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Early Quaker education in Pennsylvania

Chapter 47: NEWSPAPERS
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About This Book

The monograph traces Quaker educational practices in Pennsylvania before 1800, drawing on manuscript minutes and local records to reconstruct meeting organization, pedagogical ideals, and school operations. It surveys city and county schools—Philadelphia, Bucks, Montgomery, Chester, and Delaware—examining curriculum, funding, governance, and the roles of masters and mistresses, and includes reports on schooling for Black and Native children. Chapters situate Quaker beliefs and meeting structures that shaped schooling and provide source-rich accounts, appendices, and a bibliography to support further historical and archival study.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MANUSCRIPT SOURCES

Abington Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1682-1893, 10 vols. Abington Friends’ Meeting House, Jenkintown, Pa.

Abington Monthly Meeting Minutes (Extracts from) 2 vols. H. S. P.

Abington Quarterly Meeting Minutes, 1786-1800, 1 vol. 15th & Race Streets, Phila., Pa.

A Collection of Christian and Brotherly Advices ... by the Yearly Meeting of Philadelphia and Burlington, 1 vol. Swarthmore Friends’ Library.

Ancient Records of Philadelphia, collected by Wallace. H. S. P.

Bradford Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1737-1827, 8 vols. 142 North 16th Street, Phila., Pa.

Board of Trade Papers Proprieties, 1697-1776, vols. 2-24, transcribed 1901-1902.

Buckingham Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1720-1792, 3 vols. First National Bank, Newtown, Pa.

Buckingham Monthly Meeting Minutes (Extracts from), 1720-1803. H. S. P.

Bucks Quarterly Meeting Minutes, 1684-1804, 2 vols. First National Bank, Newtown, Pa.

Byberry Preparative Meeting Minutes, 1721-1824, 3 vols. 15th & Race Streets, Phila., Pa.

Chester Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1681-1802. (Minutes, 1721-1760 missing). Meeting House, Media, Pa.

Concord Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1684-1877, 7 vols. Meeting House, Concordville, Pa.

Concord Quarterly Meeting Minutes, 1683-1813, 1 vol. Meeting House, Media, Pa.

Darby Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1684-1807, 3 vols. Meeting House, Darby, Pa.

Exeter Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1737-1808, 3 vols. 15th & Race Streets, Phila., Pa.

Extracts, London Yearly Meeting, 1 vol. Property Bucks Quarterly Meeting, First National Bank, Newtown, Pa.

Falls Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1683-1718, 4 vols. First National Bank, Newtown, Pa.

Falls Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1683-1788, 3 vols. 142 North 16th Street, Phila., Pa.

Falls Preparative Meeting Minutes, irregular for years 1765-1800. First National Bank, Newtown, Pa.

Goshen Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1722-1807, 4 vols. 142 North 16th Street, Phila., Pa.

Gwynedd Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1714-1802, 5 vols. 142 North 16th Street, Phila., Pa.

Haverford Meeting Minutes, 1684-1686, 1 vol. 15th & Race Streets, Phila., Pa.

Horsham Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1782-1879, 5 vols. 15th & Race Streets, Phila., Pa.

Horsham Preparative Meeting Minutes, 1757-1881, 4 vols. 15th & Race Streets, Phila., Pa.

Horsham School Committee Minutes, 1792-1816, 1 vol. 15th & Race Streets, Phila., Pa.

Kennett Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1686-1808, 3 vols. Meeting House, London Grove, Pa.

Logan Papers and Letters, 45 vols. H. S. P.

London Grove Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1792-1807, 1 vol. Meeting House, London Grove, Pa.

Merion Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1693-1699, 1 vol. 15th & Race Streets, Phila., Pa.

Merion Preparative Meeting Minutes, 1702-1705, 1 vol. 15th & Race Streets, Phila., Pa.

Middletown Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1683-1861, 6 vols. 15th & Race Streets, Phila., Pa.

Middletown Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1683-1800, 2 vols. H. S. P. Collections.

Minutes of the Committee on Negro Education, 1797-1803, 1 vol. H. S. P.

New Garden Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1718-1790, 4 vols. (2d vol. missing). Orthodox Meeting House, West Grove, Pa.

Norris Family. Letters, Papers, and Schoolbooks. H. S. P.

Pastorius, F. D. Letters and Papers, 4 vols. H. S. P.

Pemberton. Ms. Collections, 70 vols. H. S. P.

Penn. Letters and Papers, Private and Official and Indian Affairs, 21 vols. H. S. P.

Penn Charter School: Overseer’s Minute Books, 1712-1813, 3 vols., also additional loose papers, rules, advices, etc. Provident Life and Trust Building, Phila., Pa.

Philadelphia Monthly Meeting Minutes, 12 vols. 304 Arch Street, Phila., Pa.

Philadelphia Quarterly Meeting Minutes, 1682-1826, 5 vols. 304 Arch Street, Phila., Pa.

Philadelphia (and Burlington) Yearly Meeting Minutes, 2 vols. 304 Arch Street, Phila., Pa.

Proud, Robert. Papers and Letters, 3 boxes, also vol. of Mss. H. S. P.

Radnor Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1699-1803, 14 vols. (1704-1712 not found). 15th & Race Streets, Phila., Pa.

Richland Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1742-1806. 4 vols. Meeting House, Quakertown, Pa.

Richland School Committee Minutes, 1 vol. Meeting House, Quakertown, Pa.

Richland: Accounts of Jonathan Walton Fund, 1 vol. Meeting House, Quakertown, Pa.

Sadsbury Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1737-1824, 2 vols. 15th & Race Streets, Phila., Pa.

Uwchlan Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1763-1809, 3 vols. 142 North 16th Street, Phila., Pa.

Warrington Monthly Meeting Minutes (Extracts from), 1747-1856, 1 vol. H. S. P.

Warrington and Fairfax Quarterly Meeting Minutes, 1776-1787, 1 vol. H. S. P.

Western Quarterly Meeting Minutes, 1758-1818, 2 vols. Orthodox Meeting House, West Grove, Pa.

Westland Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1785-1865, 1 vol. H. S. P.

Wrightstown Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1734-1800, 2 vols. (first vol. not found). First National Bank, Newtown, Pa.

PRINTED SOURCES

A Brief Account of the Concern of the Yearly Meeting of Philadelphia in relation to the guarded religious education of their youth.... Phila., 1835.

Abolition, The Constitution of the Pennsylvania Society for the—of Slavery.... Phila., 1787.

Acts of Parliament relative to those Protestant Dissenters called Quakers from 1688. London, 1757.

Africans, The case of our fellow creatures, the oppressed Africans, respectfully recommended to the serious consideration of the Legislature of Great Britain by the people called Quakers (by A. Benezet), London, 1784.

Ball, Gawen. Premonitory Extracts, selected from various authors of the Religious Society of Friends. N. P., 1819.

Banks, John A. A Journal of his Life, Labors and Travels. London, 1712.

Barclay, Robert. A Catechism and Confession of his Faith, N. P., 1673.

Apology for the true Christian Divinity. London, 1678.

Bellers, J. Proposals for raising a college of industry of all useful trades and husbandry.... London, 1818.

Benezet, Anthony. Short Account of the People called Quakers. Phila., 1780.

The Pennsylvania Spelling Book or Youth’s Friendly Instructor. Dublin, 1800.

Some observations on the situation, disposition and character of the Indian natives. Phila., 1784.

Notes on the Slave Trade, 1780, H. S. P.

Observations on the enslaving, importing, and purchasing of negroes.... Germantown, 1760.

Brief Considerations on Slavery, and the Expediency of its Abolition. Burlington, N. J., 1773.

Besse, Joseph. Edition of a collection of the works of William Penn. London, 1726.

Collections of the Sufferings of Quakers. London, 1753.

Biddle, Owen. A pamphlet of 52 pages on a plan for a boarding school. Phila., 1790.

Budd, Thomas. Good Order established in Pennsylvania and New Jersey in America. Phila., 1685.

Bugg, Francis. The Quakers detected, their errors confuted. London, 1685.

Chalkley, Thomas. A Collection of the works of ... in two parts. Phila., 1749.

Charters. William Penn’s Charters of the Public Schools founded by Charter in the town and county of Philadelphia.... 1701, 1708, 1711. Phila., No date.

Chesterfield, Lord. Advice to his Son. Phila., 1781.

Churchman, John. An Account of the Gospel Labors and Christian Experiences of. London, 1829.

Claridge, R. Life and Posthumous Works of, collected by J. Besse. London, 1726.

Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, published by the State, 16 vols. Harrisburg and Phila., 1852-1853.

Collections of the Protestant Historical Association.

Comly, John and Isaac. Friends’ Miscellaney, 12 vols. Phila., 1831-1839.

Cox, S. H. Quakerism not Christianity.... Boston, 1833.

Crawford, Charles. Observations on Negro Slavery. Phila., 1784.

Crouch, William. Posthuma Christiana or a collection of his works. London, 1712.

Darusmont, F. W. Views of Society and Manners in the United States, 1818-1820. London, 1821.

Early Christian Instruction in form of a dialogue between mother and a child. London, 1807.

Epistles from the Yearly Meeting in London, 1681-1817. London, 1818.

Extracts from the Minutes and Advices of the Yearly Meeting in London. London, 1802.

Fisher, Samuel. Testimony of Truth Exalted by the collected labors of.... N. P., 1679.

Fothergill, Samuel. Discourses, Epistles and Letters. London, 1803.

Fox, George. Journal. 2 vols. London, 1852.

To all Magistrates, Teachers, Schoolmasters and People ... who teach your children the way of the heathen.... London, 1660.

A Primmer for the Doctors and Scholars of Europe.... London, 1659.

A Warning to all Teachers of Children who are called Schoolmasters and Mistresses to Parents. London, 1657.

Fox, George and Hookes, Ellis. Instruction for Right Spelling, Reading and Writing.... London, 1697.

Friend, The. A religious and Literary Journal published weekly at Philadelphia since 1827.

Friends’ Library, The. 10 vols. Phila., 1837.

Friends’ Year Book, 1917. Published by the Representative Committee of the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting. 15th & Race Streets.

Friends’ Christian Doctrine and Practice and Discipline. London, 1861.

Fry, John. Alphabetical Extracts of all Annual Printed Epistles sent to the Quarterly Meeting in London. London, 1762.

Furly, Benjamin, Fox, George, and Stubbs, John. Battledore for Teachers and Professors to learn Singular and Plural. London, 1660.

Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania, Publications. Vols. 1-5, 1895-1910; other numbers to date. Phila.

Germantown, Extracts from Records of the Court held in 1691-1701. Phila., 1853.

Gough, John and James. A Practical Grammar of the English Tongue. Dublin, 1792.

Gough, John. Treatise of Arithmetic in Theory and Practice. Phila., 1788.

Grammar, Practical Syntax in English and French ... and intended chiefly for the use of the Society called Quakers. London, 1795.

Griffith, John. Journal of Life and Travels.... London, 1779; Some Brief Remarks upon Sundry Important Subjects. London, 1768.

Hazard, Samuel. Editor, Register of Pennsylvania, 16 vols. Phila., 1828-1835.

Hicks, Elias. Journal of the Life and Religious Labors of Elias Hicks. New York, 1832.

Holme, Benjamin. Collection of Epistles and works of.... London, 1754.

Indians, A Brief Account of the Committee appointed in 1795 ... for promoting ... civilization of Indian Natives. Reprint, London, 1806.

Intelligencer, Friends. Published weekly at Philadelphia since 1844.

Kaln, Peter. Travels into North America, 3 vols., first vol., Warrington, 1770; second and third vols. London, 1771.

Keith, George. Journal of his Travels.... London, 1706.

Standards of Quakers Examined; An Answer to the Apology of Robert Barclay. London, 1702.

Lancaster, Joseph. Improvements in Education ... School at Borough Road. London, 1805.

Laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania of 1700-1802, 6 vols. Republished under the authority of the Legislature of Philadelphia. Phila., 1803.

Laws of Duke of York. Charters of William Penn and Laws of Pennsylvania, 1682-1700. London, 1805.

Lessons for Youth, Selected for the use of schools. Phila., 1799.

London Yearly Meeting Epistle.... Advice to Parents.... Care for the Education of their Children.... London, 1723.

Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania. 10 vols., published by the State, Philadelphia.

Miscellanies, Moral and Instructive in Verse and Prose for the Use of Schools. Phila., 1787.

More, Hannah. Strictures on the Modern System of Female Education (in pamphlets published 1823, 2 vols.). London, 1823.

Murray, Lindley. An Abridgment of Murray’s English Grammar.... London, 1798.

Oldmixon, John. British Empire in America, 2 vols. London, 1708.

Parrish, Edward. An Essay on Education in the Society of Friends. Phila., 1866.

Pastorius, F. D. Geographical Description of Pennsylvania, 1770. Translated by L. H. Weiss, Memoirs of H. S. P. Phila., 1850.

Penn, William. Extract from the Advice to his Children. London, 1819.

A Brief Account of the Rise and Progress of the People called Quakers. London, 1748.

Pennington, Isaac. Works, 4 vols. London, 1784.

Penn’s Letter to his Wife and Children. London, 1822.

Pennsylvania Archives. First Series, 12 vols. Edited by Samuel Hazard. Phila., 1852-1856.

Pennsylvania Archives. Second Series, 19 vols. Edited by J. B. Linn and W. A. Egle. Harrisburg, 1878-1896.

Pennsylvania Archives. Third Series, 30 vols. Edited by W. H. Egle. Harrisburg, 1894-1899.

Pennsylvania German Society Proceedings. Published by the Society, 20 vols. Lancaster, 1891-1911.

Pennsylvania Historical Society Memoirs, 14 vols. Phila., 1826-1895.

Pennsylvania Magazine of History, 39 vols. Published by the H. S. P., Phila., 1877-1915.

Penny, Norman. The Journal of George Fox. University Press. Cambridge, 1911.

Phipps, Joseph. Original and Present State of Man.... Trenton, 1793.

Pioneer, Der Deutsche. Erinnerungen aus dem Pioneer-Leben der Deutschen in Amerika. 18 vols. Cincinnati, 1869-1887.

Prittle, Prattle, or a familiar discourse on the I, thou, he or she, we, ye, or you etc. ... by a Lover of the Truth. London, 1752.

Protestant Episcopal Historical Society Publications, Vols. 1 and 2. 1915.

Proud, Robert. History of Pennsylvania, 2 vols. Phila., 1877.

Purver, Anthony. Counsel to Friends’ Children on Education, by J. Freame, with ... poems. London, 1799.

Religious Instruction in our Schools. A letter issued by an executive of the Friends’ Guild of Teachers, No. 9, in a volume of pamphlets. York, No date.

Rutty, John and Wight, Thomas. History of Quakers in Ireland. London, 1811.

Scott, Job. Journal of the Life, Travels and Gospel Labors.... New York, 1797.

Some Advice in the Yearly Meeting’s Epistle, 1709, concerning the education of children.... London, 1710.

Stanton, Daniel. Journal of his Life, Travels and Gospel Labors. Phila., 1772.

Statutes at Large of Pennsylvania. Compiled by J. T. Mitchell and Henry Flanders. Harrisburg, 1896-1909.

Tracts on Moral and Religious Subjects. London, 1823.

Tuke, Henry. Works. York, 1813.

Tuke, Samuel. Principles of Religion as professed by the Society of Quakers. London, 1852.

Vaux, Robert. Memoirs of Anthony Benezet. Phila., 1817.

Votes and Proceedings of the House of Representatives of the Province of Pennsylvania, 1682-1776. Phila., 1752-1776.

Wescott, Thompson. History of Philadelphia, 1609-1829 (made up of cuttings from the Sunday Dispatch). Phila., 1867-1884.

Wigham, John. Christian Instruction in a discourse between a mother and her daughter. Phila., No date.

Winterbotham, W. An historical and geographical, commercial and philosophical view of the American United States, 4 vols. London, 1795.

Woolman, John. Serious Considerations on Subjects of Importance, London, 1773; Works. Phila., 1806; The Journal of ... Introduction by J. S. Whittier. London, 1903.

NEWSPAPERS

Pennsylvania Gazette. Published by B. Franklin, beginning 1729; incomplete files.

The American Weekly Mercury. Published by William Bradford, beginning 1719; incomplete files.

The Freeman’s Journal or North American Intelligencer. Incomplete files from 1781-1787.

The Pennsylvania Evening Post. Incomplete files from 1775-1781.

The Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser. Incomplete files between 1742 and 1788.

The Pennsylvania Packet or General Advertiser. Incomplete files from 1771-1800.

The Pennsylvania Chronicle. Incomplete files from 1767-1774.

Note: The newspapers above mentioned were examined in so far as the rather incomplete files at the New York Public Library and the library of the Pennsylvania Historical Society permitted. Though the files of neither were complete, the seven taken together cover the period studied very well. School advertisements and occasional anonymous articles on education are the chief items they offer, which are of value.

SECONDARY MATERIALS

A Brief Sketch of Schools for Blacks and their descendants established by the Religious Society of Friends in 1770. Phila., 1867.

Applegarth, A. C. Quakers in Pennsylvania. Johns Hopkins University Studies. Baltimore, 1892.

Ashmead, H. G. History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania. Phila., 1884.

Ashmead, H. G., and Johnson, W. S. Historical Sketch of Chester on Delaware. Chester, 1883.

Ayton. History of Great Ayton School, published for the Jubilee Committee. Middlebrough, 1891.

Bean, Theodore W. History of Montgomery County. Phila., 1884.

Balderston, G. W. Historical Sketch of Falls, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Phila., 1882.

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Brailsford, M. R. Quaker Women, 1650-1690. London, 1915.

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Bunting, Morgan. A List of Records of the Meetings constituting the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting. Phila., 1906.

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Clarkson, Thomas. Portraiture of Quakerism, 3 vols. N. Y., 1806.

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Cope, G. and Futhey, John. History of Chester County. Phila., 1881.

Darby. Proceedings Centennial Anniversary Friends Meeting House. Darby, Pennsylvania, 1905.

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