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Earthquakes and other earth movements

Chapter 35: INDEX.
By John Milne
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About This Book

A systematic account of earth movements—earthquakes, tremors, pulsations, and long-period oscillations—covering seismometry, theoretical and experimental analyses of seismic motion, instruments and recording methods, observed effects on land, ocean, and buildings, and methods for locating and classifying events. The text surveys experiments with falling weights and explosives, reviews pendulum and other seismographs, examines wave propagation, intensity, duration, and radiation of disturbances, considers geographic and temporal distribution and possible causes, and addresses earthquake prediction and warning alongside practical implications for geology and engineering.

INDEX.

  • Abbadie, M. d’, on earth tremors, 309
  • Abbot, General H. L., on the transmission of vibrations, 62
  • Abella, M., on the earthquake in the Philippines in 1881, 77
  • Activity, on seismic, 6
  • Aristotle, on the classification of earthquakes, 41
  • Artificial earthquakes, experiments on, 57
  • — — intensity of, 61
  • Aurora, on the occurrence of, with earthquakes, 264
  • Ayrton and Perry, on the effect of soft foundations, 130
  • — — on the period of vibration of buildings, 115
  • — — on the principle of, 31
  •  
  • Barometer, effect of changes of, on earthquakes, 266
  • Bertelli, on aurora and earthquakes, 265
  • — on earth tremors, 316, 320
  • — on the normal tromometer of, 317
  • Bittner, A., on the buildings of Belluno, 100
  • Bridges, on earthquake, 140
  • Brunton, R. H., on buildings in earthquake countries, 123
  • Buckle, on the history of civilisation, 1
  • Builders, interest of the study of earthquakes to, 3
  • Buildings, on cracks in, 98, 108
  • — the effect of earthquakes on, 96
  • — on the irregular destruction of, 96
  • — — effect on the end house in a row, 112
  • — — church of St. Augustin at Manilla, 113
  • — — relation of destruction of, to earthquake motion, 103
  • — — protection of, 143
  • — — pitch of the roof of, 110
  • — — position of openings in the walls of, 111
  • — — swing of, 115
  • — — period of vibration of, 115
  • — — principle of relative periods in, 116
  • — — types of, for earthquake countries, 121
  • — — effect of underlying rocks on, 130
  • — general conclusions regarding, 144
  •  
  • Cacciatore, definition of the, 18
  • Caldcleugh, A., on earthquake frequency, 245
  • — on barometric height and earthquakes, 266
  • Carruthers, J., on earthquakes and tides, 291
  • Centrum, definition of, 9
  • — on the depth of, 213
  • — on the maximum depth of, 218
  • Centrum, determination of position of, see origins
  • Chaplin, W. S., on the bracket seismometer of, 27
  • — on earthquakes and the position of the moon, 252
  • Coast line, on the movement of, 160
  • Cocks, R., on earthquakes and tides, 290
  • Coseismic lines, definition of, 10
  • Curves, on microseismic, 321
  •  
  • Darwin, Charles, on the movement of coast lines, 160
  • — George H., on earth tides, 285
  • — on tidal loads, 291
  • — on earth pulsation, 330
  • — on the effect of fluctuations of barometric pressure, 336
  • — experiments at Cambridge, 310
  • Delauney, M. J., on the influence of the planets on earthquakes, 261
  • Diagonic, definition of, 11
  • Diastrophic, definition of, 11
  • Direction of motion, from instrumental records, 198
  • Distribution, on earthquake, 226
  • — examples of, 231
  • Disturbance, on the propagation of, 50
  • Douglas, J., on South American houses, 126
  •  
  • Earth particle, on the velocity and acceleration of, 79
  • Earthquake motion, nature of, as deduced from the feelings, 67
  • — direction of, derived from instrumental records, 69
  • — duration of, 71
  • — period of vibration in, 74
  • — examples of extent of, 75–77
  • — absolute intensity of force in, 83
  • — radiation of, 85
  • — velocity of propagation of, 87
  • Earthquake at Lisbon, velocity of propagation of, 88
  • Earthquakes, general examples of effects of, 142
  • — geological changes produced by, 161
  • — hunting, 187
  • — distribution of, 226
  • — maps, 189
  • — secondary, 248
  • — table of, for nineteenth century, 259
  • — on the course of, 277–281
  • — and tides, 290
  • — prediction of, 297–304
  • Elastic waves, nature of, 44
  • Emergence, angle of, 9
  • Energy, dissipation of, in earthquakes, 52
  • — seismic, in relation to geological time, 234
  • — — table of, 240
  • Epicentrum, definition of, 9
  • Euthutropic, definition of, 11
  • Ewing, J. A., pendulum seismograph of, 25
  • — astatic pendulum of, 26
  • — bracket seismograph of, 26
  •  
  • Falb, R., on the influence of the sun and moon on earthquakes, 286
  • Fissures, on the material discharged from, 148
  • — on the explanation of, 151
  • Focal cavity, definition of, 9
  • — on the form of, 221
  • Forbes, D., on an earthquake in Mendoza, 151
  • Frequency of earthquakes, 243
  • Frere, Sir H. Bartle, on geological changes produced by earthquakes, 161
  • Fuchs, on sea waves, 176
  • — on the movement of the seismic centre, 233
  • — on earthquakes and volcanic outbursts, 271
  • — on hot springs, 157
  • Fumaroles, the effect of earthquakes on, 156
  •  
  • Geinitz, Dr., on sea waves, 182
  • Geologists, on the interest of seismology to, 2
  • Gray, T., astatic pendulum of, 26
  • — bracket seismometer of, 27
  • — conical pendulum of, 29
  • — dead heat pendulum of, 22
  • — on the rotation of bodies, 196
  • — rolling spheres and cylinders of, 29
  • — torsion pendulum seismometer of, 25
  • — vertical motion seismometers of, 32, 33
  • — and Milne, seismograph of, 38
  •  
  • Hattori, I., on the large earthquakes of Japan, 244
  • Haughton, Prof., list of active volcanoes of, 227
  • — method of finding earthquake origins of, 209
  • Hills, on the want of support on the face of, 136
  • Höfer, on an earthquake at Belluno, 225
  • Hoffmann, F., on the barometer and earthquakes, 267
  • Hooke, on earthquake motion, 42
  • Hopkins, on the thickness of the earth’s crust, 284
  • Humboldt, on meteors and earthquakes, 261
  • — on the barometer and earthquakes, 267
  • — on volcanoes and earthquakes, 279
  •  
  • Imagination, effect of earthquakes on the, 2
  • Instruments, direction of motion derived from, 198
  • Intensity, on earthquake, 51, 71
  • — seismic curve of, for Kioto, 242
  • Isoseismic circles, definition of, 10
  • — areas, definition of, 10
  •  
  • Kluge, on sea waves, 175
  • — on earthquake frequency, 246
  • — on simultaneous earthquakes, 248
  • — on earthquakes and sun spots, 263
  • — on earth pulsations, 339
  • Kreil, pendulum seismometer of, 25
  •  
  • Lakes, on disturbances in, 154
  • Land, effect of earthquakes on, 146–162
  • — on the reason of movements of, 162
  • — on cracks and fissures formed in, 146
  • Level, on the use of for earth pulsations, 328
  • Literature, on seismic, 6
  • — on Japanese earthquake, 7
  •  
  • Mallet, R., on area of disturbance as a test of seismic energy, 78
  • — on clock stopping, 36
  • — list of works on earthquakes of, 5
  • — curve of seismic energy of, 238
  • — definition of earthquake of, 43
  • — on earthquake frequency, 243
  • — on the influence of the heavenly bodies on earthquakes, 253
  • — on maximum depth of origin, 218
  • — on pendulum seismometers, 20
  • — projection seismometer of, 17
  • — on the Neapolitan earthquake, 69, 77, 83, 97, 103, 132, 142, 218, 280
  • — on sea waves, 170
  • — on the swing of mountains, 135
  • — on propagation from a fissure, 217
  • Mallet on the temperature of focal cavity, 84
  • Malvasia, M. le Conte, on earth tremors, 316
  • Martin, D. S., on the New England earthquake of 1874, 142
  • Meizoseismic area, definition of, 10
  • Melzi, on curves of microseismic motion, 322
  • Meteors, on earthquakes and, 260
  • Microseismic movements, on cause of, 324
  • Milne, D., on the Lisbon earthquake, 87
  • — on earthquake synchronism, 247
  • Mitchell, on earthquake motion, 42
  • Moon, effect of, on earthquakes, 251, 285
  • Mountains, on the swing of, 135
  •  
  • Naumann, E., on meteors and earthquakes, 261
  • — on sun spots and earthquakes, 263
  •  
  • Ocean, on disturbances in, 163–186
  • Origin, definition of, 9
  • — on the determination of, 187
  • — position of, deduced from direction of motion, 192
  • — — from destruction of buildings, 194
  • — — from rotation of bodies, 195
  • — — from time of occurrence, 199
  • — — examples of methods of calculating, 200–212
  • Oscillations, on earth, 344
  • Overturning moment, on the area of greatest, 53
  •  
  • Palmer, Col. H. S., on earth tremors, 307
  • Palmieri, on clock stopping, 36, 62
  • Paul, H. M., on earth tremors, 308
  • Perrey, A., on the influence of the moon on earthquakes, 251
  • Perrey on the periodicity of earthquakes, 8
  • Perry, J., on position of openings in walls, 111
  • Physicists, on the interest of earthquakes to, 2
  • Planets, influence of, on earthquakes, 260
  • Plantamour, M., on earth pulsations, 328
  • Pleistoseists, definition of, 10
  • Poly, M. A., on earthquakes and sun spots, 263
  • — on earthquakes and revolving storms, 294
  • Prost, M. le Baron, on earth tremors, 316
  • Pulsation, on earth, 4, 326–343
  •  
  • Records, on receivers of, 33
  • Rivers, on disturbances in, 154
  • Rockwood, Prof., on American earthquakes, 6
  • Ronaldson, T., on San Francisco houses, 129
  • Rossi, M. S. di, on an eruption of gas in the Tiber, 153
  • — aurora and earthquakes, 264
  • — earth tremors, 317, 320
  • — earth oscillations, 346
  • — earth pulsations, 327
  • — microseismograph of, 318
  • — microphonic observations of, 319, 323
  • — normal tromometer of, 317
  •  
  • Schmidt, on the influence of barometric pressure on earthquakes, 267
  • Sea waves, on nature of, 165
  • — on cause of, 171
  • — seldom produced by earthquakes which originate inland, 175
  • — on velocity of propagation of, 177
  • — examples of, 179
  • Seasons, frequency of earthquakes at different, 254
  • Seebach, on the determination of origins, 211
  • — on the focal cavity, 224
  • Seismic vertical, definition of, 9
  • Seismic and volcanic phenomena, relation of, 270
  • — — conclusions regarding, 275, 295
  • Seismology, definition of, 9
  • Seismometers, on various forms of, 17–40
  • Seismoscopes, on various forms of, 13–20
  • Serpieri, P. A., on distribution of seismic movement, 231
  • Shadows, on earthquake, 137
  • Spring, on frequency of earthquakes during, 156
  • Stukeley, on earthquake motion, 42
  • — earthquakes and aurora, 265
  • Succussatore, definition of, 10
  • Sun, on the effect of, on earthquakes, 253, 285
  •  
  • Temperature, effect of changes of, on earthquakes, 268, 294
  • Terremoto, definition of, 10
  • Thomson, Sir W., on the rigidity of the earth, 285
  • Time, on recording apparatus for, 35
  • Travagini, F., on earthquake motion, 42
  • Trembelores, definition of, 10
  • Tremors, on earth, 3, 306–325
  •  
  • Understanding, effects of earthquakes on, 2
  •  
  • Verbeck, on the ball and plate seismometer of, 31
  • Vibration, on the nature of earthquake, 12
  • Vorticose motion, on, 70
  • — definition of, 10
  •  
  • Wagener, on the pendulum seismometer of, 25
  • — vertical motion seismometer of, 33
  • — list of earthquakes, 76
  • Wave paths, definition of, 9
  • Waves, on the nature of earthquake, 55
  • — on the interference of, 138
  • Wells, on the effect of earthquakes on, 156
  • Wenthrop, on the New Zealand earthquake of 1855, 79
  • West, on the parallel motion seismometer of, 28
  • Winslow, on pulsations of the ocean, 334
  • Wolf, R., on earthquakes and sun spots, 263
  • Woodward, on earthquake motion, 42
  •  
  • Young, Dr. T., on earthquake motion, 43
  •  
  • Zantedeschi, M. F., on the influence of the sun and moon on earthquakes, 285
  • Zöllner, on the bracket seismometer of, 27
  • — on earth tremors, 309
Footnotes:
[1] Mémoires de l’Académie Imp. de Dijon, vols. xiv. and xv., 2nd Series, 1855–56.
[2] Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan, vol. iii. p. 65.
[3] Gentleman’s Magazine, 1753.
[4] 1 Kings xix. 11, 12.
[5] ‘Notes on the Great Earthquake of Japan.’ J. Milne, Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan, vol. iii.
[6] See Mallet’s List of Works on Earthquakes, Report of the British Association, 1858, p. 107.
[7] Quarterly Review, vol. lxiii. p. 61.
[8] De Mundo, c. iv.
[9] See Phil. Trans. R. S., Part III. 1882.
[10] Report of the British Association, 1851.
[11] ‘On the Velocity of Transmission of Earth Waves,’ by General H. L, Abbot, American, Journal of Science and Arts, vol. xv. March 1878; ‘Shock of the Explosion at Hallet’s Point,’ by Bvt. Brig.-Gen. Henry L. Abbot, read before the Essayons Club of the Corps of Engineers, Nov. 1876.
[12] West. Rev., July 1849.
[13] Phil. Trans., L., 1755.
[14] The solution is taken from Mallet’s Account of the Neapolitan Earthquake, vol. i. p. 155.
[15] Neapolitan Earthquake, ii. p. 300.
[16] See Edinburgh Phil. Trans., vol. xxxi.
[17] See Report of British Association, 1858, p. 10.
[18] Meteorologia Endogena, i. p. 306.
[19] See remarks on the Earthquake ‘Push,’ p. 162.
[20] See Researches in Geology and Natural History, p. 374.
[21] ‘The City of Earthquakes,’ H. D. Warner, Atlantic Monthly, March, 1883.
[22] Mallet, Dynamics of Earthquakes.
[23] Stud Mill at Haywards.
[24] See ‘Constructive Art in Japan,’ by R. H. Brunton, C.E., F.R.G.S., F.G.S., Transactions of Asiatic Society of Japan, December 22, 1873, and January 13, 1875.
[25] Journal of the American Geographical Society, vol. x.
[26] Phil. Trans., li. 1760.
[27] Ibid., xviii.
[28] ‘The City of Earthquakes,’ H. D. Warner, Atlantic Monthly, March 1883.
[29] T. Ronaldson, A Treatise on Earthquake Dangers &c.
[30] Principles of Geology, Lyell, vol. ii. p. 106.
[31] The Neapolitan Earthquake of 1857, R. Mallet, vol. ii. p. 359.
[32] Am. J. Sci. x. 191.
[33] Am. J. Sci. x. 191.
[34] Reports of British Association, 1858, p. 106.
[35] See chapter ‘Causes of Earthquakes’ for details of this myth.
[36] Am. Jour. Sci. vol. x. p. 191.
[37] The Earth, p. 599.
[38] Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. ii. chap. xxix.
[39] Gent. Mag. vol. xx. p. 212.
[40] Trans. Seis. Soc. vol. v. p. 67–68.
[41] Am. Jour. Sci. vol. iv.
[42] Phil. Trans. vol. xviii.
[43] Oldham and Mallet, ‘Cachar Earthquake,’ Proc. Geolog. Soc. 1872.
[44] Phil. Trans. vols. li. and xviii.; Gent. Mag. vol. xx. 212.
[45] Trans. Royal Geog. Soc. vol. vi.
[46] Phil. Trans. vols. xxxvi. and xxxix.
[47] Am. Jour. of Sci. 1865, vol. xl. p. 365.
[48] Proc. Geolog. Soc. Ap. 1875, p. 270.
[49] Gent. Mag. vol. xxi. p. 569.
[50] Jahrb. f. Min. 1840, p. 173.
[51] Oldham and Mallet, ‘Cachar Earthquake,’ Trans. Geolog. Soc. Ap. 1872.
[52] O. Volger, Unters üb. d. Phän. d. Erdb. vol. iii. p. 414.
[53] Meteorologia Endogena, vol. i. p. 166.
[54] Gent. Mag. vol. xxvi. p. 91.
[55] Compte Rendu, 1873, p. 66.
[56] An Historical Account of Earthquakes, p. 46.
[57] Phil. Trans. vol. xlix. p. 436.
[58] Am. Jour. Sci. vol. xlv. p. 129.
[59] Phil. Trans. vol. xlix. p. 547.
[60] Ibid. vols. xlii. and xxxix.
[61] Phil. Trans. vol. xlix, part i.
[62] Compte Rendu, 1873, part ii. p. 66.
[63] Die Vulcan. Ers. d. Erde, C. W. C. Fuchs.
[64] Comte Rendu, 1875, p. 693.
[65] Gent. Mag. vol. xix. p. 190.
[66] Phil. Trans. vol. xlix. p. 115.
[67] Gent. Mag. vol. xxi. 1751.
[68] Jour. Royal Geo. Soc. vol. vi. p. 319.
[69] Darwin, Geolog. Observations, p. 232.
[70] Ibid. p. 245.
[71] Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. ii. pp. 107–8.
[72] Gent. Mag. 1733, vol. iii. p. 217.
[73] ‘Earthquakes of Cutch,’ Jour. Royal Geo. Soc. vol. xl.
[74] M. Daussy, ‘Sur l’existence probable d’un volcan sousmarin situé ar environ 0° 20′ de lat. S., et 22° 0′ de long, ouest,’ Comptes Rendus, vol. vi. p. 512.
[75] Am. Jour. Sci. vol. xlv. p. 133.
[76] Am. Jour. Sci. vol. xiv. p. 209.
[77] D. C. F. Winslow, ‘Tides at Tahiti,’ Am. Jour. Sci. 1865, p. 45; also Mallet’s Catalogue of Earthquakes.
[78] Am. Jour. Sci. vol. i. p. 469.
[79] Darwin, Researches in Geology, &c., p. 378.
[80] Kluge, Jahrb. f. Min. 1861, p. 977.
[81] Darwin, Voyage of a Naturalist, p. 309.
[82] Prof. A. D. Bache, United States Coast Survey Report, 1855, p. 342.
[83] United States Coast Surrey Report, or Am. Jour. Sci. vi. p. 77.
[84] Petermann’s Mittheilungen, 1877, Heft xii. S. 454, and Nova Acta der Ksl. Leop. Carol. Deutschen Acad. d Naturforscher, Band xl. No. 9.
[85] J. Milne: ‘Peruvian Earthquake of May 9, 1877.’ See Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan, vol. ii.
[86] Report of British Association, 1847, p. 84.
[87] Das Erdbeben von Herzogenrath, &c., p. 134.
[88] Phil. Trans. vol. li.
[89] See Am. Jour. Sci. 1872.
[90] David Milne says that ‘out of 110 shocks recorded in England, thirty-one originated in Wales, thirty-one along the south coast of England, fourteen on the borders of Yorkshire and Derbyshire, and five or six in Cumberland.’
[91] E. Suess, Die Erdbeben Niederösterreiches.
[92] H. Hoeffer, Die Erdbeben Kärntens.
[93] Six Lectures on Physical Geography, by Rev. S. Haughton, F.R.S., chap. i.
[94] Ramsay, ‘Geological History of Mountain Chains,’ Mining Journal.
[95] A notable example of a rapid diminution in the number of earthquakes felt at a place is that of Comrie in Scotland. In 1839–40, no less than sixty shocks were felt in eleven months. In 1842–43, about thirty shocks were felt, and in the following year thirty-seven. Since this time the number of shocks has decreased until they are almost of as rare occurrence at Comrie as in other portions of the British Isles.
[96] Phil. Trans. vol. i. 1836.
[97] Am. Jour. of Sci. vol. xxxvii. p. 1.
[98] Milne, ‘British Earthquakes,’ Edin. Phil. Jour. vol. xxxi.
[99] Phil. Trans. vol. xlix. pt. i.
[100] Compte Rendus, 1875, p. 690.
[101] Am. Jour. Sci. vol. xi. p. 233.
[102] Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. vi. pt. i. p. 353.
[103] Kluge, Ueber die Ursachen, &c., p. 74.
[104] Am. Jour. Sci. vol. xix. p. 162.
[105] Mitt. d. Deutsch. Ges., Aug. 1878.
[106] Report to British Association, 1850, p. 74.
[107] Fuchs, Die Vulkanischen Erscheinungen der Erde, p. 424.
[108] Bern. Naturf. Gesellschaft, 1852.
[109] Comptes Rendus, 1874, Jan. to June, p. 51.
[110] Boué, Parallele der Erdbeben, Nordlichter und Erdmagnetismus, in Sitz. der K. A. d. Wissensch. 1856, vol. iv. p. 395.
[111] Meteorologia Endogena, vol. i. p. 107, &c.
[112] Phil. Trans. vol. lxviii. p. 221.
[113] Gent. Mag. vol. xxvii. p. 508.
[114] Die Vulkanischen Erscheinungen der Erde, p. 419.
[115] Petermann’s Geogr. Mitth. 1858, sec. 246.
[116] Notes on volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands, W. T. Brigham, Mem. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1868.
[117] Gent. Mag. vol. xxiii., 1753.
[118] Jour. Royal Geog. Soc. vol. vi.
[119] Ibid. vol. vi.
[120] Phil. Trans. vol. xlii.
[121] Am. Jour. Sci. vol. x. p. 191.
[122] ‘Earthquakes of San Salvador, December 21–30, 1879.’ Am. Jour. Sci. vol. xix. p. 415.
[123] Gent. Mag. 1757, p. 323.
[124] Phil. Trans. vol. li., 1760.
[125] Mallet, Report to Brit. Ass., 1858, p. 67.
[126] Von Lasaulx, Earthquakes of Herzogenrath.
[127] Lyell, Principles, vol. ii. p. 51.
[128] Lyell, Principles, vol. i. p. 402.
[129] Fuchs, p. 464.
[130] Comptes Rendus, August 1854.
[131] Nature, April 26, 1883.
[132] Phil. Soc., Wellington, New Zealand, 1875.
[133] Phil. Trans., vol. xlii.
[134] M. S. di Rossi, Earthquakes of Casamicciola.
[135] Phil. Trans., vol. xviii. 1683–5.
[136] Ibid. vol. xlix.
[137] H. D. Warner, ‘The City of Earthquakes,’ Atlantic Monthly, March 1833.
[138] Palmer, Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan, vol. iii. p. 148.
[139] Palmer, Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan, vol. iii. p. 148.
[140] Paul, Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan, vol. ii. p. 41.
[141] G. H. and H. Darwin, Reports of British Association, 1881.
[142] Reports of British Association, 1881.
[143] Comptes Rendus, 1875, January to June, p. 685.
[144] Tel. Jour., November 15, 1881.
[145] Minutes and proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers, vol. lx. p. 412, and vol. lxiv. p. 343.
[146] See ‘Earth Tremors,’ p. 309, experiments of M. d’Abbadie, &c.
[147] Meteorologia Endogena.
[148] Ibid.
[149] Phil. Trans. vol. xlix. p. 544.
[150] Annual Register, vol. iv. 1761, p. 92.
[151] Phil. Mag., May 1876, p. 447.
[152] Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1868.
[153] ‘Notes on Tides at Tahiti,’ &c., Am. Jour. Sci. 1866, vol. xlii. p. 45.
[154] Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan, vol. iv. Milne, Systematic Observation of Earthquakes.
[155] Principles of Geology, vol. ii. 177.
[156] Gent. Mag., vol. xxvii. p. 448.
[157] Phil. Trans., vol. xli. p. 805.
[158] Meteorologia Endogena, vol. i. pp. 186, 187.
[159] Darwin, Geological Observations, p. 275 et seq.