Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany / For High Schools and Elementary College Courses

INDEX.

• Acacia, 209.
• Acer, -aceæ. See “Maple.”
• Acetic acid, 3, 59, 98, 138, 230.
• Achimenes, 218.
• Acorus. See “Sweet-flag.”
• Actinomorphic, 213.
• Adder-tongue, 116; Fig. 70. See also “Erythronium.”
• Adiantum. See “Maiden-hair.”
• Adlumia. See “Mountain-fringe.”
• Æsculinæ, 199.
• Æsculus. See “Buckeye,” “Horse-chestnut.”
• Aggregatæ, 222.
• Alcohol, 5, 31, 55, 83, 230, 233.
• Algæ, 4, 21.
  • green, 21.
  • red, 21, 49.
  • brown, 21, 41.
• Alga-fungi. See “Phycomycetes.”
• Alisma, -ceæ. See “Water-plantain.”
• Allium. See “Wild onion.”
• Amaranth, 185.
• Amarantus, -aceæ. See “Amaranth.”
• Amœba, 7; Fig. 2.
• Ampelidæ. See “Vine.”
• Ampelopsis. See “Virginia creeper.”
• Anatomy, 3.
  • gross, Implements for study of, 3.
  • minute, Implements for study of, 3, 4.
• Anatropous, 151.
• Andreæaceæ, 99, 100.
• Andrœcium, 148.
• Andromeda, 211.
• Anemone, 185.
• Angiocarpæ, 84.
• Angiosperm, 129, 143, 145.
• Aniline colors, 233.
• Anisocarpæ, 210, 213.
• Anonaceæ. See “Custard-apple.”
• Anther, 148, 175, 179.
• Antheridium, 27, 36, 39, 45, 51, 59, 68, 89, 96, 106, 122.
• Anthoceros, Anthoceroteæ, 91; Fig. 57.
• Aphanocyclæ, 185, 196.
• Aplectrum, 167; Fig. 90.
• Apocynum, -aceæ. See “Dog-bane.”
• Apostasieæ, 164.
• Apple, 145, 171, 206; Fig. 114.
• Apricot, 207.
• Aquilegia. See “Columbine.”
• Aralia, -aceæ. See “Spikenard.”
• Archegonium, 89, 97, 105, 122, 133, 140, 144.
• Archicarp, 138, 145.
• Arcyria, 13; Fig. 5.
• Arethusa, Arethuseæ, 166; Fig. 90.
• Argemone, 191.
• Aril, 189.
• Arisæma, 78, 157; Fig. 86.
• Aristolochia, -aceæ, 224.
• Aroid, Aroideæ, 157.
• Arrow-grass, 167.
• Arrowhead, 167; Fig. 91.
• Arrowroot, 163.
• Asarum. See “Wild ginger.”
• Asclepias, -daceæ. See “Milk-weed.”
• Ascobolus, 71–73; Fig. 43.
  • culture of, 71.
  • spore fruit, 71.
  • archicarp, 71.
  • spore sacs, 72.
• Ascomycetes, 65, 66.
• Ascospore, 66.
• Ascus, 66, 69.
• Ash, 218; Fig. 122.
• Asimina. See “Papaw.”
• Aspidium, Fig. 70.
• Asplenium, 104; Fig. 70.
• Aster, 224.
• Atropa. See “Deadly nightshade.”
• Axil, 174.
• Azalea, 210; Fig. 116.
• Azolla, 117; Fig. 71.

• Bacteria, 15, 17, 19; Fig. 8.
• Balsam, Balsamineæ, 198.
• Bamboo, 162.
• Bambusa. See “Bamboo.”
• Banana, 163.
• Barberry, 17, 187; Fig. 101.
• Bark. See “Cortex.”
• Basidiomycetes, 77.
• Basidium, 77, 80, 83.
• Basswood, 195; Fig. 106.
• Bast. See “Phloem.”
• Batatas. See “Sweet-potato.”
• Batrachospermum, 53; Fig. 31.
• Bean, 207, 208.
• Bear-grass. See “Yucca.”
• Bee, 227, 228.
• Beech, 183.
• Beech-drops, 218.
• Beet, 184.
• Beggar’s-ticks, 215.
• Begonia, 3, 205.
• Bell-flower, 220, 226; Fig. 123.
• Bellwort, 156.
• Berberis, -ideæ. See “Barberry.”
• Bergamot oil, 234.
• Berry, 145, 156.
• Betulaceæ, 183.
• Bicornes, 210.
• Bignonia, -aceæ, 218.
• Biology, 2.
• Birch, 183.
• Bird’s-nest fungus. See “Cyathus.”
• Bishop’s cap, 202; Fig. 111.
• Bismarck brown, 233.
• Bitter-sweet, 199; Fig. 109.
• Black alder, 199.
• Blackberry, 207.
• Black fungi. See “Pyrenomycetes.”
• Bladder-nut, 199; Fig. 108.
• Bladder-weed, 33, 217; Fig. 120.
• Bleeding-heart. See “Dicentra.”
• Blood-root, 191; Fig. 103.
• Blue-eyed grass, 156.
• Blue-flag. See “Iris.”
• Blue-green slime, 15.
• Blue valerian. See “Polemonium.”
• Borage, 215.
• Borragineæ. See “Borage.”
• Bordered pits, 138.
• Botany defined, 2.
  • systematic, 3.
• Botrychium. See “Grape fern.”
• Box, 201.
• Bract, 199, 222, 229.
• Brasenia. See “Water-shield.”
• Breathing pore, 91, 99, 113, 130, 147, 150, 177.
• Bromeliaceæ, 156.
• Bryophyte, 86.
• Buck-bean, 218.
• Buckeye, 171, 199.
• Buckthorn, 199.
• Buckwheat, 184.
• Budding, 64.
• Bulbochæte, 28; Fig. 16.
• Bulb, 146, 153, 172.
• Bulrush, 161; Fig. 87.
• Bundle-sheath, 110, 176.
• Burning-bush. See “Spindle-tree.”
• Bur-reed, 159; Fig. 86.
• Buttercup, 181, 185; Fig. 99.
• Butterfly, 227, 228.
• Button-bush, 223.
• Buttonwood. See “Sycamore.”
• Buxus, Buxaceæ. See “Box.”

• Cabbage, 192.
• Cabombeæ, 190.
• Cactus, Cactaceæ, 203; Fig. 112.
• Cæsalpineæ, 210.
• Calcium, 2.
• Calla, 157, 229.
• Callithamnion, 50–52; Fig. 29.
  • general structure, 51.
  • tetraspores, 51.
  • procarp, 51.
  • antheridium, 51.
  • spores, 52.
• Callitriche, -chaceæ. See “Water starwort.”
• Calluna. See “Heath.”
• Calopogon, 166; Fig. 91.
• Calycanthus, -aceæ, 187; Fig. 100.
• Calycereæ, 223.
• Calycifloræ, 200.
• Calyx, 174, 182.
• Cambium, 137–138, 175.
• Campanula. See “Bell-flower.”
• Campanulaceæ, 220.
• Campanulinæ, 220.
• Canada balsam, 230–234.
• Canada thistle, 224; Fig. 125.
• Canna, -aceæ, 162, 163; Fig. 88.
• Caper family, 194.
• Capparis, -ideæ. See “Caper.”
• Caprifoliaceæ, 223.
• Capsella. See “Shepherd’s-purse.”
• Caraway, 202.
• Carbon, 2, 95.
• Carbon-dioxides, 95.
• Cardinal-flower. See “Lobelia.”
• Carex, 161; Fig. 87.
• Carmine, 25, 233.
• Carnation, 185.
• Carpel, 148, 154, 175, 179.
• Carpophyll. See “Carpel.”
• Carpospore, 51–53.
• Carrot, 202.
• Caryophylleæ. See “Pink.”
• Caryophyllus. See “Clove.”
• Castalia, 189.
• Castor-bean, 200.
• Catalpa, 218.
• Cat-brier, 154.
• Catkin, 181.
• Catnip, 215.
• Cat-tail, 159.
• Cedar apple, Cedar rust. See “Gymnosporangium.”
• Celastraceæ, 199.
• Celastrus. See “Bitter-sweet.”
• Celery, 3.
• Cell, 6.
  • apical, 38, 96, 105, 115.
  • division, 23, 31, 229.
  • row, 8; Fig. 3.
  • mass, 8; Fig. 4.
  • sap, 6, 151.
• Cellulose, 3.
• Centaury, 219.
• Centrospermæ, 183.
• Cephalanthus. See “Button-bush.”
• Cerastium. See “Chick-weed.”
• Ceratophyllum. See “Horned pond-weed.”
• Cercis. See “Red-bud.”
• Chamærops. See “Palmetto.”
• Chara, 38–40; Fig. 23.
  • general structure, 38.
  • method of growth, 39.
  • cortex, 39.
  • non-sexual reproduction, 39.
  • oögonium, 39.
  • antheridium, 39, 40.
  • spermatozoids, 40.
  • germination, 40.
• Characeæ, 21, 37, 40.
• Chareæ, 40.
• Cheiranthus. See “Wall-flower.”
• Chenopodium, -aceæ. See “Goose-foot.”
• Cherry, 15, 206; Fig. 114.
• Chicory, 223.
• Chick-weed, 185; Fig. 98.
• Chimaphila. See “Prince’s pine.”
• Chionanthus. See “Fringe-tree.”
• Chlorine, 2.
• Chlorococcum, 23; Fig. 12.
• Chloroform, 234.
• Chloroplast, 22, 45.
• Chlorophyll, 15.
• Chlorophyll body. See “Chloroplast.”
• Chlorophyceæ, 21.
• Chondrus. See “Irish moss.”
• Choripetalæ, 181, 208.
• Chromic acid, 25–35, 233.
• Chromoplast, 150.
• Cicinnobulus, 69; Fig. 39.
• Cilium, 8.
• Cinquefoil, 206.
• Cistaceæ. See “Rock-rose.”
• Cistifloræ, 192.
• Citron, 196.
• Citrus. See “Orange,” “Lemon.”
• Cladophora, 24, 25.
  • structure of cells, 25.
  • nuclei, 25.
  • cell division, 25.
  • zoöspores, 25.
• Classification, 3–9.
• Clavaria, 85; Fig. 51.
• Claytonia. See “Spring-beauty.”
• Clematis, 185.
• Climbing plants, 171.
• Closterium, 33; Fig. 20.
• Clove, 205.
• Clove oil, 234.
• Clover, 207.
• Club moss, 116.
  • larger, 116.
  • smaller, 123–126; Fig. 74.
    • gross anatomy, 125.
    • spores, 126.
    • prothallium, 126.
    • systematic position, 126.
• Cluster-cup, 78.
• Cocos. See “Palm-coco,” 159.
• Coleochæte, 28; Fig. 17.
• Collateral fibro-vascular bundle, 135.
• Collema, 76; Fig. 44.
• Columella, 55.
• Columbine, 186; Fig. 99.
• Column, 165.
• Columniferæ, 195.
• Commelyneæ, 157.
• Compositæ, 223, 224.
• Compound flower, 224.
  • leaf, 159, 170.
• Conceptacle, 45.
• Cone, 131.
• Conferva, 26.
• Confervaceæ, 21, 24.
• Conidium, 68.
• Conifer, 129, 140, 141.
• Coniferæ. See “Conifer.”
• Conjugatæ, 22–29.
• Connective, 148.
• Conocephalus. See “Liverwort, giant.”
• Contortæ, 218.
• Convolvulaceæ, 213.
• Convolvulus. See “Morning-glory.”
• Coprinus, 82–84; Fig. 48.
  • general structure, 82, 83.
  • young spore fruit, 83.
  • gills basidia, 83.
  • spores, 84.
• Coral root, 167.
• Corallorhiza. See “Coral root.”
• Coriander, 202.
• Corn, 160, 161.
• Cornus, -aceæ. See “Dogwood.”
• Corolla, 174, 182.
• Cortex, 39, 130.
• Corydalis, 192.
• Cotton, 195.
• Cotyledon, 134, 146, 180.
• Cowslip, 211.
• Coxcomb, 185.
• Crab-apple, 77, 80.
• Cranberry, 211.
• Crassulaceæ, 203.
• Crane’s-bill, 3, 196; Fig. 107.
• Cress, 192.
• Croton, 200.
• Cruciferæ. See “Mustard family.”
• Crucifloræ. See “Rhœadinæ.”
• Cucumber, 221.
• Cucumber-tree. See “Magnolia.”
• Cucurbitaceæ. See “Gourd.”
• Cup fungi (“Discomycetes”), 71.
• Cupuliferæ, 183.
• Curl, 66.
• Currant, 203.
• Cuscuta. See “Dodder.”
• Custard-apple, 186.
• Cyanophyceæ. See “Blue-green slime.”
• Cyathus, 84; Fig. 50.
• Cycad, -eæ, 140.
• Cycas revoluta, 141; Fig. 71.
• Cyclamen, 212.
• Cynoglossum. See “Hound’s-tongue.”
• Cyperaceæ. See “Sedge.”
• Cyperus, 161.
• Cypress, 142.
• Cypripedium. See “Lady’s-slipper.”
• Cystopus. See also “White rust.”
  • bliti, 57; Fig. 33.
  • general structure, 57.
  • structure of filaments, 57.
  • non-sexual spores (conidia), 57.
  • germination of conidia, 58.
  • resting spores, 59.
  • oögonium, 59.
  • antheridium, 59.
  • candidus, 60; Fig. 34.

• Daisy, 223.
• Dandelion, 66, 223; Fig. 125.
• Darlingtonia, 195.
• Datura. See “Stramonium.”
• Day lily, 155.
• Deadly nightshade, 215.
• Dead nettle, 215; Fig. 120.
• Delphinium. See “Larkspur.”
• Dermatogen, 176.
• Desmid, 33, 34; Fig. 20.
• Devil’s apron. See “Laminaria.”
• Dianthus. See “Pink.”
• Diatomaceæ, 41, 42; Figs. 24, 25.
  • structure, 42.
  • movements, 42.
  • reproduction, 42.
• Dicentra, 192; Fig. 103.
• Dicotyledon, 145, 170, 181, 225.
• Digitalis. See “Foxglove.”
• Diœcious, 88.
• Dionæa. See “Venus’s fly-trap.”
• Dioscoreæ. See “Yam.”
• Dioscorea villosa, 154.
• Diospyros. See “Persimmon.”
• Diospyrinæ, 210.
• Dipsacus, -aceæ. See “Teasel.”
• Dirca. See “Moosewood.”
• Ditch-moss, 167; Fig. 91.
• Dodder, 214.
• Dodecatheon. See “Shooting-star.”
• Dog-bane, 219; Fig. 122.
• Dogwood, 202, 229; Fig. 110.
• Draparnaldia, 26; Fig. 14.
• Drosera -aceæ. See “Sun-dew.”
• Drupe. See “Stone-fruit.”
• Duck-weed, 159; Fig. 86.
• Dutchman’s pipe. See “Aristolochia.”

• Earth star. See “Geaster.”
• Ebenaceæ (ebony), 212.
• Echinospermum. See “Beggar’s-ticks.”
• Ectocarpus, 45, 47; Fig. 28.
• Eel-grass, 168, 169; Fig. 91.
• Egg apparatus, 144.
• Egg cell, 27, 36, 39, 45, 90, 106, 133, 144.
• Egg-plant, 215.
• Eichler, 153.
• Elater, 91, 122.
• Elder, 224.
• Elæagnaceæ, 206.
• Elm, 183.
• Elodea. See “Ditch-moss.”
• Embryo, 90, 97, 107, 133, 149, 180.
• Embryology, 3.
• Embryo sac, 143, 144, 151.
• Enantioblastæ, 153, 156; Fig. 85.
• Endosperm, 133, 146, 152.
• Entire leaves, 170.
• Entomophthoreæ, 57.
• Epacrideæ, 210.
• Epidermis, 91, 111, 112, 113, 122, 135, 137, 150, 177.
• Epigæa. See “Trailing arbutus.”
• Epilobium. See “Willow-herb.”
• Epiphegus. See “Beech-drops.”
• Epiphyte, 166.
• Equisetum, -tinæ. See “Horse-tail.”
• Ergot, 76.
• Erica, -aceæ. See “Heath.”
• Erysiphe, 70.
• Erythræa. See “Centaury.”
• Erythronium, 146–152; Fig. 81.
  • leaf, 146.
  • stem, 146.
  • root, 146.
  • gross anatomy of stem, 147.
  • flower, 148.
  • fruit and seed, 150.
  • histology of stem, 150.
  • of leaf, 150.
  • of flower, 151.
  • of ovule and seed, 151, 152.
• Eschscholtzia, 191.
• Eucalyptus, 206.
• Eucyclæ, 196, 200.
• Eudorina, 20.
• Euglena, 11, 19; Fig. 9.
• Euonymus. See “Spindle-tree.”
• Euphorbia, 199; Fig. 109.
• Eurotium, 70; Fig. 42.
• Evening primrose, 206.
• Exoascus, 66.

• Fagopyrum. See “Buckwheat.”
• Feather-veined. See “Pinnate-veined.”
• Fern, 5, 102, 104, 116.
  • flowering, 118; Fig. 70.
  • lady, 104; Fig. 70.
  • maiden-hair. See “Maiden-hair fern.”
  • ostrich. See “Ostrich-fern.”
  • sensitive, 104.
  • true, 117.
  • water. See “Water-fern.”
• Fertilization, 225.
• Fibre, 124, 175, 177.
• Fibro-vascular bundle, 107, 110, 121, 123, 135, 136, 147, 150, 159, 174.
• Fig, 183.
• Figwort, 215, 216; Fig. 120.
• Filament (of stamen), 148, 17.
• Filices. See “True ferns.”
• Filicineæ. See “Fern.”
• Fir, 142.
• Fission, 23.
• Flagellata, 19.
• Flagellum, 19.
• Flax, 197; Fig. 107.
• Flies, 229.
• Flower, 128, 131.
• Flowering-plant. See “Spermaphyte.”
• Forget-me-not, 215.
• Four-o’clock, 183.
• Foxglove, 217.
• Frangulinæ, 199.
• Fraxinus. See “Ash.”
• Fringe-tree, 218; Fig. 122.
• Fruit, 145.
• Fucaceæ, 43.
• Fuchsia, 201.
• Fucus, 42–46.
  • vesiculosus, 43; Figs. 26, 27.
  • general structure, 43, 44.
  • conceptacles, 44.
  • collecting plants, 44.
  • cells, 44.
  • chloroplasts, 44.
  • oögonium, 45.
  • platycarpus, 45.
  • antheridium, 45, 46.
  • fertilization, 46.
  • germination, 46.
• Fumariaceæ. See “Fumitory.”
• Fumitory, 192.
• Funaria, 93–99; Figs. 58–62.
  • gross anatomy, 93, 94.
  • protonema, 93.
  • “flower,” 94.
  • structure of leaf, 94.
  • chloroplasts, division of, 95.
  • formation of starch in chloroplasts, 95.
  • structure of stem, 96.
  • root hairs, 96.
  • buds, 96.
  • antheridium spermatozoids, 96, 97.
  • archegonium, 97.
  • embryo, 98.
  • capsule and spores, 98, 99.
  • germination of spores, 99.
• Fungi, culture of, 5, 54.
  • true. See “Mycomycetes.”
  • alga. See “Phycomycetes.”
• Funiculus, 151, 175.
• Funkia. See “Day lily.”

• Galium, 223; Fig. 124.
• Gamopetalæ. See “Sympetalæ.”
• Gaultheria. See “Wintergreen.”
• Gaylussacia. See “Huckleberry.”
• Geaster, 84; Fig. 49.
• Gentian, 218; Fig. 122.
• Gentian violet, 4, 138, 231.
• Gentiana, -aceæ. See “Gentian.”
• Geranium, -aceæ, 3, 171, 196; Fig. 107.
• Gerardia, 217.
• Germ cell. See “Egg cell.”
• Gesneraceæ, 218.
• Ghost flower. See “Indian-pipe.”
• Gill, 83.
• Ginger, 163.
• Gingko, 142; Fig. 78.
• Gleditschia. See “Honey locust.”
• Gloxinia, 218.
• Glumaceæ, 153, 160; Fig. 87.
• Glume, 162.
• Glycerine, 4, 51, 55, 59, 67, 83, 98, 224, 231, 233.
• Gnetaceæ. See “Joint fir.”
• Golden-rod, 224.
• Gonium, 20.
• Gooseberry, 203; Fig. 111.
• Goose-foot, 184; Fig. 98.
• Gossypium. See “Cotton.”
• Gourd, 221.
• Gramineæ. See “Grass.”
• Grape, 171, 199; Fig. 109.
• Grape fern, 116; Fig. 70.
• Graphis, 75; Fig. 45.
• Grass, 161, 225; Fig. 87.
• Gray moss. See “Tillandsia.”
• Green-brier, 154.
• Green-felt. See “Vaucheria.”
• Green monad, 12, 19.
• Green slime, 21, 22; Fig. 11.
• Ground pine, 123; Fig. 73.
• Ground tissue, 110, 111, 113, 124, 137, 177, 178.
• Gruinales, 196.
• Guard cell, 113, 135, 150.
• Gulf weed. See “Sargassum.”
• Gum. See “Eucalyptus.”
• Gymnocarpæ, 84.
• Gymnosperm, 129, 141.
• Gymnosporangium, 79–81; Fig. 47.
  • cedar apples, 79.
  • spores, 80.
• Gynandræ, 153, 164.
• Gynœcium, 148, 167.
• Gynostemium. See “Column.”

• Habenaria, 166, 227; Fig. 90.
• Hæmatoxylin, 233.
• Hair, 8, 177.
• Haloragidaceæ, 206.
• Hazel, 182, 183, 225; Fig. 97.
• Head, 181.
• Heath, 211.
• Helobiæ, 153, 167.
• Hemerocallis. See “Day lily.”
• Hemi-angiocarpæ, 84.
• Hemlock, 142; Fig. 78.
• Hemp, 183.
• Hepaticæ. See “Liverwort.”
• Hermaphrodite, 199.
• Heterocyst, 17.
• Heterostylism, 228.
• Hibiscus, 195.
• Hickory, 170, 183.
• Holly, 199.
• Hollyhock, 195.
• Honey locust, 209.
• Honeysuckle, 170, 172, 181, 223; Fig. 124.
• Hop, 171, 181; Fig. 97.
• Horned pond-weed, 224.
• Horse-chestnut, 170, 199.
• Horse-tail, 116–120.
  • field, 120–122; Fig. 72.
  • stems and tubers, 120.
  • fertile branches, 120.
  • leaves, 121.
  • cone, 121.
  • stem, 121.
  • sporangia and spores, 121.
  • sterile branches, 121.
  • histology of stem, 121.
    • of sporangia, 122.
  • spores, 122.
  • germination, prothallium, 122.
• Hound’s-tongue, 215; Fig. 119.
• Houstonia, 223; Fig. 124.
• Hoya. See “Wax-plant.”
• Huckleberry, 181, 211; Fig. 116.
• Humming-bird, 226.
• Hyacinth, 146.
• Hydnum, 84; Fig. 51.
• Hydrangea, -geæ, 202; Fig. 111.
• Hydrocharideæ, 167.
• Hydrogen, 2, 95.
• Hydropeltidinæ, 189.
• Hydrophyllum, -aceæ. See “Water-leaf.”
• Hypericum, -aceæ. See “St. John’s-wort.”

• Ilex. See “Holly.”
• Impatiens. See “Jewel-weed,” “Balsam.”
• India-rubber, 200.
• Indian-pipe, 144, 210; Fig. 79.
• Indian turnip. See “Arisæma.”
• Indusium, 118.
• Inflorescence, 157.
• Integument, 133, 144, 151, 180.
• Intercellular space, 124, 135, 150.
• Internode, 39.
• Iodine, 4, 22, 31.
• Ipomœa, 213.
• Iridaceæ, 156.
• Iris, 154, 156; Fig. 84.
• Irish moss, 49.
• Isocarpæ, 210, 212.
• Isoetes. See “Quill-wort.”
• Iulifloræ, 181.
• Ivy, 202.

• Jack-in-the-pulpit. See “Arisæma.”
• Jasmine, 218.
• Jeffersonia. See “Twin-leaf.”
• Jewel-weed, 197; Fig. 107.
• Joint fir, 140, 142.
• Juncagineæ, 167.
• Juncus. See “Rush.”
• Jungermanniaceæ, 92; Fig. 57.

• Kalmia. See “Mountain laurel.”
• Karyokinesis, 233.
• Keel, 208.
• Kelp. See “Laminaria.”
  • giant. See “Macrocystis.”
• Knotgrass. See “Polygonum.”

• Labellum. See “Lip.”
• Labiatæ. See “Mint.”
• Labiatifloræ, 215.
• Lady’s-slipper, 164, 166, 198; Fig. 90.
• Lamella, 83.
• Laminaria, 45, 47; Fig. 28.
• Lamium. See “Dead nettle.”
• Larch. See “Tamarack.”
• Larix. See “Tamarack.”
• Larkspur, 186, 227; Fig. 99.
• Latex, 191.
• Laurel, 188.
• Laurineæ. See “Laurel.”
• Lavender, 215.
• Leaf-green. See “Chlorophyll.”
• Leaf tendril, 171.
• Leaf thorn, 172.
• Leguminosæ, 207.
• Lemanea, 53; Fig. 31.
• Lemna. See “Duck-weed.”
• Lemon, 198.
• Lentibulariaceæ, 217.
• Lettuce, 223.
• Lichenes, 73; Figs. 44, 45.
• Ligula, 127.
• Ligulatæ, 125.
• Lilac, 170, 181, 218.
• Liliaceæ, 155.
• Liliifloræ, 153, 155; Fig. 83.
• Lilium. See “Lily.”
• Lily, 146, 155.
• Lily-of-the-valley, 155.
• Lime. See “Linden.”
• Linden, 195; Fig. 106.
• Linear, 159.
• Linum, -aceæ. See “Flax.”
• Lip, 165.
• Liriodendron. See “Tulip-tree.”
• Lithospermum. See “Puccoon.”
• Liverwort, 86.
  • classification of, 91.
  • horned. See “Anthoceroteæ.”
  • giant, 91; Fig. 57.
• Lizard-tail, 181, 183; Fig. 97.
• Lobelia, -aceæ. 221; Fig. 123.
• Loganieæ, 219.
• Lonicera. See “Honeysuckle.”
• Loosestrife. See “Lythrum.”
  • swamp. See “Nesæa.”
• Lotus. See “Nelumbo.”
• Lychnis, 185.
• Lycoperdon, 84; Fig. 49.
• Lycopersicum. See “Tomato.”
• Lycopodiaceæ. See “Ground pine.”
• Lycopodinæ. See “Club moss.”
• Lycopodium, 123.
  • dendroideum, 123, 124; Fig. 73.
  • stem and leaves, 123.
  • cones and sporangia, 123.
  • gross anatomy, 123.
  • histology, 124.
  • spores, 124.
• Lysimachia. See “Moneywort.”
• Lythrum, -aceæ, 206, 228.
• Mace, 189.

• Macrocystis, 48.
• Macrospore, 126, 127, 128, 143.
• Madotheca, 86–90; Figs. 52–56.
  • gross anatomy, 86–88.
  • male and female plants, 87, 88.
  • histology of leaf and stem, 88.
  • antheridium, 88, 89.
  • archegonium, 89, 90.
  • embryo, 90.
  • spores and elaters, 90.
• Magnesium, 2.
• Magnolia, -aceæ, 186.
• Maiden-hair fern, 109–115; Figs. 67–69.
  • general structure, 109.
  • gross anatomy of stem, 110.
  • histology of stem, 110, 111.
  • gross anatomy of leaf, 111.
  • histology of leaf, 111, 112.
  • sporangia, 113, 114.
  • root, 114, 115.
  • apical growth of root, 115.
• Mallow, 171, 195; Fig. 106.
• Malva, -aceæ. See “Mallow.”
• Mamillaria, Fig. 112.
• Mandrake. See “May-apple.”
• Maple, 199; Fig. 108.
• Maranta. See “Arrowroot.”
• Marattiaceæ. See “Ringless ferns.”
• Marchantia, 91; Fig. 57.
  • breathing-pores, 91.
  • sexual organs, 91.
  • buds, 91.
• Marchantiaceæ, 91.
• Marsilia, 118; Fig. 71.
• Martynia, 218.
• Matthiola. See “Stock.”
• May-apple, 187; Fig. 101.
• May-weed, 223; Fig. 125.
• Medeola, 155; Fig. 83.
• Medullary ray, 130, 137.
• Melampsora, 81.
• Melastomaceæ, 206.
• Melon, 221.
• Menispermum, -eæ. See “Moon-seed.”
• Menyanthes. See “Buck-bean.”
• Mesocarpus, 33; Fig. 19.
• Mesophyll, 135.
• Methyl-violet, 4, 233.
• Micropyle, 180.
• Microsome, 231.
• Microspore, 126, 128, 131, 138.
• Mignonette, 192; Fig. 104.
• Mildew. See “Peronospora,” “Phytophthora,” “Perisporiaceæ.”
• Milk-weed, 220; Fig. 122.
• Milkwort, 199.
• Mimosa. See “Sensitive-plant.”
• Mimosaceæ, 209, 210.
• Mimulus, 217.
• Mint, 181, 215.
• Mirabilis. See “Four-o’clock.”
• Mistletoe, 224.
• Mitella. See “Bishop’s cap.”
• Mitchella. See “Partridge-berry.”
• Mitre-wort. See “Bishop’s cap.”
• Mock-orange. See “Syringa.”
• Moneywort, 212; Fig. 117.
• Monocotyledon, 146, 153, 225, 229.
• Monotropa. See “Indian-pipe,” “Pine-sap.”
• Monotropeæ, 210.
• Moon-seed, 188; Fig. 101.
• Moosewood, 206; Fig. 113.
• Morchella. See “Morel.”
• Morel, 73.
• Morning-glory, 171, 213; Fig. 118.
• Morphology, 3.
• Moss, 5, 86.
  • true, 93.
  • common. See “Bryaceæ.”
  • peat. See “Sphagnaceæ.”
• Moth, 229.
• Mould, black. See “Mucorini.”
  • blue. See “Penicillium.”
  • herbarium. See “Eurotium.”
  • insect. See “Entomophthoreæ.”
  • water. See “Saprolegnia.”
• Mountain-fringe, 192.
• Mountain-laurel, 210; Fig. 116.
• Mucor, 55.
  • mucedo, 56; Fig. 32.
• Mucor stolonifer, 55–56.
  • general structure, 55.
  • structure of filaments, 55.
  • spore cases, 55.
  • sexual spores, 56.
• Mucorini, 54.
• Mulberry, 183.
• Mullein, 217; Fig. 120.
• Musa, -aceæ. See “Banana.”
• Musci. See “True mosses.”
• Mushroom, 82.
• Mustard, 192.
• Mycomycetes. See “True fungi.”
• Myosotis. See “Forget-me-not.”
• Myristica, -ineæ. See “Nutmeg.”
• Myrtifloræ, 205.
• Myrtle, 205, 206.
• Myrtus. See “Myrtle.”
• Myxomycetes. See “Slime-mould.”

• Naias. See “Pond-weed.”
• Naiadeæ, 159.
• Narcissus, 146.
• Nasturtium, 197, 227.
• Navicula, 42; Fig. 24.
• Nectar, 225.
• Nectary, 186.
• Nelumbo, 189, 190; Fig. 101.
• Nelumbieæ, 190.
• Nemophila, 214.
• Nepenthes, -eæ. See “Pitcher plant.”
• Nesæa, 206.
• Nettle. See “Urticinæ.”
• Nicotiana. See “Tobacco.”
• Night-blooming cereus, 204.
• Nightshade, 215; Fig. 119.
• Nitella, 40.
• Nitelleæ, 40.
• Node, 39.
• Nucleus, 7, 31, 231.
• Nuclear division, 7, 31, 231; Figs. 127, 128.
• Nucleolus, 7, 231.
• Nutmeg, 188.
• Nyctagineæ, 183.
• Nymphæa, 189; Fig. 101.
• Nymphæaceæ, 190.

• Oak, 183, 225; Fig. 97.
• Œdogonium, 26–28; Fig. 16.
  • reproduction, 27.
  • fertilization, 28.
  • resting spores, 28.
• Œnothera. See “Evening primrose.”
• Oil-channel, 202.
• Oleaceæ. See “Olive.”
• Oleander, 219.
• Olive, 218.
• Onagraceæ, 206.
• Onoclea, 104; Fig. 70.
• Oögonium, 27, 36, 39, 45, 59, 62.
• Oöphyte, 109.
• Opium--opium poppy, 191.
• Ophioglosseæ. See “Adder-tongue.”
• Ophioglossum, 116.
• Opuntia. See “Prickly pear.”
• Opuntieæ, 203.
• Orange, 198.
• Orchid, 164, 166, 227; Figs. 89, 90.
• Orchideæ, 164.
• Orchis, 227; Fig. 89.
• Organic bodies, 1.
• Origanum oil, 234.
• Oscillaria, 15, 16; Fig. 6.
  • movements, 15.
  • color, 16.
  • structure and reproduction, 16.
• Osmunda. See “Flowering-fern.”
• Ostrich-fern, 104–109.
  • germination of spores, 104.
  • prothallium, 104, 105.
  • archegonium, 105, 106.
  • antheridium and spermatozoids, 106.
  • fertilization, 107.
  • embryo and young plant, 107, 108.
  • comparison with sporogonium of bryophytes, 109.
• Ovary, 129, 148, 156, 202.
• Ovule, 129, 131, 144, 148, 151, 179.
• Oxalis. See “Wood-sorrel.”
• Oxydendrum, 211; Fig. 116.
• Oxygen, 2, 95.

• Palea, 161.
• Palisade parenchyma, 178.
• Palm, 157.
  • date, 159.
  • coco, 159.
• Palmæ. See “Palm.”
• Palmate, 171.
• Palmetto, 159.
• Pandaneæ, 159.
• Papaveraceæ. See “Poppy.”
• Papaw, 186; Fig. 100.
• Papilionaceæ, 208.
• Pappus, 223.
• Papyrus, 161.
• Paranucleus, 231.
• Parasite, 54.
• Parenchyma. See “Soft tissue.”
• Parmelia, 73, 75; Fig. 44.
• Partridge-berry, 223, 228.
• Passiflora. See “Passion-flower.”
• Passiflorinæ, 205.
• Passion-flower, 204; Fig. 112.
• Pea, 207, 208; Fig. 115.
• Peach, 206.
• Pear, 206.
• Pediastrum, 23; Fig. 11.
• Pelargonium, 197.
• Peltate, 190.
• Peltigera, 75; Fig. 45.
• Penicillium, 71; Fig. 42.
• Pepper, 183.
• Perianth. See “Perigone.”
• Periblem, 176.
• Perigone, 143, 148, 151, 170.
• Perisperm, 163.
• Perisporiaceæ, 66.
• Periwinkle, 219.
• Peronospora, 60; Fig. 35.
• Peronosporeæ, 57.
• Persimmon, 212; Fig. 117.
• Petal, 148, 174, 179.
• Petiole, 173.
• Petunia, 215; Fig. 119.
• Peziza, 73; Fig. 43.
• Phacelia, 214.
• Phæophyceæ. See “Brown algæ.”
• Phænogam. See “Spermaphyte.”
• Phascum, -aceæ, 99, 101; Fig. 65.
• Philadelphus. See “Syringa.”
• Phloem, 110, 124, 135, 137, 150, 173, 176.
• Phlox, 214; Fig. 118.
• Phœnix dactylifera. See “Date-palm.”
• Phosphorus, 2.
• Phragmidium, 81; Fig. 47.
• Physarum, 14.
• Physianthus, 220.
• Physiology, 3.
• Phytolacca, -aceæ. See “Poke-weed.”
• Phytophthora, 60.
• Pickerel-weed, 156, 228; Fig. 84.
• Picric acid, 156, 233.
• Pig-weed. See “Amaranth.”
• Pine, 9, 10, 129, 142.
• Pineapple, 156.
• Pine-sap, 210; Fig. 116.
• Pinguicula, 218.
• Pink, 181, 185; Fig. 97.
• Pink-root, 218; Fig. 122.
• Pinnate (leaf), 159.
  • veined, 171.
• Pinnularia, 42; Fig. 24.
• Pinus sylvestris. See “Scotch pine.”
• Piper. See “Pepper.”
• Piperineæ, 183.
• Pistil, 143, 145, 174.
• Pitcher-plant, 194, 195; Fig. 105.
• Pith, 130, 174, 177.
• Placenta, 148, 179.
• Plane, 183.
• Plantago, -ineæ. See “Plantain.”
• Plantain, 223, 225; Fig. 121.
• Plasmodium, 12.
• Plataneæ. See “Plane.”
• Platanus. See “Sycamore.”
• Plerome, 176.
• Plum, 207.
• Plumbago, -ineæ, 212.
• Pod, 156.
• Podophyllum. See “May-apple.”
• Podosphæra, 66–70; Fig. 39.
  • general structure, 66.
  • structure of filaments, 68.
  • suckers, 68.
  • conidia, 68.
  • sexual organs, 68.
  • spore fruit, 68, 69.
  • spore sac, 69.
• Pogonia, 166.
• Poinsettia, 199.
• Poison-dogwood, 198.
• Poison-hemlock, 202.
• Poison-ivy, 171, 198.
• Poke-weed, 185; Fig. 97.
• Polemonium, -aceæ, 214; Fig. 118.
• Pollinium, 165.
• Polycarpæ, 185.
• Polygala, -aceæ. See “Milkwort.”
• Polygonatum. See “Solomon’s Seal.”
• Polygonum, -aceæ, 184; Fig. 98.
• Polysiphonia, 52; Fig. 29.
• Pomegranate, 206.
• Pond-scum, 22, 29, 30.
• Pond-weed, 159; Fig. 86.
• Pontederia. See “Pickerel-weed.”
• Poplar, 181, 183.
• Poppy, 191.
• Portulaca, -aceæ. See “Purslane.”
• Potash (caustic), 4, 5, 59, 67, 75, 97, 106, 111, 151, 176, 179, 180.
• Potassium, 2.
• Potato, 215.
• Potato-fungus. See “Phytophthora.”
• Potentilla. See “Cinquefoil.”
• Potomogeton. See “Pond-weed.”
• Prickly-ash, 198.
• Prickly fungus. See “Hydnum.”
• Prickly-pear, 204.
• Prickly-poppy. See “Argemone.”
• Primrose, 211.
• Primula, -aceæ. See “Primrose.”
• Prince’s-pine, 210; Fig. 116.
• Procarp, 51.
• Proteaceæ, 205.
• Prothallium, 102, 103, 114, 122, 125, 133, 144, 177.
• Protococcus, -aceæ, 22, 74; Fig. 11.
• Protophyte, 11.
• Protoplasm, 7.
  • movements of, 7.
• Pteridophyte, 102, 153.
• Puccinia, 81; Fig. 47. See also “Wheat-rust.”
• Puccoon, 215.
• Puff-ball. See “Lycoperdon.”
• Purslane, 185.
• Putty-root. See “Aplectrum.”
• Pyrenoid, 25, 31.
• Pyrenomycetes, 76.
• Pyrola, -aceæ, 210.

• Quince, 170.
• Quill-wort, 125, 126; Fig. 74.

• Raceme, 174.
• Radial fibro-vascular bundles, 138, 176.
• Radish, 192.
• Ranunculus, -aceæ. See “Buttercup.”
• Raspberry, 207.
• Ray-flower, 223.
• Receptacle, 167, 207, 223.
• Receptive spot, 106.
• Red algæ, 21, 49, 52, 53; Figs. 29–31.
• Red-bud, 209; Fig. 115.
• Red cedar, 79, 131, 141; Fig. 78.
• Red-wood, 142.
• Reference-books, 235–236.
• Reseda, -aceæ. See “Mignonette.”
• Resin, 130.
• Resin-duct, 130, 135, 137.
• Resting-spore, 28, 32, 37, 57.
• Rheumatism-root. See “Twin-leaf.”
• Rhexia, 206.
• Rhizocarpeæ. See “Water-fern.”
• Rhizoid. See “Root-hair.”
• Rhizome. See “Root-stock.”
• Rhododendron, 210; Fig. 116.
• Rhodophyceæ. See “Red algæ.”
• Rhodoraceæ, 211.
• Rhœadinæ, 190.
• Rhus. See “Sumach.”
  • cotinus. See “Smoke-tree.”
  • toxicodendron. See “Poison-ivy.”
  • venenata. See “Poison-dogwood.”
• Ribes, -ieæ, 203; Fig. 111.
• Ricciaceæ, 91; Fig. 57.
• Richardia. See “Calla.”
• Ricinus. See “Castor-bean.”
• Ringless-fern, 116.
• Rock-rose, 195.
• Rock-weed. See “Fucus.”
• Root, 102, 104, 114, 173.
• Root-cap, 115, 175.
• Root-hair, 38, 87, 91, 96, 104, 135.
• Root-stock, 154, 172.
• Rosa, -aceæ. See “Rose.”
• Rose, 181, 206; Fig. 114.
• Rosifloræ, 206.
• Rubiaceæ, 223.
• Rush, 154, 225; Fig. 83.
• Rust, white. See “Cystopus.”
  • red. See “Uredineæ.”
  • black. See “Uredineæ.”

• Sabal. See “Palmetto.”
• Sabbatia. See “Centaury.”
• Saccharomycetes. See “Yeast.”
• Sac fungi. See “Ascomycetes.”
• Safranine, 233.
• Sage, 215; Fig. 120.
• Salicineæ, 183.
• Salix. See “Willow.”
• Salvinia, 118.
• Sambucus. See “Elder.”
• Sanguinaria. See “Blood-root.”
• Sapindaceæ, 199.
• Saprolegnia, -aceæ, 60–62; Fig. 36.
  • zoöspores, 62.
  • resting spores, 62.
  • antheridium, 62.
• Sargassum, 48; Fig. 28.
• Sarracenia, -aceæ. See “Pitcher-plant.”
• Sassafras, 188.
• Saururus. See “Lizard-tail.”
• Saxifrage, 202.
• Saxifraginæ, 202.
• Scabiosa. See “Scabious.”
• Scabious, 224.
• Scalariform, 110.
• Scale-leaves, 170.
• Scenedesmus, 24; Fig. 11.
• Schizomycetes. See “Bacteria.”
• Schizophytes, 12, 14.
• Schlerenchyma. See “Stony tissue.”
• Schrankia. See “Sensitive-brier.”
• Scilla, 151.
• Scirpus. See “Bulrush.”
• Scitamineæ, 153, 162.
• Scotch pine, 129–140; Figs. 75–77.
  • stems and branches, 129.
  • leaves, 129, 130.
  • gross anatomy of stem, 130.
  • growth-rings, 130.
  • roots, 131.
  • sporangia, 131.
  • cones, 132.
  • macrospores and prothallium, 133.
  • ripe cone and seeds, 133.
  • germination, 134.
  • young plant, 134.
  • histology of leaf, 135.
    • of stem, 136–138.
    • of root, 138.
  • microsporangium and pollen spores, 138, 139.
  • archegonium, 140.
  • fertilization, 140.
• Scouring-rush, 122.
• Scrophularia, -ineæ. See “Figwort.”
• Sea-lettuce, 26; Fig. 15.
• Sea-rosemary, 212.
• Sea-weed (brown). See “Brown algæ.”
  • (red). See “Red algæ.”
• Sedge, 161; Fig. 87.
• Sedum. See “Stonecrop.”
• Seed, 128, 133, 145, 150.
• Seed-plant. See “Spermaphyte.”
• Selaginella, -eæ. See “Smaller club-moss.”
• Sensitive-brier, 209; Fig. 115.
• Sensitive-plant, 209.
• Sepal, 148, 150, 174, 179.
• Sequoia. See “Red-wood.”
• Sessile leaf, 170.
• Shepherdia, 206.
• Shepherd’s-purse, 173–180; Figs. 93–95.
  • gross anatomy of stem, 173.
    • leaf, 124, 173.
    • root, 173.
  • branches, 174.
  • flower, 174, 175.
  • fruit and seed, 175.
  • histology of root, 175, 176.
    • stem, 177.
    • leaf, 177, 178.
  • development of flower, 179.
    • ovule, 179.
    • embryo, 180.
• Shooting-star, 212; Fig. 117.
• Sieve-tube, 111, 137.
• Silene. See “Catch-fly.”
• Silicon, 2.
• Simple leaf, 170.
• Siphoneæ, 22, 34.
• Sisyrinchium. See “Blue-eyed grass.”
• Skunk cabbage, 157.
• Slime mould, 12, 14; Fig. 5.
  • plasmodium, 12.
  • movements, 13.
  • feeding, 13.
  • spore-cases, 13.
  • spores, 13.
  • germination of spores, 14.
• Smart-weed. See “Polygonum.”
• Smilaceæ, 155.
• Smoke-tree, 198.
• Smut, 64, 65.
• Smut-corn. See “Ustillago.”
• Snowberry, 223.
• Soft-tissue, 112.
• Solanum, -eæ, 215.
• Solomon’s Seal, 154; Fig. 83.
• Soredium, 74.
• Sorus, 118.
• Spadicifloræ, 153, 157.
• Spadix, 157.
• Spanish bayonet. See “Yucca.”
• Sparganium. See “Bur-reed.”
• Speedwell. See “Veronica.”
• Spermaphyte, 128–129.
• Spermatozoid, 28, 36, 40, 46, 51, 89, 96, 106, 122.
• Spermagonium, 79, 80.
• Sphagnum, -aceæ, 99, 100.
  • sporogonium, 100.
  • leaf, 100.
• Spice-bush, 188.
• Spiderwort, 6, 151, 157; Fig. 85.
• Spigelia. See “Pink-root.”
• Spike, 181.
• Spikenard, 202; Fig. 110.
• Spinach, 184.
• Spindle-tree, 199; Fig. 109.
• Spirogyra, 30–32; Fig. 18.
  • structure of cells, 30.
  • starch, 31.
  • cell-division, 31.
  • sexual reproduction, 32.
• Sporangium, 55, 62, 113, 121, 122, 131, 148, 151, 179.
• Spore-case. See “Sporangium.”
• Spore-fruit, 51, 66, 69, 70, 73, 83.
• Spore-sac. See “Ascus.”
• Sporocarp. See “Spore-fruit.”
• Sporogonium, 87, 90, 102, 123.
• Sporophyll, 128, 131, 148.
• Sporophyte, 109.
• Spring-beauty, 185; Fig. 98.
• Spruce, 142.
• Spurge. See “Euphorbia.”
• Squash, 221.
• Staining agents, 4, 231, 233.
• Stamen, 128, 143, 148, 174, 179.
• Standard, 207.
• Staphylea. See “Bladder-nut.”
• Starch, 31, 95, 152.
• Statice. See “Sea-rosemary.”
• Stellaria. See “Chick-weed.”
• Stemonitis, 13; Fig. 5.
• Sticta, 75; Fig. 45.
• Stigeoclonium, 26; Fig. 14.
• Stigma, 145, 148, 175, 179.
• St. John’s-wort, 195; Fig. 105.
• Stock, 192.
• Stoma. See “Breathing-pore.”
• Stonecrop, 202; Fig. 113.
• Stone-fruit, 206.
• Stone-wort. See “Characeæ.”
• Stony-tissue, 110.
• Stramonium, 215.
• Strawberry, 171, 202, 206; Fig. 113.
• Style, 148, 175, 179.
• Stylophorum, 187; Fig. 103.
• Sugar, 8, 145.
• Sulphur, 2.
• Sumach, 198; Fig. 108.
• Sun-dew, 192, 193; Fig. 104.
• Sunflower, 224.
• Suspensor, 180.
• Sweet-flag, 157.
• Sweet-potato, 214.
• Sweet-scented shrub. See “Calycanthus.”
• Sweet-william, 185.
• Sycamore, 183.
• Sympetalæ, 210.
• Symphoricarpus. See “Snowberry.”
• Symplocarpus. See “Skunk-cabbage.”
• Synergidæ, 144.
• Syringa, 199; Fig. 111. See also “Lilac.”

• Tamarack, 142.
• Tap-root, 131, 173.
• Taraxacum. See “Dandelion.”
• Taxodium. See “Cypress.”
• Taxus. See “Yew.”
• Teasel, 224; Fig. 124.
• Tecoma. See “Trumpet-creeper.”
• Teleuto-spore, 80, 81.
• Tendril, 171.
• Terebinthinæ, 198.
• Tetraspore, 51, 52.
• Thistle, 173, 223; Fig. 125.
• Thorn, 172.
• Thyme, 215.
• Thymeleaceæ, 206.
• Thymelinæ, 206.
• Tilia, -aceæ. See “Linden.”
• Tillandsia, 156; Fig. 84.
• Tissue, 8.
• Tissue system, 115.
• Toadstool, 82.
• Tobacco, 215.
• Tolypella, 40.
• Tomato, 215.
• Touch-me-not. See “Jewel-weed.”
• Tracheary tissue, 110, 121, 177.
• Tracheid, 110, 138.
• Tradescantia. See “Spiderwort.”
• Trailing arbutus, 211.
• Tremella, 81; Fig. 51.
• Trichia, 13, 14; Fig. 5.
• Trichogyne, 51.
• Tricoccæ, 199.
• Triglochin. See “Arrow-grass.”
• Trillium, 146, 154, 155; Fig. 83.
• Triphragmium, 81.
• Tropæolum. See “Nasturtium.”
• Trumpet-creeper.
• Tuber, 120, 153, 172.
• Tubifloræ, 213.
• Tulip, 146.
• Tulip-tree, 187; Fig. 100.
• Turnip, 192.
• Twin-leaf, 187; Fig. 101.
• Typha, -aceæ. See “Cat-tail.”

• Ulmaceæ. See “Elm.”
• Ulva. See “Sea-lettuce.”
• Umbelliferæ. See “Umbel-wort.”
• Umbel-wort, 202.
• Umbellifloræ, 202.
• Uredineæ, 77.
• Uromyces, 81; Fig. 47.
• Urticinæ, 183.
• Usnea, 75; Fig. 45.
• Ustillagineæ. See “Smut.”
• Ustillago, 65; Fig. 38.
• Utricularia. See “Bladder-weed.”
• Uvularia. See “Bellwort.”

• Vaccinium. See “Cranberry.”
• Vacuole, 8.
• Valerian, 224; Fig. 124.
• Valeriana, -eæ. See “Valerian.”
• Vallisneria. See “Eel-grass.”
• Vanilla, 166.
• Vaucheria, 34–37; Figs. 21, 22.
  • structure of plant, 35.
  • racemosa, 35.
  • non-sexual reproduction, 36.
  • sexual organs, 36.
  • fertilization, 36.
  • resting spores, 37.
• Venus’s fly-trap, 192.
• Verbascum. See “Mullein.”
• Verbena, -aceæ, 218; Fig. 121.
• Veronica, 217; Fig. 120.
• Vervain. See “Verbena.”
• Vessel, 121, 135, 150, 175, 177.
• Viburnum, 223; Fig. 124.
• Victoria regia, 190.
• Vinca. See “Periwinkle.”
• Vine, 199.
• Violet, 192; Fig. 104.
• Viola, -aceæ. See “Violet.”
• Virginia creeper, 171, 199.
• Vitis. See “Grape.”
• Vitaceæ. See “Vine.”
• Volvox, 12, 20; Fig. 10.
• Volvocineæ, 12, 19.

• Wall-flower, 192.
• Walnut, 183.
• Wandering-Jew, 157.
• Water fern, 117.
• Water-leaf, 214; Fig. 118.
• Water-lily. See “Nymphæa,” “Castalia.”
• Water-milfoil, 206; Fig. 113.
• Water mould. See “Saprolegnia.”
• Water net, 24; Fig. 11.
• Water-plantain, 167.
• Water-shield, 190.
• Water-starwort, 200.
• Wax-plant, 220.
• Wheat, 78.
• Wheat rust, 78, 81; Fig. 47.
• Whitlavia, 214.
• Wild ginger, 224; Fig. 126.
• Wild onion, 230.
• Wild parsnip, 202.
• Willow, 181–183; Fig. 96.
• Willow-herb, 206, 226; Fig. 113.
• Wing (of papilionaceous flower), 208.
• Wintergreen, 211.
• Wolffia, 159.
• Wood. See “Xylem.”
• Wood-sorrel, 197; Fig. 107.

• Xylem, 110, 124, 135, 150, 173, 176.

• Yam, 154.
• Yeast, 63, 64; Fig. 37.
  • cause of fermentation, 63.
  • reproduction, 64.
  • systematic position, 64.
• Yew, 141.
• Yucca, 153.

• Zanthoxylum. See “Prickly ash.”
• Zingiber, -aceæ. See “Ginger.”
• Zoölogy, 2.
• Zoöspore, 25, 37, 58, 62.
• Zygnema, 33; Fig. 19.
• Zygomorphy, Zygomorphic, 164, 215, 226.