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Earth Features and Their Meaning / An Introduction to Geology for the Student and the General Reader cover

Earth Features and Their Meaning / An Introduction to Geology for the Student and the General Reader

Chapter 3: LIST OF PLATES
By William Herbert Hobbs
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About This Book

The text provides an accessible introduction to geology, surveying the materials and structures of the lithosphere, the formation and classification of rocks, and the folding, faulting, and fracturing that shape strata. It treats earth form and surface features, seismic activity, and climatic influences on landscape—especially glaciation and desert processes—showing how to read historical records preserved in landforms. Emphasis falls on observational methods, field excursions, mapping, and illustrative diagrams to teach identification of minerals, rock textures, depositional environments, and the relation of processes to regional scenery. Appendices outline laboratory exercises and travel suggestions for applying the methods in the field.

LIST OF PLATES

PLATE
1. Mount Balfour and the Balfour Glacier in the Selkirks Frontispiece
FACING PAGE
2. A. Layers compressed in experiments and showing the effect of a competent
layer in the process of folding		 44
B. Experimental production of a series of parallel thrusts within
closely folded strata		 44
C. Apparatus to illustrate shearing action within the overturned limb
of a fold		 44
3. A. An earthquake fault opened in Formosa in 1906 with vertical and lateral displacements combined 72
B. Earthquake faults opened in Alaska in 1889 on which vertical slices of the earth’s shell have undergone individual adjustments 72
4. A. Experimental tank to illustrate the earth movements which are manifested in earthquakes. The sections of the earth’s shell are here represented before adjustment has taken place 82
B. The same apparatus after a sudden adjustment 82
C. Model to illustrate a block displacement in rocks which are intersected by master joints 82
5. A. Once wooded region in China now reduced to desert through deforestation 156
B. “Bad Lands” in the Colorado Desert 156
6. A. Barren Karst landscape near the famous Adelsberg grottoes 188
B. Surface of a limestone ledge where joints have been widened through solution 188
7. A. Ranges of dunes upon the margin of the Colorado Desert 210
B. Sand dunes encroaching upon the oasis of Oued Souf, Algeria 210
8. A. The granite needles of Harney Peak in the Black Hills of South Dakota 216
B. Castellated erosion chimneys in El Cobra Cañon, New Mexico 216
9. Map of the High Plains at the eastern front of the Rocky Mountains 220
10. A. View in Spitzbergen to illustrate the disintegration of rock under the control of joints 228
B. Composite pattern of the joint structures within recent alluvial deposits of the Syrian Desert 228
11. A. Ripple markings within an ancient sandstone 232
B. Wave breaking as it approaches the shore 232
12. A. V-shaped cañon cut in an upland recently elevated from the sea, San Clemente Island, California 256
B. A “hogback” at the base of the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming 256
13. A. Precipitous front of the Bryant Glacier outlet of the Greenland inland ice 272
B. Lateral stream beside the Benedict Glacier outlet, Greenland 272
14. View of the margin of the Antarctic continental glacier in Kaiser Wilhelm Land 282
15. A. An Antarctic ice foot with boat party landing 290
B. A near view of the front of the Great Ross Barrier, Antarctica 290
16. A. Incised topography within the “driftless area” 300
B. Built-up topography within the glaciated region 300
17. A. Soled glacial bowlders which show differently directed striæ upon the same facet 306
B. Perched bowlder upon a striated ledge of different rock type, Bronx Park, New York 306
C. Characteristic knob and basin surface of a moraine 306
18. A. Fretted upland of the Alps seen from the summit of Mount Blanc 372
B. Model of the Malaspina Glacier and the fretted upland above it 372
19. A. Contour map of a grooved upland, Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming 372
B. Contour map of a fretted upland, Philipsburg Quadrangle, Montana 372
20. Map of the surface modeled by mountain glaciers in the Sierra Nevadas of California 376
21. A. View of the Harvard Glacier, Alaska, showing the characteristic terraces 394
B. The terminal moraine at the foot of a mountain glacier 394
22. A. Model of the vicinity of Chicago, showing the position of the outlet of the former Lake Chicago 400
B. Map of Yosemite Falls and its earlier site near Eagle Peak 400
23. A. View of the American Fall at Niagara, showing the accumulation of blocks beneath 414
B. Crystal Lake, a landslide lake in Colorado 414
24. A. Apparatus for exercise in the preparation of topographic maps 468
B. The same apparatus in use for testing the contours of a map 468
C. Modeling apparatus in use 468