INDEX
Abrasion, beneath glaciers, 275.
Abyssinia, fissure eruptions in, 101.
Accordance, of tributary valleys, 162.
Adiabatic refrigeration, in relation to glaciers, 262.
Adolescence, in cycle of erosion, 169.
Advancing hemicycle of glaciation, 263-266.
Advective zone, of atmosphere, 270.
Aftershocks, of earthquakes, 83.
Agassiz, glacial lake, 325-328.
Agassiz, Louis, cited, 339, 400.
Aggradation, 162.
Aktian deposits, 36.
Alaskan coast, map of, 79.
Albs, 376.
Alden, W. C., cited, 316, 318, 319.
Algæ, growth of, in hot springs, 194.
“Alkali” in deserts, 201.
Alluvial bench, 214.
Alluvial cone, 213.
Alluvial-dam lakes, 423.
Alluvial fan, 213.
Alterations of minerals, 27.
Altitude, of different parts of lithosphere, 18.
American Falls, future extinction of, 357.
Amphiboles, 459.
Amphitheaters, formed on drift sites, 369.
Amundsen, R., cited, 23.
Analysis, of folds, 54.
Anderson, Tempest, cited, 146, 147.
Andersson, J. G., cited, 157, 295.
Andesite, 463.
Angular unconformity, 53.
Antarctic protuberance, 17.
Antarctic shelf ice, 289, 290.
Anticlinal folds, 42.
Anticlines, 42;
tension in, 45.
Anticyclone, glacial, 284.
Ants, factor in rock decomposition, 156.
Apron, alluvial, 213.
Arbenz, P., cited, 195.
Arches, of folded strata, 42;
Architecture, of fractured earth superstructure, 55.
Arctic depression, 17.
Areal geological map, 62.
Arêtes, 373.
Arldt, Theodore, cited, 11, 19, 438.
Arnold, Ralph, cited, 157.
Arrangement of oceans and continents, 10.
Artesian wells, 190, 191, 196.
Ash, volcanic, 122.
Askja, eruption of, in 1875, 101.
Assmann, R., cited, 294.
Astronomical vs. geodetic observations, 12.
Atlantis, North, 16.
Atmosphere, compressibility of, 8.
Attack, of the weather, 149.
Atwood, W. W., cited, 7, 160, 298, 300, 313, 372.
Axial plane, of folds, 42.
Axis, of folds, 42.
Azurite, 453.
Bacteria, part taken in weathering, 156.
“Bad Lands”, control of relief in, 223, 224.
“Bad Land” topography, 214.
Bajir, 216.
Balance, between degradation and aggradation, 161.
Bandai-san, dissection of, 141.
Barchans, 211.
Barrancoes, 139.
Barrier beaches, 240;
sections of, 242;
Barrier lakes, 420.
Barriers, 240;
mountain, in relation to glaciers, 262.
Bars, 240.
Basalt, 463;
faulted blocks of, 58;
of Hawaii, 105.
Base level, 159.
Basin Range structure, 440.
Basins, flat bottomed, separating dunes, 216;
of exudation, 272;
of sedimentation, earlier, 38.
Bastin, E. S., cited, 210.
Batholites, 143.
“Bath tubs”, 395.
Beach pebbles, 239.
Beaches, remaining from ice-dam lakes, 410;
shingle, 239;
storm, 240;
uplifted, “feathering out” of, 344.
Bedded structure of rocks, 31.
Beede, J. W., cited, 195.
“Bee-hive” mountains, 380, 381.
Belgica expedition, 289.
Belt of sea which divides land masses, 11.
Berghaus, H., cited, 424.
Bergschrund, 370.
Berson, A., cited, 294.
Berthaut, General, cited, 7.
“Bird-foot” delta, 167.
“Biscuit cutting” effect of glacial sculpture, 372.
Blackwelder, E., cited, 318.
Block mountains, 446.
Blocks, orographic, 58.
Bocchi, 125.
Bog, floating, 429.
Bonney, T. G., cited, 146.
Borax deposits, in deserts, 201.
Border drainage, about glaciers, 316, 320, 321.
Bosses, 143.
“Bottoms”, from entrenched meanders, 173.
“Bowlder clay”, 310.
“Bowlder pavement”, 237.
Bowlders, faceted, 310;
glacial, 298;
thrown up during earthquakes, 69.
Bowlder trains, 306.
Bowman, Isaiah, cited, 179.
Box cañons, 214.
Braided streams, 280.
“Bread-crust” lava projectiles, 119.
Breakers, 232.
Breccia, fault, 60.
Bridges, nature of damage to, during earthquakes, 75, 76.
Brigham, A. P., cited, 424.
Brögger, W. C., cited, 66.
Bruce, W. S., cited, 290, 382, 399, 414.
Bryant, H. G., cited, 289.
Buckley, E. R., cited, 433, 434.
Built terraces, 235.
Bunsen, cited, 192.
Burns, G. P., cited, 434.
Burton, W. K., cited, 92.
Buttes, 216.
Calcareous ooze, 36.
Calcareous sinter, 184.
Calcareous tufa, 464.
Calcite, 455.
Caldera, 405, of composite volcanic cones, 126.
Camiguin volcano, birth of, 96, 97.
Campbell, M. R., cited, 178.
Cañons, 160;
box, 214.
Capri, blue grotto of, 257, 258.
Capture, river, 175, 176, 179.
Carbonization, 151.
Cascade Mountains, fissure eruptions of, 102.
Cascade stairway, 376.
Caspian Depression, 14.
Cauliflower cloud, 130.
Caverns, galleries directed by joints, 182;
refuge of predatory animals, 185.
Caves, sea, 234.
Cellular structure, of lava domes, 112.
Centers of dispersion, of North American Pleistocene glaciers, 298.
Centrosphere, 8.
Cerussite, 455.
Chaix, A., cited, 195.
Chaix, E., cited, 195.
Chalcopyrite, 453.
Challenger expedition, 38, 96, 97, 293.
Chamberlin, T. C., cited, 29, 156, 191, 196, 205, 221, 222, 293, 295, 318, 319, 337, 339.
Character profiles, coast, due to uplift or depression, 259;
composite, 229;
directly due to volcanic agencies, 145, 146;
from stream erosion in humid climates, 177;
of arid lands, 220;
of shore features, 243;
referable to continental glaciers, 318;
referable to mountain glaciers, 379.
“Checkerboard topography”, 226.
Chemical sediments, 34.
Chicago outlet, 331.
Chimneys, in “driftless area”, 300.
Chimneys, shore feature, 234.
China, loess of, 207.
Chlorite, 458.
Chlorite schist, 465.
Cicatrice, from dissection of volcanoes, 142.
Cinder cones, 105;
corrugations upon, 138;
diameter of crater in relation to violence of explosions, 123;
grander eruptions of, 117;
profiles of, 123;
secondary, 111.
Cinder eruptions, artificially simulated, 122.
Cirques, 371;
life history of, 371;
subordinate, 371.
Cities, destruction of, by drifting sand, 218.
Clastic rocks, 30.
Clay slate, 466.
rock, 44.
Clefts, volcanic, in Iceland, 99.
Cliffs, notched, 233.
Climatic conditions, in relation to mountain sculpture, 443.
Clinometer, 48.
Cloudbursts, in deserts, 201, 212.
Coals, 466.
Coast, Dalmatian, grottoes of, 258.
Coast, elevation of, during earthquakes, 80;
submergences of, during earthquakes, 80.
Coastal plains, 246;
belted, 247.
Coast lines, even, 246;
indicative of uplift or submergence, 245, 246;
ragged, 246.
Coast records, 245.
Coasts, Atlantic and Pacific contrasted, 438;
embayed, 251.
uplift, effect of, on sediments, 38.
Coats Land, shelf ice of, 290.
Cobalt, in meteorites, 23.
Cobb, Collier, cited, 179.
Coigns, of earth’s tetrahedral figure, 15.
Coleman, A. P., cited, 318.
Colks, scape, 277.
Collet, L. W., cited, 39.
Colorado desert, 74.
Color, of minerals, 450.
Cols, 374;
origin of in cirque intersection, 372.
Comb ridges, 373.
Competent layer, 42;
in relation to lava reservoirs, 144.
Composite cones, caldera of, 126, 127.
Composite groups of joints, 57.
Composite volcanic cones, 105.
Composition of earth, 29.
Composition of the earth’s core, 21.
Compression of a district during earthquakes, 76.
Cones, alluvial, 213;
cinder, 105;
composite volcanic, 105.
Conformable series, 51.
Constructional topography, 309.
Construction of buildings, in earthquake regions, 89-91.
Continental glacier, behind rampart, 281;
in Victoria Land, 280-285;
of Antarctica, literature of, 295;
of Greenland, 271;
of Greenland, melting on margin of, 278;
of Greenland, literature, 295.
Continental glaciers, contrasted with mountain glaciers, 266-268;
defined, 266-267;
of “ice age”, 297;
of ice age, cross section of, 302;
nourishment of, 283, 286, 295;
profiles of, 267.
Continental platform, 19.
origin, 232.
Continents, arrangement of, 10;
development of, 14;
increase in area of, through wave action, 241;
past history of, 14.
Contortions of the strata, 40.
Contours, of topographic maps, 62.
Contraction of earth’s surface, during earthquakes, 74.
Contrary movements upon coasts, 254, 257.
Convective zone, of atmosphere, 270.
Conway, W. M., cited, 294.
Copernicus, cited, 10.
Copper glance, 455.
Coquina, 35.
Cornish, Vaughan, cited, 211, 222, 244.
Corrasion, 162.
Corrosion, of rocks, 156.
Coulée lakes, 406.
Cracks, earthquake, 74.
Crater, evolution of form of, 128.
Craterlets, 84;
sections of, 85.
Craters, mechanics of explosions in, 115.
Crater, volcanic, 95.
Credner, G. R., cited, 179.
Crescentic levee lakes, 416, 417.
Crestline, of an anticline, 42.
Crevasse, marginal, on mountain glaciers, 370.
Crevasses, in connection with river cut-offs, 164;
on glaciers, 391.
Cross, Whitman, cited, 216, 441, 447.
Cross-bedded structure, 37.
“Crystal cellars”, 27.
Crystal form, of minerals, 449.
Crystals, behavior under special treatment, 24, 25;
essential nature of, 23;
individuality of, 24;
mutilated, later growth of, 26;
symmetry of form of, 23.
Crustal shortening, 42.
south of Lake Ontario, 361, 362.
Cut and built terrace, on steep shore of loose materials, 237.
Cut-offs, of meanders, 164.
Cut rock terraces, 235.
Cuvier, cited, 199.
Cvijić, J., cited, 195.
Cycle of glaciation, 263, 294.
Cycles, of glaciation, Pleistocene, 297;
of stream meanders, 163.
Dana, J. D., cited, 6, 104, 106, 109, 111, 146, 147.
Dana, E. S., cited, 29.
Daly, R. A., cited, 447.
Dante, cited, 9.
Darton, N. H., cited, 179.
Darwin, Charles, cited, 199, 322, 323, 339.
Daubrée, A., cited, 54.
David, T. W. E., cited, 23.
Davis, C. A., cited, 434.
Davis, W. M., cited, 7, 178, 179, 221, 247, 276, 317-319, 378, 382.
Deceptive unconformity, 53.
mechanical results of, 150.
Débris cones, 395.
Deflation, 204.
Deforestation, in relation to agriculture, 156;
of Karst region, 188;
relation to erosion, 157.
Degeneration, 149.