INDEX
- Accounting, women employed in, 47.
- Addison, Christopher, 140, 152.
- Agriculture: employment of women in, 3, 14, 29, 33, 36,
- 40, 45, 47, 73;
- wages paid, 5, 34, 72, 117;
- Board of, 71, 73;
- efforts to substitute women’s labor in, 63, 70-74;
- Women’s Farm and Garden Union, 73;
- Women’s National Land Service Corps, 73;
- Women’s Land Army, 74;
- establishment of training courses in, 85;
- employment of children in, 171.
- Adjustments, postwar, 215.
- Aeroplanes, employment of women on work on, 35.
- Airedale of Gledhow, Lord, 121.
- Amalgamated Society of Engineers, 51-53, 56, 90, 100, 222.
- Ammunition industry, employment of women in, 30.
- See also Munitions industry.
- Anderson, Miss, 40.
- Armature winding, employment of women in, 42.
- Arsenals, employment of women at, 37, 60.
- Aves, Ernest, 104.
- Baillie, G. H., 60.
- Bakers, employment of women as, 38, 42, 61.
- Banks, employment of women in, 33, 39-40, 42, 45.
- Bleaching, employment of women in, 61.
- Bill posters, employment of women as, 42.
- Billeting of Civilians Bill, 165.
- Blast furnaces, employment of women in, 42.
- Boot and shoe trade, employment of women in, 30, 61.
- Boys, employment of. See Children, employment of.
- Boys’ Welfare Association, 184.
- Brewing, employment of women in, 37.
- Brick making, employment of women in, 38, 67.
- British Association for Advancement of Science, 28, 32, 34, 120.
- Brush making, employment of women in, 61.
- Building trades, employment of women in, 38.
- Butchers, employment of women as, 38.
- Cement work, employment of women in, 38.
- Cemetery laborers, employment of women as, 42.
- Central Committee for Prevention and Relief of Distress, 21.
- Central Committee on Women’s Employment, 23.
- Central Labor Supply Committee, 56, 101, 106.
- Chauffeurs, employment of women as, 42.
- Chemicals industry, employment of women in, 34, 37, 42.
- Children: Fisher Education Law, iv, 12, 226;
- employment of, on war work, 2, 4, 17;
- legislation regulating employment of, 12, 18-19;
- compulsory schooling, 18;
- effects of war on employment of, 167-190;
- demand for labor of, 167;
- relaxation of child labor and compulsory education laws, 170;
- numbers employed, 168, 170;
- illegal employment of, 174;
- supervision of, 176;
- wages of, 177;
- hours of, 178;
- Boys’ Welfare Association, 184;
- effects of work on, 185;
- postwar employment of, 224.
- China making, employment of women in, 38, 61.
- Cinema operators, employment of women as, 42.
- Civil service. See Government work.
- Civil War Workers Committee, 206.
- Clerical and Commercial Employments Committee, 69-70.
- Clerical work: employment of women in, 33;
- training courses in, 85.
- Clothing industry, employment of women in, 30, 35, 42, 61, 67.
- Clyde strike, 51.
- Cole, G. D. H., 114.
- College women in agricultural work, 73.
- Comfort, legislation providing for, 7.
- See also Safety, health and comfort.
- Commercial occupations, employment of women in, 29, 39, 45-46.
- Competition in securing workers, efforts to avoid, 80.
- Conference of Working Class Associations, 218.
- Construction work, employment of women in, 42.
- Control of workers: controlled establishments, 55;
- under Munitions Acts, 92;
- prohibition against strikes, 92;
- leaving certificates, 93.
- Copper works, employment of women in, 42.
- Core makers, employment of women as, 42.
- Cork cutters: employment of women as, 42.
- Corn Production Act, 117.
- Cost of living, effect of, on wages, 112.
- Cotton trade, dilution in, 61, 67.
- Crane drivers, employment of women as, 42.
- Cranes, electric, employment of women on, 38.
- Currying, employment of women in, 67.
- Delinquency, juvenile, 9, 188.
- Dilution, 50-74;
- made possible by Munitions Act, 6, 51;
- “Treasury Agreement” concerning, 52;
- attitude of trade unions toward, 90;
- complete, 122;
- group, 123;
- dilution bulletins, 153;
- children used in, 175;
- return of soldiers to former positions, 221;
- postwar results of, 215;
- table showing processes on which women were employed, 232;
- extent of, in December, 1915, and April, 1916, 235;
- numbers substituted, April, 1916-April, 1918, 236;
- table of direct substitution, January and April, 1918, 238;
- table showing average weekly earnings, 239;
- list of trades in which women have been substituted
- but which appear unsuitable in normal times, 248.
- See also Substitution.
- Diseases, occupational: munitions work, 154.
- Distress, Central Committee for Prevention and Relief of, 21.
- Distribution of young persons between different employments
- in July, 1914, October, 1917, and January, 1918, 245.
- Docks, employment of women at, 37.
- Domestic service: employment of women in, 3, 14, 29, 36, 38, 42;
- postwar problems of, 213;
- wages, 213.
- Donation system for unemployed after the war, 10, 208, 211.
- Dressmaking trade: employment of women in, 14, 36, 38;
- wages, 118.
- Dyeing industry, employment of women in, 61.
- Earthenware making, employment of women in, 38, 61.
- Educational work: employment of women in, 29, 47;
- National Federation of Women Teachers, 88.
- See also Schooling.
- Effects of war work:
- signs of injury to health not generally apparent, 8;
- on children, 9, 167, 190;
- on home life, 9, 199;
- increase in juvenile delinquency, 9, 188;
- on women, 191-203;
- development of personality, 9, 200.
- Efficiency, relative, of men and women workers, 120.
- Efforts, organized, to recruit women’s labor, 50.
- Electric motor building, employment of women in, 38.
- Electric welding, employment of women in, 42.
- Engine cleaners, employment of women as, 42.
- Engineering industry: employment of women in, 30;
- restrictions against employment of women, 51;
- dilution introduced in, 56-61;
- Committee on Production in Engineering, 51.
- Equal pay question, 119;
- postwar problems regarding, 215.
- Extension of employment of women, 28;
- tables showing, 29, 236;
- voluntary registration, 65.
- Fabian Society, 21.
- Fabian Women’s Group, 214.
- Factory work, employment of women in, 29.
- Farm and Garden Union, Women’s, 73.
- Farm work. See Agriculture.
- Federation of Women Workers, 96.
- Fisher, Herbert, 2, 169-170.
- Fisher Education Act, iv, 12, 226.
- Flour making, 67.
- Food industry, employment of women in, 35, 38.
- Food Production, Department of, 73.
- Forge works, employment of women in, 42.
- Foundry work, employment of women in, 42.
- Furniture manufacturing, employment of women in, 38.
- Gardeners, employment of women as, 42.
- Garrod, H. W., 161.
- Gas meter inspectors, employment of women as, 42.
- Gas works, employment of women in, 40.
- Gauging tools, employment of women in, 38.
- General Federation of Trades Unions, 20.
- Girls, employment of. See Children, employment of.
- Glass decorating, employment of women in, 61.
- Glass making, employment of women in, 38, 42.
- Government work, employment of women in, 14, 29, 39-40, 47-48.
- Grain milling, employment of women in, 37.
- Health Insurance Medical Research Committee, 198.
- Health of women war workers, 191;
- legislation protecting, 7, 16, 19.
- See also Safety, health and comfort.
- Health of Munition Workers Committee, 8, 82, 135, 146-147,
- 178, 182-183, 191.
- Hat making, employment of women in, 61.
- Hay balers, employment of women as, 42.
- Home life, effects of war work on, 199.
- Hosiery industry, employment of women in, 30, 61.
- Hotels, employment of women in, 29, 45.
- Hours: legislation concerning, 7, 16;
- for children, 19, 178;
- in workrooms established to relieve unemployment, 26;
- chapter on, 126-145;
- prewar legislation regarding, 126;
- demand for overtime, 126;
- in munitions industry, 127;
- working hours in 1915, 129;
- establishment of shifts, 130;
- complaints against overtime, 131-134;
- report on effects of overtime, 134-135;
- control of, by Ministry of Munitions, 139;
- recommendations concerning, of Committee
- on Women’s employment, 145;
- improvement in working conditions necessitated by, 146;
- increase in accidents attributed to long, 193;
- modification of laws concerning, 241.
- Housing conditions: establishment of hostels, 163;
- Billeting of Civilians Bill, 165.
- Howard Association of London, 9.
- Hutchins, B. L., 30.
- Illegal employment of children, 174.
- Improvement in working conditions, plans for, 39.
- Increase of women in industry, 2, 28.
- Industrial Courts Act, 217.
- Industry, employment of women in, 2, 28-29.
- Independent Labour Party, 21.
- Insurance agents, employment of women as, 42.
- Insurance offices, employment of women in, 33.
- Interdepartmental Hours of Labour Committee, 138.
- Interim Court of Arbitration, 217.
- Joint Committee of Industrial Women’s Organizations, 117.
- Juvenile employment: increase of delinquency due to, 9, 188;
- Committee on, 170, 177, 185.
- See also Children, employment of.
- Keeling, Frederic, 17.
- Kent, A. F. Stanley, 134.
- Kitchener, Lord, 28, 129.
- Labor: control of, by Munitions Acts, 7;
- removal of Trade Union restrictions, 6, 50, 55;
- child, 17;
- attitude at outbreak of war, 20;
- attitude of women’s labor organizations toward war, 20;
- protest against substitution, 31;
- agreements concerning dilution, 50-61;
- organized efforts to recruit women’s, 50;
- Women’s Labor Department, 73;
- number of orders modifying labor laws, 240;
- unions, see Trade Unions.
- Laboratory assistants, employment of women as, 42.
- Labor Advisory Committee, 54.
- Labor Regulation Department, 56.
- Labor Supply Department, 56.
- Labor Party, attitude of, at outbreak of war, 20.
- Lace making, 61.
- Lamplighters, employment of women as, 40.
- Land Army, 73-74, 85, 117.
- Laundry work, employment of women in, 38.
- Lawrence, Susan, 104.
- Leather industry, employment of women in, 30, 61-62, 67.
- Leaving certificates, 7, 93;
- injustice of, to workers, 94;
- opposition of trade unions to, 96;
- amendments regarding, 97.
- Leeson, Cecil, 9, 188.
- Legislation: Fisher Education Act, iv, 12;
- Munitions Acts, 7, 50-51, 54-55, 92;
- restricting hours, 7;
- providing safety, health and comfort, 7;
- Minimum Wage (Trades Boards) Act, 11, 216;
- prewar protection through, 16;
- prewar, concerning child labor, 17;
- providing compulsory schooling, 18;
- to avoid competition in securing workers, 80, 89, 126;
- Corn Production Act, 117;
- affecting hours, 139;
- Police, Factories, etc., Act of 1916, 147-150;
- Billeting of Civilians Bill, 165;
- relaxation of child labor and compulsory education laws, 170;
- Wages (Temporary Regulation) Bill, 217;
- Industrial Courts Act, 217;
- Restoration of Prewar Practices Act, 1919, 223;
- number of orders modifying labor laws, 240;
- modification of hour laws, 241-243.
- Lift attendants, employment of women as, 42.
- Lockouts prohibited by Munitions Act, 92.
- Lloyd George, David, 52, 54, 58-59, 101, 122.
- Lorry drivers, employment of women as, 42.
- Macarthur, Mary, 24, 89.
- Machinists, employment of women as, 42.
- Maharajah Sandia of Gwalior fund, Prince of, 166.
- Manufacturing industries, number of women engaged in
- before the war, 14.
- Married women, entry of, into industry, 76.
- Marine engineering, employment of women in, 42.
- Markham, Violet, 69.
- Messengers, employment of women as, 40.
- Metal trades, employment of women in, 34-35, 37, 42, 60.
- Military hospitals, employment of women in, 47.
- Military supplies, employment of women in manufacture of, 42.
- Millers, wages of, 118.
- Minimum Wage (Trades Boards) Act, 11.
- Mining, employment of women in, 38.
- Mistresses League, 214.
- Moulders, employment of women as, 42.
- Munitions Acts: of July 2, 1915, 54;
- First Munitions Amendment Act, 7, 55,139;
- abrogation of trade union restrictions through, 50-51;
- control of women workers under, 92.
- Munitions work: employment of women in, 30, 32, 35, 37, 42, 49;
- organized efforts to recruit women’s labor for, 50;
- efforts to increase production, 51-52;
- dilution, 56-61;
- training for, 84;
- governmental regulation of wages, 99;
- wages, 108-113;
- criticism of governmental fixing of wages, 110-113;
- hours, 127-128;
- diseases contracted in, 154;
- employment of children in, 168.
- Munitions tribunals, 7, 92, 97.
- National Advisory Committee, 56.
- National Federation of Women Teachers, 88.
- National Federation of Women Workers, 24, 87-89, 104-105.
- National Service Department, 68.
- National Union of Women Workers, 86.
- Night work, effects of, on women, 196.
- Nonessential industries, transfers of workers from, 75.
- Nonindustrial occupations, employment of women in, 33,39.
- Nurses, demand for, 47.
- Optical instruments, women engaged in skilled work on, 38.
- Overtime work: demand for, 126;
- effect of, on women, 196;
- general order regulating, 243.
- Oxy-acetylene welders, employment of women as, 88.
- Painters, employment of women as, 42.
- Pankhurst, Mrs, 101.
- Pankhurst, Sylvia, 100.
- Paper industry, employment of women in, 35, 42.
- Parks, employment of women in, 40.
- Peace and reconstruction, problems of, 204-227.
- Phillips, Marion, 203.
- Pipe plasterers, employment of women as, 42.
- Police, Factories, etc.
- (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act of 1916, 147-150.
- Police women, employment of, 40.
- Postwar conditions: prevention of unemployment, 205;
- unemployment, 206;
- adjustments, 215;
- approved trades for women, 219;
- employment of children, 224;
- table showing postwar employment, 246.
- Postwomen, employment of, 33, 42.
- Power machine operating, training courses in, 85.
- Power stations, employment of women in, 40.
- Prewar conditions: number of women and children employed, 14.
- Prewar legislative protection, 16.
- Prince of Wales, The, 21.
- Printing industry, employment of women in, 35, 42, 61.
- Professions, number of women engaged in, 14, 45, 47.
- Quarrying, employment of women in, 38.
- Queen’s Work for Women Fund, 24.
- Railway service: employment of women in, 33, 39, 42, 46;
- agreements as to wages by unions, 115.
- Reconstruction, problems of, 204-207.
- Recruiting of new workers, 5.
- Red Cross hospitals, employment of women in, 47.
- Registration, voluntary, 63-64, 69.
- Relief, Central Committee for, 21.
- Restoration of Prewar Practices Act, 1919, 223.
- Rhondda, Lady, 222.
- Rowntree, B. Seebohm, 149, 156.
- Royal Ordnance Factories Trade Lads’ Association, 184.
- Safety, health and comfort: legislation providing for, 7, 16;
- organized efforts for, 147;
- Police, Factories, etc., Act of 1916, 147-150;
- occupational diseases contracted in munitions work, 154;
- welfare supervision, 155;
- attack on welfare movement, 158;
- improvements in conditions outside factory, 161;
- provisions for children, 182.
- Sawmill laborers, employment of women as, 42.
- Scavengers, employment of women as, 40.
- Schooling: Fisher Education Act, iv, 12, 226;
- legislation providing compulsory, 18;
- relaxation of compulsory education laws, 170.
- Schools, training, establishment of, 84.
- Scientific instrument making, employment of women in, 61.
- Sewage farms, employment of women at, 40.
- Sheet metal working, employment of women in, 42.
- Shipbuilding, Committee on Production in Engineering and, 51.
- Ship engineering, employment of women in, 42.
- Shipyards, employment of women in, 38, 42.
- Shoe trade: employment of women in, 30;
- training courses in, 85.
- Shops Committee, 69.
- Smith, Constance, 186.
- Society of Incorporated Accountants, 47.
- Solderers, employment of women as, 42;
- voluntary registration, 63-64, 69.
- Sources of workers: transfers from non-essential industries, 75;
- transfers between districts, 79.
- Special Arbitration Tribunal, 104, 106, 109, 125.
- Spelter works, employment of women in, 42.
- Steel works, employment of women in, 38.
- Stokers, employment of women as, 38.
- Street cleaners, employment of women as, 40.
- Street traders, child, 4.
- Strikes prohibited by Munitions Act, 92.
- Substitution: in munitions work, 3;
- “equal pay” principle, 5;
- protest of labor unions against, 31;
- total number of women substituted for men workers, 40;
- objections to, 41;
- substitution officers, 68.
- See also Dilution.
- Sweated labor, government provision against, 101.
- Sweated trades, wage fixing in, 113.
- Tables: extension of employment of women
- during four years of war, 29;
- increase or decrease in number of women
- employed since July, 1914, 39;
- extension of employment of females in industry
- during four years of war, 44;
- number of women engaged on government orders
- in private concerns, April, 1917, and April, 1918, 45;
- increase in employment of women in commerce, July, 1914-April,
- 1918, and percentage of firms reporting a shortage
- of female labor in April, 1918, 46;
- number of females employed by steam railways, 46;
- number of females employed by government departments, 48;
- prewar occupations of 44, 137;
- females insured against unemployment in January, 1917, 79;
- number of Women Trade Union members, 88;
- see also “Appendices,” 229-249.
- Tailors’ pressers, employment of women as, 42.
- Teachers, women, 47;
- National Federation of, 88.
- Technical schools, establishment of, 84.
- Telephone repairers, employment of women as, 42.
- Tennant, Mrs. A. J., 69.
- Testing dynamos, employment of women in, 38.
- Textile industry: employment of women in, 14, 35, 38, 42, 61, 65;
- organized workers in, 87.
- Theaters, employment of women in, 29, 45.
- Tinsmiths, employment of women as, 42.
- Tobacco industry, employment of women in, 61.
- Toy making, training for, 85.
- Trades, approved, for women after the war, 219.
- Trades Boards: Minimum Wage Act, 11, 216;
- wage fixing by, 113.
- Trade League, Women’s, 87, 105.
- Trade Unions: General Federation of, 20;
- restrictions of, removed, by Munitions Acts, 50, 55;
- “Treasury Agreement,” 52-53;
- agreements allowing dilution, 61;
- women and the, 87;
- women not admitted to some, 87;
- increase of women members, 87;
- number of women members in, 88;
- reasons for growth of women members in, 89;
- difficulties to interest women in, 89;
- postwar effect on
- number of women members in, 91;
- opposition of, to leaving certificates, 96;
- agreements effecting wage changes, 114.
- Trades Union Congress, 20.
- Training: establishment of training centers, 84;
- for unemployed women, 210.
- Tramway service, employment of women in, 39, 42.
- Transferred workers, 81-82.
- Transfers of workers: from non-essential industries, 75;
- from domestic service, 76;
- between districts, 79.
- Transport work, employment of women in, 29, 39-40, 45.
- Transportation problems of workers, 162.
- “Treasury Agreement,” 52-56;
- wage regulations contained in, 100, 110;
- arrangements for fulfilment of pledges in,
- by Restoration of Prewar Practices Act, 223.
- Tuberculosis, increase in, among women, 198.
- Unemployment: postwar, 10;
- donation system, 10, 208, 211;
- proportion of occupied to unoccupied women before the war, 14;
- at outbreak of war, 21;
- efforts to relieve, 23;
- prewar occupations of women insured against, 79;
- of children, 167, 225;
- prevention of postwar, 205;
- training courses to relieve, 210.
- Violations of Munitions Acts, penalties for, 55.
- Vocational courses, establishment of, 85.
- “Waacs,” 4, 48, 69.
- Wages: raises in, due to war conditions, 4;
- “equal pay” principle, 5, 100, 119;
- effects of peace on, 11;
- Minimum Wage (Trades Boards) Act, 11, 216;
- prewar, 15, 18;
- legislation governing prewar, 16;
- of children, 18, 117;
- in workrooms established to relieve unemployment, 26;
- fear of trade unions that employment of women would
- undercut rates of, 31-32;
- in agriculture, 34, 72, 117;
- dilution, 62, 64;
- chapter on, 99-125;
- fixing of, 99, 102-104, 106-108, 113;
- governmental provision against sweated labor, 101;
- Special Arbitration Tribunal, 104;
- for woodworkers, 108;
- effect of cost of living on, 112;
- changes under trade union agreements, 114;
- settlement of disputes, 125;
- postwar, 209, 215;
- Interim Court of Arbitration, 217;
- Industrial Courts Act, 217;
- Wages (Temporary Regulation) Bill, 217;
- recommendations concerning postwar, 220;
- table showing average weekly earnings, 239;
- table showing average wages of women and girls in
- nonmunitions trades, 249.
- Waiters Union, admission of women to, 90.
- War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, iv.
- War Emergency Workers National Committee, 23, 26, 63.
- War Register, 64-65.
- Webb, Sidney, 15, 18.
- Webb, Mrs. Sidney, iv, 110, 113, 116, 169, 220.
- Welfare work: “outside welfare officers,” 6;
- legislation providing for, 8;
- for transferred workers, 81-83;
- improvements in working conditions result of, 146-166;
- welfare supervision, 155;
- attacks on, 158;
- supervision of children, 176;
- outside of working hours, 199.
- “Whitley” industrial councils, 222.
- Woman’s Freedom League, 63.
- Woman’s Army Auxiliary Corps, 48.
- Women’s Cooperative Guild, 65.
- Women’s Industrial Council, 214.
- Women’s National Land Service Corps, 73.
- Woodcutting, employment of women in, 42.
- Wood trades, employment of women in, 42.
- Woodworking industry, employment of women in, 34-35, 37, 61;
- wage awards, 108.
- Woolen and worsted industry, employment of women in, 30, 61.
- Woolwich Arsenal, employment of women in, 60;
- welfare work in, 66.
- Working Class Associations, conference of, 218.
- “Wrafs,” 4, 48.
- “Wrens,” 4, 48.
- Young Women’s Christian Association, 65.