of residence of man in New World, 31;

on Minnesota man, 132

Lemert, Edwin M., discoveries of, 160

Lewis, Gilbert N., on neolithic culture in Andes, 256

Libby, Willard F., xi;

and dating through radiocarbon, 95, 96, 165, 179, 278

Lubbock, Sir John, on division of paleolithic and neolithic ages, 36

Lund, P. W., 121;

discoveries of, 130

Lyell, Sir Charles, 121;

on late survival of mastodon in New World, 197

M

MacClintock, Paul, on Minnesota man, 132

MacNeish, Richard S., 266;

dates corn, 273

Magdalenian man, in ancestry of American Indian, 218, 285-86;

hypothetical migration of, 25;

in Old World, 107, 126

Man, “age” of, 43;

and his early diet, 40, 41;

-apes in Africa, 85-87;

Australoid, 214-15, 217-18;

Australoid or Negroid ancestry of, in New World, 31, 42, 210, 219-20, 223-24, 248-49, 279;

as descendants of Adam, 119-21;

dividing line between ape and, 85-87;

existence of glacial, 63, 64, 288-92;

giant ancestors of, 83, 84;

length of residence in New World of, 2-7, 9, 28, 31, 56, 112, 124-42, 180-88, 277, 288-92, 294;

location of sites in New World of, 184-88;

Mongoloid, 207-9, 213, 215-18, 220;

relationship of forms of, 97, 220, 279

Mandan Indians, thought to be descendants of Welsh, 16

Mangelsdorf, P. C., and cereal treasure, 268

Manos, defined, 177

Marston, A. F., discovery of Swanscombe skull by, 77

Martin, Paul S., on extinction of mammals, 205

Mastodon, American, 9

Mathematics, development of, 7

Mather, Cotton, on Dighton Rock carvings, 120;

on giants of Holy Writ, 191

McGee, W. J., 146

Meade, Grayson, E., discovers Plain view point, 156

Medicine, development of, 7

Meganthropus palaeojavanicus, 83

Melanesian people. See Oceanic Negrito

Melbourne skull, 133-34

Mendel glaciation, 47

Mendes Correâ, A. A., and hypothesis of southern land bridge, 224

Mercati, Michele, on origin of ancient artifacts, 143

Mesolithic Age, 36, 37

Mexico, prehistory of, 29, 30

Microliths, in division of prehistory, 36

Midland man, 139-40

Migration of north pole, 56, 57

Migration routes, 2, 3, 16, 17, 166;

across Atlantic, 25;

across Pacific, 25;

by Antarctica, 25;

by Bering Strait, 20, 21, 24, 128;

early opinions on, 12-15;

from Europe to Canada, 25;

by Isthmus of Panama, 24

Milling stones, 166-70;

puzzle anthropologists, 280-81

Milnes Milnesand points, 162

Minnesota man, 132-33, 278;

challenge existence of, 140

Moir, J. Reid, 173;

discovery of eoliths by, 67, 68

Monkey trial, 124

Monument Site, significance of discoveries at, 135

Morlot, Adolphe, and glacial hypothesis, 47

Mortillet, Gabriel de, classification of cultures by, 64, 65, 68, 87, 88;

modification of theory of, 72

Mounds, number in U.S. of, 7

Mousterian. See Neanderthal

Mu, continent of, 16, 240

Mugharet-el-Kebara, 96

Muscovy duck, 8

N

Nachahmer, Emil, quoted, 143

Neanderthal man, 88-94, 96;

advent of, 79, 94;

as inventor of religion, 88;

predecessor of, 80

Negro slaves, thought to identify fossils of extinct mammals, 191-92

Nelson, N. C., 120;

on advent of Aurignacians, 100;

on ancestors of American Indian, 285;

on divisions of prehistory, 37;

on European attitude toward Indians, 12;

on Indian types, 209

Neolithic age, daggers from, 154;

defined, 36-39, 41, 42;

time taken to reach, 8

New Stone Age. See Neolithic age

Niagara Gorge, 49

Nordenskiöld, Baron Erland, on Indian culture, 240, 245, 247;

on inventions unique to New World, 261-62, 264;

on metallurgy in New World, 31, 32

Notharctus, 2

O

Oceanic Negrito, 213

Old Stone Age. See Paleolithic age

Oreopithecus bambolii, 87

Osborn, Henry Fairfield, on advent of Aurignacians, 100;

on extinction of mammals, 202

P

Painting, 104, 171;

as religious art, 258-59;

by Magdalenians, 107-12, 256;

in Spain, 112-13

Paleolithic age, 96;

defined, 36, 37, 41, 42, 116-17;

progress from, 7, 8;

sculpture of, 98

Panpipes, 235-36, 253

Papuan peoples. See Oceanic Negrito

Paranthropus, 85

Peking man, 81-85

Penck, Albrecht, and Alpine glaciations, 47;

on duration of glaciation, 55;

on inter-glacial migration, 290-92;

on length of residence of man in New World, 6, 31

Peñón man, 138

Percussion flaking, 88, 90, 91

Pericú skulls, 135, 221

Perry, W. J., 16, 239-40

Peyroni, D., 173

Piltdown forgery, 74-77

Pithecanthropus erectus, 82, 89;

cousin of, 84;

discovery of, 81

Pithecanthropus robustus, 89

Plainview points, 155-56, 203. See also Folsom man, Generalized

Playfair, John, and glacial hypothesis, 46

Pleistocene. See Great Ice Age

Plesianthropus, 85

Pliocene Period, 67, 68, 87

Pluvials, 59, 131, 170, 292-94;

defined, 52

Polished ax, social use of, 39

Population of New World in 1492, 5

Postglacial Period, definition of, 45

Pottery, in association with animal fossils, 194-95;

Aurignacian, 113;

cord-marked, 229;

in dating, 247;

as factor in neolithic life, 38;

invention in New World of, 54

Pressure flaking, 93, 280;

by Solutreans, 104, 283

Prestwich, Sir Joseph, 64, 67

Protestant dogma, 122, 124;

influence on archeology of, 63

Punin man, 131-33;

question of antiquity of, 195;

resemblance to Australian skulls of, 218

Putnam, F. W., 124

Putnam, General Rufus, 120

Pygmy, as exception to Negroid headshape, 210;

as preceding Australoid in New World, 225-27