MACHIAVELLI.
Origin of his Family
850.
(February 3d.) His Birth
1469.
His Parentage
Nothing known of his Childhood and Education
Paul Jovius
Machiavelli Secretary under Marcellus Virgil
1494.
Florence agitated by the Prophet Salvanorola
1497.
Marcellus Virgil elected High Chancellor
Machiavelli made Chancellor of the Second Court
1498.
Is Secretary of the Council of Ten
His Missions to various Sovereigns and States
Italy convulsed by foreign Armies and domestic Quarrels
1492.
Ludovico Sforza invites Charles VIII. of France into Italy,
instigating him to assert his Right to the Neapolitan Crown
instigating him to assert his Right to the Neapolitan Crown
Entrance of the French into Italy; causes great Commotion in
Florence; the Overthrow and Exile of the Medicean Family
Florence; the Overthrow and Exile of the Medicean Family
1493.
Italy overrun by Charles
The Italian System of Warfare
Death of Charles VIII.
1498.
Louis XII. succeeds him; his speedy Conquest of Milan
Pisa, under the Rule of Florence, repines at its Servitude; they
implore Charles to restore their Independence
implore Charles to restore their Independence
1501.
Pisa besieged by the Florentines
1500.
Machiavelli and Francesco della Caza employed by the Republic
as Envoys to the French Court; curious Style of their Instructions
as Envoys to the French Court; curious Style of their Instructions
They fail in their Object, and return to Italy
Machiavelli, his Mission to Cæsar Borgia
Roderigo Borgia chosen Pope; he assumes the Name of
Alexander VI.
Alexander VI.
His Character
Cæsar Borgia raised to the Rank of Cardinal; his Dislike to the
Church
Church
His Jealousy of his Brother, the Duke of Candia, whom he
causes to be waylaid and murdered
causes to be waylaid and murdered
He abdicates the Cardinal's Hat, and obtains the Duchy of
Valence in France
Valence in France
He determines to form the Principality in Italy
His Encroachments supported by an Alliance with Louis XII.
His Attack on Bologna
Revolt of his chief Condottieri
Conspiracy of Magione
Arrival of Machiavelli at Imola
1502.
His Interview with Caesar Borgia
His Opinion of him
Cæsar Borgia, his Method of defending himself
His Policy
Paolo Orsino, his Arrival at Imola
Machiavelli, his Letter to the Signoria of Florence
His Conversation with Cæsar Borgia
His Admiration of Borgia's Talents
Machiavelli solicits to be recalled
Treaty between Caesar Borgia and the Confederates
Letter of Machiavelli on this Subject
Borgia leaves Imola
Machiavelli follows the Court to Cesena
His Letter
He again writes from Cesena
The Confederates sent to Sinigaglia
Arrival of Borgia at Sinigaglia
He causes the Orsini and Vitellozzo to be taken Prisoners
Machiavelli, his Account of this Transaction
His Letter
Treacherous and cruel Revenge of Borgia on the Confederates
(January 8th.) Machiavelli, his Letter to the Republic
His Recal to Florence
1503.
His Description of the Method used by the Valentian Duke in
putting to death Vitellozzo Vitelli
putting to death Vitellozzo Vitelli
The "Decenal"
An Anecdote of Cæsar Borgia
Narrow Escape of Cæsar Borgia at Rome, it is supposed from
Poison
Poison
(August 28th.) Sudden Death of his Father, Pope Alexander
Accession of Pope Pius III.
Fall of the Fortunes of Cæsar Borgia
Machiavelli's Embassy to Rome to influence the Consultations
concerning the future Destination of Cæsar Borgia
concerning the future Destination of Cæsar Borgia
Julius II.
Borgia sent to Romagna in the Name of the Holy See
Cardinal Volterra sent after him with a Requisition; Borgia
refuses to comply; he is arrested in consequence, and sent on
board a French Galley
refuses to comply; he is arrested in consequence, and sent on
board a French Galley
He is brought back to the Vatican; he is liberated
He goes to Naples
He forms new Schemes, is again arrested, and confined in the
Fortress of Medina del Campo
Fortress of Medina del Campo
His Escape and Death
1506.
Machiavelli leaves Rome, and goes to France
1504.
Peace between France and Spain
Formation of a native Militia in Florence
1506.
Pope Julius II., his Projects
The Florentines delegate Machiavelli to the Court Militant at
Rome; his Letters
Rome; his Letters
Francesco Vettori treats with the Emperor Maximilian at
Trent
Trent
1507.
Machiavelli sent with the Ultimatum of the Florentines to
Trent
Trent
1508.
On his Return, writes his "Account of Germany"
Pisa besieged by the Florentines
1509.
Machiavelli sent to assist them
Enmity between Louis XII. and the Pope
Machiavelli, his Mission to Louis; his Letters
1510.
His Audience with the King at Blois
Pietro Soderini elected Doge of Florence
1511.
Louis determines to dethrone him; Florence offers him Pisa
for it
for it
Terrified by the Menaces of the Pope, they send Machiavelli to
recal this Offer
recal this Offer
Disastrous War, the Consequence
Diet of Mantua
1512.
Overthrow of the existing Government of Florence
Restoration of the Medici
Machiavelli deprived of his Place
Conspiracy against the Medici
Machiavelli supposed to be implicated; is thrown into Prison
in consequence
in consequence
He is included in an Amnesty of the new Pope, Leo X.
His Letter to Francesco Vettori; his Liberation
1513.
Letter of Vettori to Machiavelli
His Letter in Reply
Vettori, his Endeavours in behalf of Machiavelli
Machiavelli, his Letter to Vittori
Analysis of his Work, called the "Prince"
Machiavelian Policy
His Essays on the first "Decade of Livy"
His "Art of War"
His "Belfegor"
His Comedies
His Letter to Vettori
1514.
Address of Pope Leo X. to Machiavelli; his Advice
1519.
Machiavelli, his Reply
His "Essay on the Reform of the Government of Florence"
Machiavelli Ambassador to the Minor Friars at Carpi
1521.
Letter of Francesco Guicciardini on his Appointment;
Machiavelli, his Reply
Machiavelli, his Reply
Cardinal Julius commissions him to write the History of
Florence
Florence
1524.
Cardinal Julius becomes Pope Clement VII.; he makes
Machiavelli his Historiographer
Machiavelli his Historiographer
1526.
Deplorable State of Italy
Constable Bourbon at Milan
Machiavelli sent by the Pope to inspect the Fortifications at
Florence
Florence
Arrival of Bourbon at Bologna
1527.
A Truce concluded between Clement VII. and Charles V.
(6th of May.) Sack of Rome
Machiavelli assists the Italians in relieving the Pope, who is
besieged in the Castel Sant' Angelo
besieged in the Castel Sant' Angelo
He returns to Florence
His Death
His Wife and Children
His Person and Character
Complete Edition of his Works published
1782.
His Descendants
TABLE,
ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,
TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF
LIVES OF
EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN
OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.
GALILEO.
A. D.
PAGE
(15th of February.) His Birth
1564.
His Ancestors
His early Years
A Scholar of Arts at the University of Pisa
1581.
Studies Medicine under Andrew Cæsalpinus
His Work on the Hydrostatical Balance
Guido Ubaldi engages him to investigate the Centre of Gravity
of solid Bodies
of solid Bodies
Appointed Lecturer of Mathematics at the University of Pisa
Giordano Bruno burnt
1600.
Galileo attacks by Argument and Experiment the Aristotelian
Laws of Gravity
Laws of Gravity
Opposition of the Aristotelians to his Discoveries
A Method of clearing out the Harbour of Leghorn proposed
by Don Giovanni de' Medici
by Don Giovanni de' Medici
Galileo opposes this Opinion; is persecuted in consequence
He obtains the Professorship of Mathematics at the University
of Padua
of Padua
1592.
Account of his Conversion to the Copernican System
1593.
He meets with an Accident
He completes his first Engagement at Padua
Is re-elected other six Years
1598.
Accusation brought against him with respect to Marina Gamba
A new Star excites the Attention of Galileo
1604.
Again re-elected to the Professorship of Padua
1606.
His increasing Popularity
His Examination of the Properties of the Loadstone
Doctor Gilbert's Work, the "De Magnete," published
1500.
His Death
1603.
Cosmo proposes to Galileo to return to Pisa
The Arrangements suggested by Galileo, and the Manner of
urging them
urging them
Dutch Telescopes
Galileo constructs his first Telescope
Interest which the Telescope excited in Venice
The Art of cleaning and polishing Lenses very imperfect
Results of the Observations of Galileo on the Moon
His Examination of the fixed Stars
The Satellites of Jupiter discovered by Galileo
1610.
Galileo's Work, the "Sidereal Messenger," published
Reception which these Discoveries met with from Kepler
Horky; his Work against the Discoveries of Galileo
Simon Mayer
Discovery of new Satellites
First Enigma of Galileo published
His Observations on Saturn and Venus
His Reception at Rome; he erects his Telescope in the Quirinal
Garden
Garden
1611.
(March.) He discovers the Solar Spots
Thomas Harriot discovers the Solar Spots (in December)
1610.
Professor Scheiner; his Letters on the Subject of the Solar
Spots
Spots
These Letters answered by Galileo
Faculæ or Luculi discovered on the Sun's Disc, by Galileo
His Observations on Saturn
The Subject of floating Bridges discussed
Galileo "On Floating Bodies"
His Letter to the Abbé Castelli
1613.
Caccini attacks Galileo from the Pulpit
Luigi Maraffi apologises to Galileo for this Conduct
Galileo, his Letter to the Grand Duchess Christian
(26th of February.) Galileo appears before the Inquisition
1615.
He renounces his Opinions
The Copernican System condemned by the Inquisition
Interview of Galileo with Pope Paul V.
1616.
Letter of Querenghi to the Cardinal D'Este
Negotiations of Galileo with Spain
Three Comets appear
1618.
Discourse on Comets by Marco Guiducci
1619.
"The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance"
Galileo, his Work "Il Saggiatore"
1623.
Accession of Cardinal Barberini to the papal Throne
Galileo, his Visit to Pope Urban VIII.
1624.
His Reception
Death of Cosmo
1629.
Pecuniary Difficulties of Galileo
Work of Galileo demonstrating the Copernican System
1630.
"The System of the World of Galileo Galilei"
1632.
Influence of this Work on the public Mind
Galileo summoned to appear before the Inquisition
(14th of February.) He arrives at Rome
1633.
Is visited by Cardinal Barberini; his Kindness to him
Trial of Galileo
(22d of June.) His Sentence
His Abjuration
What Excuse is there for his Humiliation and Abjuration?
Imprisonment of Galileo
He leaves Rome
He returns to Arcetri
Death of his Daughter
His Indisposition and Melancholy
He obtains Permission of the Pope to return to Florence
1638.
Continued Kindness of the Grand Duke of Tuscany for him
His "Dialogues on Local Motion"
Discovery of the Moon's Libration
Blindness of Galileo
1637.
He is visited by a Number of Strangers
(8th of January.) His Death
1642.
His Epitaph and Monument
His House
His domestic Character
His Person
His scientific Character