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English and American tool builders

Chapter 32: INDEX
By Joseph Wickham Roe
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About This Book

A historical survey and collection of biographies that traces the technical and personal development of machine-tool making in England and the United States. It profiles pioneering craftsmen and engineers—Maudslay, Wilkinson, Bramah, Nasmyth, Whitworth, Eli Whitney and American firms such as Colt, Pratt & Whitney, Robbins & Lawrence and Brown & Sharpe—while explaining key inventions (lathe, planer, gearing, interchangeability) and regional centers of manufacture. Chapters combine technical description, industrial context, and firm histories to show how toolmaking practices enabled mass production and shaped later engineering, concluding with appendices and a partial bibliography.

INDEX

INDEX

  • Acme Wire Co.: 160.
  • Allen, Ethan: 226.
  • Allen, Walter: 264.
  • Alvord, J. D.: 192, 197.
  • American Brass Co.: 236.
  • American industries:
  • reasons for delayed development, 109-114;
  • influence of the cotton gin, 114.
  • American iron:
  • results of exportation to England, 110-113;
  • early production, 115.
  • American Pin Co.: 234.
  • American Screw Co.: 125, 198, 226;
  • pointed screw, 126.
  • American Steel & Wire Co.: 225-226.
  • “American system”: see Interchangeable manufacture.
  • American Tool Works: 269.
  • American Watch Co.:
  • interchangeable system, 144, 164.
  • American Wire Gauge: 205.
  • Ames Manufacturing Co.:
  • gun-making machinery, etc., 138, 140, 228-229.
  • Amoskeag Manufacturing Co.: 123, 124, 216-217, 253.
  • Andover, Mass.:
  • scythe mill, 117.
  • Angell, William G.: 126.
  • Ansonia Brass & Copper Co.: 234.
  • Ansonia Clock Co.: 234.
  • Arkwright, Sir Richard: 6, 64, 121, 150, 161.
  • Armstrong, Sir William: 105.
  • Arnold, Asa:
  • partner of Pitcher, 124.
  • Arnold, Jeremiah O.: 125.
  • Arnold, Joseph:
  • brother of Jeremiah, 125.
  • Atwood, L. J.: 237.
  • Babbage, Charles:
  • calculating machine, 59.
  • Baldwin, Matthias:
  • Baldwin Locomotive Works, 256.
  • Bancroft, Edward:
  • Bancroft & Sellers, 247.
  • Barber-Coleman Co.: 274.
  • Bardons & Oliver: 183, 265.
  • Barker, William:
  • partner of Lodge, 269-270.
  • Barnes, B. F.: 274.
  • Barnes, W. F. & John, Co.: 273.
  • Barnes Drill Co.: 274.
  • Baush Machine Tool Co.:
  • drilling machines, 230.
  • Bayley, O. W.: 217.
  • Beach, H. L.: 165.
  • Beach, H. B., & Son: 165.
  • Beale, Oscar J.:
  • accurate standards, 205.
  • Beckley, Elias:
  • gun shop, 162.
  • Bellows, E. H.: 222.
  • Bement, Clarence S.: 255.
  • Bement, William B.: 217, 219, 249, 252-254;
  • estimate of, 255;
  • hammer, 255.
  • Bement & Dougherty: 254.
  • Bement, Miles & Co.:
  • history of, 254-255.
  • Benedict, Aaron:
  • brass worker, 232.
  • Benedict & Burnham: 234.
  • Benedict & Coe:
  • brass workers, 232.
  • Bentham Jeremy: 22, 25.
  • Bentham, Sir Samuel: 7, 22, 49, 89, 107;
  • work on Portsmouth block machinery, 8, 9, 18, 22, 26, 28;
  • in Russia, 23, 24;
  • in British navy service, 24;
  • woodworking machinery, 24, 25;
  • planer, 51;
  • patent of 1793, 38;
  • slide-rest, 6, 38;
  • relations with Maudslay, 89.
  • Bessemer, Sir Henry: 96.
  • Besly, Charles H., & Co.: 275.
  • Bibliography: 295-297.
  • Bickford, Henry: 272.
  • Bidwell, Jason A.: 198, 266.
  • Bilgram Machine Works:
  • gear cutting, 259.
  • Billings, Charles E.: 170, 174-175, 201.
  • Billings & Spencer Co.: 175-176.
  • Blake, Eli Whitney: 160.
  • Blake, Philos: 160.
  • Blaisdell, P., & Co.: 222.
  • Blanchard, Thomas: 220-221;
  • lathe for turning gun-stocks, 6, 140, 142, 219, 220-221.
  • Blenkinsop:
  • Locomotives, 56.
  • Block machinery: see Portsmouth block machinery.
  • Bodmer, John George: 75-80;
  • estimate of, 79;
  • diametral pitch, 70 note 66;
  • interchangeable manufacture, 76, 131;
  • firearms, 76;
  • two patents, 77-79;
  • traveling crane, 77, 80;
  • mill machinery, 76.
  • Bond, George M.:
  • Rogers-Bond Comparator, 180-182.
  • Boring machines:
  • Smeaton’s, 2, 13;
  • Wilkinson’s, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 60;
  • in 18th century, 4.
  • Boston, Mass.:
  • heavy forge, 117.
  • Boston & Worcester R. R.: 220.
  • Boulton, Matthew: 145;
  • on Wilkinson’s boring machine, 3;
  • on Wilkinson, 145.
  • Boulton & Watt: 3, 11, 46, 55;
  • relations with Wilkinson, 12, 13.
  • Bow-string truss: 82.
  • Boye & Emmes Machine Tool Co.: 268, 271.
  • Bramah, Joseph: 7, 8, 15, 107;
  • estimate of, 19, 20;
  • invention of slide-rest, 6, 36;
  • planer, 50;
  • hydraulic press, 18;
  • machine for numbering banknotes, 19;
  • woodworking machinery, 18, 19, 24;
  • other inventions, 18;
  • relations with Maudslay, 17, 19, 33, 34;
  • with Watt, 18;
  • with Clement, 19, 58.
  • Bridgeport Brass Co.:
  • micrometer, 211-213.
  • Bridgeport Machine Tool Co.: 184.
  • British Small Arms Commission: 138, 140, 141.
  • Brooker, Charles F.: 236.
  • Brown, David: 126, 202.
  • Brown, Capt. James S.: 124.
  • Brown, Joseph R.: 126, 202;
  • estimate of, 215;
  • “Universal” miller, 138 note 163, 196, 208-209;
  • linear dividing engines, 202, 204-205, 206;
  • vernier caliper, 203;
  • formed milling cutter, 206, 207;
  • improvements on turret screw machine, 207;
  • universal grinder, 214.
  • Brown, Moses:
  • textile industry, 120, 121.
  • Brown, Sylvanus: 124.
  • inventor of slide-rest, 6;
  • slide lathe, 120.
  • Brown Hoisting Machine Co.: 258.
  • Brown & Elton:
  • wire and tubing, 233.
  • Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co.: 125, Chapter XVI;
  • J. R. Browne & Sharpe, 202, 204;
  • “Universal” miller, 138 note 163, 196, 208;
  • linear dividing engines, 206;
  • precision gear cutter, 206;
  • turret screw machines, 207-208;
  • limit gauges, 210;
  • micrometer caliper, 211-213;
  • cylindrical grinder, 213;
  • automatic gear cutters, 214.
  • Brunel, Sir Isambard K.: 32.
  • Brunel, Sir Marc I.: 7, 26, 27, 31, 49, 107;
  • slide-rest, 6;
  • inventions, 27;
  • Portsmouth block machinery, 8, 9, 22, 26, 27, 28.
  • Bryant, William L.:
  • chucking grinder, 200.
  • Buchanan:
  • English writer, 50.
  • Builders Iron Foundry or “High Street Furnace”: 125.
  • Bullard, E. P.: 183-184.
  • vertical boring and turning mill, 184-185.
  • Bullard Machine Tool Co.: 184.
  • Burke, William A.: 253;
  • Amoskeag Manufacturing Co., 217;
  • Lowell Machine Shop, 217, 218.
  • Burleigh, Charles:
  • rock drill, 228.
  • Burlingame, L. D.:
  • history of micrometer, 213.
  • Burton, James H.:
  • Enfield gun machinery, 140.
  • Calipers:
  • “Lord Chancellor,” 45, 211;
  • vernier, 203;
  • micrometer, origin of, 211-213.
  • Campbell, A. C.: 237.
  • Camus: 64;
  • “The Teeth of Wheels,” 64-65, 68.
  • Carmichaels, of Dundee:
  • engine makers, 86.
  • Carron Iron Works: 2, 85.
  • Change-gear box: 182.
  • Chase Rolling Mills Co.: 236.
  • “Chordal’s Letters”: 261.
  • Cincinnati, Ohio:
  • tool building in, 266-267.
  • Cincinnati Bickford Tool Co.: 272.
  • Cincinnati Milling Machine Co.: 272.
  • Cincinnati Planer Co.: 271-272.
  • Cincinnati Screw & Tap Co.: 272.
  • Clement, Joseph: 7, 8, 9, 57-58, 59, 99, 107;
  • screw-thread practice, 10, 19, 57, 58-59, 101;
  • gear practice, 68;
  • taps and dies, 10, 19, 58;
  • lathes, 19, 57;
  • planers, 19, 50, 52, 54, 59;
  • relations with Bramah, 19, 58;
  • with Maudslay & Field, 19, 46, 58.
  • Cleveland, Ohio: 183.
  • tool builders in, 261-266;
  • first multi-spindle automatic screw machines, 265.
  • Cleveland Twist Drill Co.: 266.
  • Clock industry in Connecticut: 171-172.
  • Coe, Israel: 236.
  • Coe, Lyman: 234, 236.
  • Coe Brass Co.: 234.
  • Coes Wrench Co.: 226.
  • Colby, Gilbert A.: 254.
  • Collins Co.:
  • axe makers, 169.
  • Colt, Samuel: 166-168;
  • interchangeable system, 137, 168;
  • Colt revolver, 166, 167;
  • erection of Armory, 167, 168.
  • Colt Armory: 165, 166;
  • erection of, 167, 168;
  • a “contract shop,” 178.
  • Conradson, Conrad N.:
  • turret machine, 276.
  • Cook, Asa: 174.
  • Coombs, S. C.: 222.
  • Corliss Machine Works: 126.
  • Cotton crop:
  • growth of, 150-151.
  • Cotton gin:
  • invention of, 131, 148 et seq.;
  • influence, 114, 131, 145, 149, 150-151, 161;
  • patent rights of, 151-158.
  • Cowie, Pierson: 221-222.
  • Cramp Ship Building Co.: 257.
  • Croft, James:
  • brass worker, 232.
  • Crompton, William: 114.
  • Cup-leather packing: 18.
  • Currier & Snyder: 222.
  • Cushman, A. F.: 173.
  • Darby, Abraham, 3d:
  • first iron bridge, 15.
  • Darling, Samuel:
  • graduating engine, 203, 204.
  • Davenport, James:
  • textile machinery, 246.
  • Davenport, William S.: 214.
  • da Vinci, Leonardo:
  • anticipation of modern tools, 6, 36.
  • Davis, Charles: 269.
  • Davis, Jefferson:
  • on Whitney’s steel-barreled muskets, 160.
  • Davis & Egan: 269.
  • D’Eichthal, Baron:
  • partner of Bodmer, 75.
  • De la Hire:
  • gear teeth, 63, 64, 67.
  • DeLeeuw, A. L.: 273, 277.
  • Dennison, A. L.:
  • American Watch Co., 144.
  • de Vaucanson, Jacques:
  • milling cutter, 206.
  • Diametral pitch:
  • “Manchester pitch,” 70 note 66;
  • Bodmer, 80.
  • Die forging: 137.
  • Dietz, Schumacher & Boye Co.: 268.
  • Dodge, Cyril: 126.
  • Dodge, Nehemiah:
  • goldsmith, 126.
  • Dougherty, James: 254.
  • Draper Machine Tool Co.: 222.
  • Dresses, Henry: 271.
  • Dresses, Mueller & Co.: 271.
  • Drilling machines:
  • in 18th century, 4.
  • Drop hammer:
  • developed in America, 5, 143, 175.
  • Dwight, Dr. Timothy:
  • on Pawtucket, 121.
  • Eagle Screw Co.: 126.
  • Earle & Williams: 219.
  • Eberhardt, Ulrich: 259.
  • Edgemoor Iron Co.: 249-250.
  • Egan, Thomas P.: 268, 269.
  • Eminent Men of Science Living in 1807-1808.
  • engraving by Walker, 20.
  • Enfield Armory: 5, 96, 103;
  • Nasmyth on reorganization of, 140-141;
  • British Small Arms Commission, 138, 140;
  • gun-machinery, 138-141;
  • Robbins & Lawrence, 191-192.
  • Epicyclic curve: 63, 67, 68.
  • Essex Machine Shop: 219.
  • Euler:
  • gearing, 64.
  • Evans, Oliver: 239-246;
  • conveyors for handling materials, 240-241, 246;
  • steam engine, 241-242, 245;
  • description of shop, 243;
  • steamboat, 242;
  • prediction of railways, 245;
  • “Engineer’s Guide,” 242;
  • “Miller’s Guide,” 244.
  • Fairbairn, Sir Peter: 71, 74, 107.
  • Fairbairn, Sir William: 62, 107;
  • on machine tools, 10;
  • with George Rennie, 54, 71;
  • millwork, 71;
  • on “a good millwright,” 72;
  • Fairbairn & Lillie, 72-73, 77;
  • treatise on “Mills and Millwork,” 73;
  • iron ships, 73-74;
  • bridge building, 74.
  • Fairbairn & Co.: 268.
  • Fairfield, George A.: 170, 174, 176.
  • Fales & Jenks Machine Co.: 125.
  • Farrel Foundry & Machine Co.: 237.
  • Fay, J. A., & Co.:
  • woodworking machinery, 229-230, 267.
  • Fay, J. A., & Egan Co.: 230.
  • Fellows, E. R.: 199.
  • Fellows Gear Shaper Co.: 199.
  • Field, Joshua: 35, 89;
  • relations with Maudslay, 8, 35, 90;
  • founder of Institution of Civil Engineers, 90.
  • Fire engine:
  • first in America, 116.
  • Fitch, John:
  • steamboat, 82.
  • Fitch, Stephen:
  • horizontal turret, 197.
  • Fitchburg, Mass.: 219, 227-228.
  • Fitchburg Machine Works: 228;
  • Lo-swing lathe, 200.
  • Flagg, Samuel, & Co.: 221, 222.
  • Flather Manufacturing Co.: 228.
  • Flax industry:
  • Murray’s influence on, 57.
  • Foote-Burt Co.: 183;
  • drilling machines, 265.
  • Forehand & Wadsworth: 226.
  • Forq, Nicholas:
  • planer, 50.
  • Fosdick Machine Tool Co.: 271.
  • Fosdick & Plucker: 271.
  • Fox, James: 7, 50, 52, 53, 54.
  • Fox & Taylor:
  • manufacturers of blocks, 28.
  • Fox, Henderson & Co.: 192.
  • Francis, James B.:
  • hydraulic engineer, 218.
  • Franklin Machine Co.: 125.
  • Fulton, Robert: 150, 151, 161.
  • Gage, Warner & Whitney: 218, 228.
  • Gang, William E.: 268, 271.
  • Gang & Dietz: 271.
  • Gardner, Frederick M.:
  • disk grinding machines, 275.
  • Gardner Machine Co.: 276.
  • Garvin Machine Co.: 127.
  • Gascoigne, William:
  • principle of micrometer, 211.
  • Gay, Ira: 124, 216-217.
  • Gay, Zeba: 124, 217.
  • Gay & Silver Co.: 195, 197, 217;
  • planer, 53.
  • Gearing and Millwork: Chapter VI.
  • Geier, Frederick A.: 272-273.
  • “Genealogies”:
  • Early English Tool Builders, Fig. 5;
  • New England Gun-makers, Fig. 27;
  • Robbins & Lawrence Shop, Fig. 37;
  • Worcester Tool Builders, Fig. 45;
  • Naugatuck Brass Industry, Fig. 50.
  • Giddings & Lewis Manufacturing Co.: 276.
  • Gisholt Machine Works: 276.
  • Gleason Works: 183.
  • Globe Rolling Mill: 251.
  • Goddard, Benjamin: 225.
  • Gorham, Jabez: 127.
  • Gorham Manufacturing Co.:
  • founded, 127.
  • Gould & Eberhardt: 259.
  • Grant, John J.: 214.
  • Gray, G. A., Co.: 273.
  • “Great Eastern,” The: 32.
  • “Great Western,” The: 32.
  • Great Western Railway:
  • steamers, 93.
  • Greene, Nathaniel:
  • cannon factory of, 118.
  • Greene, Mrs. Nathaniel:
  • friend to Eli Whitney, 147;
  • connection with cotton-gin, 148-149.
  • Greene, Timothy: 119, 121.
  • Greenwood, Miles: 267.
  • Gridley, George O.:
  • automatic lathes, 194, 200.
  • Grilley, Henry:
  • founder of brass industry, 232.
  • Grinder:
  • developed in America, 5;
  • Brown & Sharpe’s, 213-214;
  • disc, 275-276.
  • Hakewessel, Reinholdt: 183;
  • Acme automatic, 265.
  • Hamilton, Alexander:
  • entertains Brunel, 8, 27.
  • Hamilton, Ohio:
  • tool builders in, 273.
  • Hampson, John:
  • with Maudslay, 98.
  • Hanks, Alpheus and Truman:
  • foundry, 165.
  • Harper’s Ferry Arsenal: 140, 143, 163;
  • established, 136;
  • interchangeable equipment, 137;
  • rifle, 160.
  • Harrington & Richardson: 226.
  • Hartford, Conn.: 127;
  • manufactories of, 164, 165, 170;
  • gun makers of, 164, 166.
  • Hartford Machine Screw Co.: 170, 174, 176.
  • Hartness, James: 194, 197-198, 266;
  • designer of machine tools, 198;
  • flat-turret lathe, 198;
  • Lo-swing lathe, 200.
  • Haskell, Co., The William H.: 124.
  • Hawkins, John Isaac: 69;
  • on early gear tooth practice, 65-68, 70.
  • Hayden, Hiram W.: 234, 236.
  • Hendey Machine Co.:
  • tool-room lathe, 182.
  • Henn, E. C.:
  • Acme automatic, 265.
  • Herman, William: 271.
  • Hick, B., & Son: 75.
  • High Street Furnace: 125.
  • Hildreth, S. E.: 222.
  • Hobbs, Alfred C.:
  • picks Bramah’s lock, 16.
  • Holmes, Hodgin:
  • cotton gin, 152, 154, 156, 157.
  • Holmes, Israel: 232, 233, 234, 236.
  • Holmes, Joseph:
  • pioneer iron worker, 117.
  • Holmes & Hotchkiss: 233.
  • Holmes, Booth & Haydens: 234, 237.
  • Holtz, Frederick:
  • milling machine, 272.
  • Holtzapffel, Charles: 74, 99;
  • on Roberts, 60-61;
  • plane surfaces, 100.
  • Hovey, P.:
  • partner of Pitcher, 124.
  • Howe, Elias:
  • sewing machine, 144.
  • Howe, Frederick W.: 195, 196, 209, 217;
  • milling machines, 138, 196, 208, 209;
  • profiling machine, 143, 191;
  • turret-head screw machine, 195-196, 207;
  • turret lathe, 197, 199.
  • Howe, Hezekiah: 119.
  • Humphries:
  • suggests invention of large hammer, 93.
  • Hydraulic press:
  • invented by Bramah, 18, 34.
  • Industrial conditions:
  • new elements in 18th century, 1.
  • Ingersoll Milling Machine Co.: 274.
  • Institution of Civil Engineers:
  • founding of, 90.
  • Interchangeable manufacture:
  • rise of, Chapter XI;
  • developed in America, 5, 129;
  • defined, 128;
  • abroad, 138, 140;
  • in France, 129-131;
  • in Hartford, 164;
  • tools for, 142-143.
  • clock, watch and sewing machine industries, 144;
  • Bodmer, 76;
  • Colt, 137, 168;
  • Enfield, 138, 141;
  • Simeon North, 131, 133, 135-136, 137, 162;
  • Robbins & Lawrence, 191;
  • Eli Whitney, 131-133, 136.
  • International Machine Tool Co.: 275.
  • Involute gears: 63, 64, 67, 68, 207.
  • Iron bridge, the first: 15.
  • Iron boats:
  • Wilkinson builds the first, 14;
  • Symington, 14, 82;
  • Brunel, 32;
  • Onions & Sons, 14;
  • Jervons, 14;
  • at Horsley Works, 14;
  • “Great Eastern” and “Great Western,” 32;
  • Fairbairn, 73-74.
  • Jefferson, Thomas:
  • on interchangeable system in France, 129-131;
  • on Whitney, 135.
  • Jenks, Alfred:
  • textile machinery, 123, 246-247.
  • Jenks, Alvin:
  • cotton machinery, 124-125.
  • Jenks, Barton H.: 247.
  • Jenks, Eleazer:
  • spinning machinery, 123.
  • Jenks, Joseph: 115-116, 125.
  • Jenks, Joseph, Jr.:
  • founder of Pawtucket, 118.
  • Jenks, Joseph, 3d:
  • governor of Rhode Island Colony, 118.
  • Jenks, Capt. Stephen:
  • guns, 117;
  • nuts and screws, 124;
  • Jenks & Sons, 125.
  • Jennings gun:
  • origin of, 292-294.
  • Jerome, Chauncey:
  • brass clocks, 144, 171-172, 233.
  • Jervons:
  • iron boat, 14.
  • Jewelry industry in Providence: 126-127.
  • Johnson, Charles: 237.
  • Johnson, Iver: 226.
  • Johnson, Judge:
  • decision, Whitney vs. Fort, 155-157.
  • Jones & Lamson Machine Co.: 191, 193, 194, 197;
  • flat-turret lathe, 198-199;
  • Fay automatic lathe, 200.
  • Kaestner:
  • gearing, 64.
  • Kearney & Trecker: 276.
  • Kempsmith, Frank: 264-265, 271.
  • Kempsmith Manufacturing Co.: 271, 276.
  • Kendall, N., & Co.: 186, 189.
  • Key-seater: 61.
  • Lamson, Goodnow & Yale: 192, 193.
  • Lamson Machine Co.: 198.
  • Landis Tool Co.: 259-260.
  • Lane & Bodley: 267.
  • Lapointe, J. N.:
  • broaching machine, 183.
  • Lathes:
  • pole, 3, 41;
  • engine, 4;
  • in 18th century, 3, 4;
  • automatic, 5, 176;
  • French rose engine, 6;
  • screw-cutting, 19, 35, 40, 119-120;
  • tool-room, 182;
  • Lo-swing, 200;
  • Bramah and Maudslay, 17;
  • Ramsden, 38;
  • Bentham, 38;
  • Maudslay, 40-42, 46;
  • Wilkinson, 119-120;
  • Blanchard, 140, 142-143;
  • Spencer’s turret lathe, 176;
  • Fay automatic, 200;
  • Sellers, 250.
  • Lathe, Morse & Co.: 222.
  • Lawrence, Richard S.: 188-189, 195;
  • profiling machine, 143;
  • master armorer, Sharps Works, 170, 194;
  • lubricated bullet, 194;
  • miller, 191, 194;
  • split pulley, 194;
  • turret lathe, 197;
  • autobiography, 281-291.
  • Lawrence, Mass.: 127.
  • Lawrence Machine Shop: 219.
  • Lead screw: 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43.
  • Le Blanc:
  • interchangeable gun manufacture in France, 130.
  • Le Blond, R. K.: 271.
  • Lee-Metford rifle: 105.
  • Leland, Henry M.: 214;
  • on J. R. Brown, 215.
  • Leonards: 116.
  • Libbey, C. L.:
  • turret lathes, 275.
  • Limit gauges:
  • developed in America, 5.
  • Lincoln, Levi: 165, 171.
  • Lincoln Co., The: 165.
  • Lincoln, Charles L., & Co.: 165.
  • Lincoln, George S., & Co.: 137, 165.
  • Lincoln miller: 137, 165-166, 208.
  • Linear dividing engines: 206.
  • Lingren, W. F., & Co.: 274.
  • Locomotives:
  • early inventions, 56;
  • Sharp, Roberts & Co., 61-62;
  • Nasmyth, 93.
  • Lodge, William E.: 268-271.
  • Lodge & Davis:
  • policy of, 270-271.
  • Lodge & Shipley Machine Tool Co.: 270.
  • Lowell, Mass.: 127;
  • machine shops of, 218.
  • Lowell Machine Shop: 217, 218, 253.
  • Lucas Machine Tool Co.: 265.
  • McFarlan, Thomas: 268.
  • Macaulay, Lord:
  • on Eli Whitney, 161.
  • Machine tools:
  • effect of modern, 1;
  • crudity in 18th century, 3, 4;
  • developments of, 4, 5, 63, 107;
  • Fairbairn on, 10;
  • Bramah and Maudslay, 34;
  • Whitworth, 99;
  • Greek or Gothic style, 63;
  • developed by cotton industry, 120.
  • Machine Tool Works: 255.
  • Machinist Tool Co.: 222.
  • Madison, Wis.: 276.
  • Manchester, N. H.: 123, 127;
  • founding of, 217.
  • Manchester Locomotive Works: 217.
  • Manchester pitch: 70 note 66, 80.
  • Manville, E. J.: 237.
  • Map of tool building industry: Fig. 56.
  • Marshall, Elijah D.: 254.
  • Marvel, C. M., & Co.: 219.
  • Mason, William: 170, 173-174.
  • Massachusetts Arms Co.: 162.
  • Maudslay, Henry: 7, 8, Chapter IV;
  • estimates of, 9, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 88;
  • taps and dies, 10, 42, 88;
  • Portsmouth block machinery, 8, 29, 35;
  • screw thread practice, 10, 40, 42, 88, 101;
  • cup-leather packing, 18, 34;
  • the slide-rest, 6, 35, 36, 38, 40, 43, 49, 143;
  • screw-cutting lathe, 35, 40, 41, 42, 50, 120;
  • engine improvements, 43;
  • work on plane surfaces, 44, 45, 99, 100.
  • Maudslay & Field: 8, 19, 35, 58, 98;
  • influence on English tool builders, 46;
  • Moon’s description of shop, 46-48.
  • Maynard Rifle Co.: 161.
  • Mechanics Machine Co.: 274.
  • Merrick, S. V.:
  • introduces steam hammer into United States, 96, 257.
  • Merrimac Valley:
  • textile works, 124, 127;
  • shops of, 216-219.
  • Michigan Twist Drill & Machine Co.: 266.
  • Midvale Steel Co.: 250.
  • Miles, Frederick B.:
  • steam hammer, 255.
  • Mill, Anton: 272.
  • Miller, Patrick: 82.
  • Miller, Phineas:
  • partner of Eli Whitney, 148-149, 153, 154.
  • Miller & Whitney: 149, 152.
  • Miller, universal:
  • origin of, 5, 138 note 163, 208-209.
  • Milling cutter, formed: 206-207, 208.
  • Milling machine:
  • Whitney, 142;
  • first in Hartford, 170, 194;
  • Lawrence, 191;
  • Lincoln, 137, 165-166, 208.
  • Millwork: Chapter VI;
  • Nasmyth on, 71.
  • Milwaukee, Wis.:
  • tool builders in, 276-277.
  • Milwaukee Machine Tool Co.: 277.
  • Moen, Philip L.: 225.
  • Montanus, Philip: 271.
  • Moody, Paul:
  • expert in cotton machinery, 218.
  • Moore & Colby: 252.
  • Morris, I. P., & Co.: 257, 258.
  • Mueller, Oscar: 271.
  • Murdock: 55;
  • D-slide valves, 51.
  • Murray, Matthew: 7, 54-57, 107;
  • planer, 50, 51, 55, 57;
  • D-slide valve, 55;
  • steam heating, 56;
  • locomotives, 56;
  • influence on flax industry, 56.
  • Nashua Manufacturing Co.: 124.
  • Nasmyth, Alexander: 81, 82, 83.
  • Nasmyth, James: 7, 8, Chapter VIII;
  • with Maudslay, 46, 48, 87, 88;
  • millwork, 71, 88;
  • steam road carriage, 86;
  • milling machine, 89;
  • shaper, 92;
  • method of invention, 92;
  • steam hammer and other inventions, 93-96;
  • study of the moon, 97;
  • on interchangeable system of manufacture, 140-141.
  • Nasmyth & Gaskell: 92.
  • National Acme Manufacturing Co.:
  • multi-spindle automatic lathe, 183, 265.
  • Naugatuck Valley: Chapter XVIII;
  • brass industry in, 231-238;
  • pin machinery, 233.
  • New Britain, Conn.:
  • hardware manufacture in, 171.
  • Newell, Stanford:
  • Franklin Machine Co.: 125.
  • New England industries:
  • early development of, 109-110;
  • cotton, 114;
  • iron, 116, 117, 118.
  • New England Screw Co.: 126.
  • Newton & Cox: 266.
  • Newton Machine Tool Works: 266.
  • New York:
  • early steamboat trade, 127.
  • Niles, James and Jonathan: 251.
  • Niles & Co.: 267, 273.
  • Niles-Bement-Pond Co.: 179, 222, 255, 259, 273.
  • Niles Tool Works: 267, 273.
  • Norris, Henry M.: 272.
  • North Chelmsford Machine & Supply Co.: 124.
  • North, Henry: 165.
  • North, Selah: filing jig, 142.
  • North, Simeon: 161-163;
  • gun contracts, 131, 133, 134, 135, 137, 162, 163;
  • interchangeable system, 133-134, 136, 142, 145, 162.
  • Norton, Charles H.:
  • precision grinding, 214, 224, 225.
  • Norton, F. B.: 224, 225.
  • Norton Company, The: 224, 225.
  • Norton Emery Wheel Co.: 224.
  • Norton Grinding Co.: 224, 225.
  • Norwalk Iron Works Co.: 184.
  • Oesterlien Machine Co.: 268.
  • Ohio Machine Tool Co.: 269.
  • Orr, Hugh:
  • early mechanic, 116-117.
  • Orr, Robert:
  • master armorer at Springfield, 117.
  • Otting & Lauder: 268.
  • Owen, William: 271.
  • Palmer, Courtland C.: 190.
  • Palmer, Jean Laurent:
  • screw caliper, 212, 213.
  • Palmer & Capron: 127.
  • Parallel motion: 3 note 6.
  • Parkhurst, E. G.: 182.
  • Parks, Edward H.:
  • automatic gear cutters, 214.
  • Pawtucket, R. I.:
  • manufacturing center, 118, 127;
  • Dr. Dwight on, 121;
  • manufactures of, 118-125.
  • Peck:
  • lifter for drop hammer, 143.
  • Pedrick & Ayer: planer, 53.
  • Phelps & Bickford: 222.
  • Phœnix Iron Works: 165.
  • Philadelphia, Pa.:
  • tool builders in, Chapter XIX;
  • early textile machinery, 246.
  • Pin machinery: 233.
  • Pitcher, Larned:
  • Amoskeag Manufacturing Co.: 123;
  • Pitcher & Brown, 124.
  • Pitkin, Henry and James F.:
  • American lever watches, 164.
  • Pitkin, Col. Joseph:
  • pioneer iron worker, 164.
  • Planer:
  • in 18th century, 4;
  • developed in England, 4;
  • Bramah, 18;
  • Clement, 19, 52;
  • inventors of the, Chapter V;
  • early French, 50;
  • Roberts, 51;
  • Murray, 57;
  • Bodmer, 75, 76;
  • Sellers, 248.
  • Plane surfaces, scraping of:
  • Maudslay, 44, 45;
  • Whitworth, 44, 98-101.
  • Plume & Atwood: 234.
  • Plumier: French writer, 50.
  • Pond Machine Tool Co.: 222, 259.
  • Pope Manufacturing Co.: 170.
  • Portsmouth block machinery:
  • influence on general manufacturing, 5;
  • work of Bentham and Brunel, 8, 9, 22, 26, 27, 28;
  • Maudslay’s contribution to, 29, 35;
  • description of, 29, 30, 31;
  • Roberts, 60;
  • Maudslay and Bentham, 89;
  • approaches interchangeable system, 131.
  • Potter & Johnson: 183.
  • Pratt, Francis A.: 137, 170, 177;
  • Lincoln miller, 165, 191.
  • Pratt & Whitney: 137, 178-183;
  • Interchangeable system, 179;
  • gun machinery and manufacture, 179-180, 182;
  • screw threads, 180-182;
  • tool-room lathe, 182;
  • thread-milling, 183;
  • workmen, 183;
  • turret screw machines, 207.
  • Precision gear cutter: 206.
  • Prentice, A. F.: 224.
  • Prentiss, F. F.: 266.
  • Priority in invention: 5.
  • Pritchard, Benjamin: 216.
  • Profiling machine: inventors of, 143.
  • Providence, R. I.:
  • early cannon manufacture, 117;
  • trading center, 118;
  • textile industry, 123;
  • manufactures in, 118-126;
  • jewelry industry of, 126-127.
  • Providence Forge & Nut Co.: 125.
  • Providence Tool Co.: 125;
  • turret screw machine built for, 207;
  • universal miller built for, 209.
  • Providence & Worcester Canal: 219-220.
  • Punching machine, Maudslay’s: 43.
  • Putnam, John: 227-228.
  • Putnam, Salmon W.: 227-228.
  • Putnam Machine Co. Works: 200, 227-228.
  • Ramsden, Jesse: lathe, 38.
  • Randolph & Clowes: 236.
  • Reed, F. E.: 224.
  • Reed & Prentice Co.: 222.
  • Remington Arms Co.: 161.
  • Remington, E., & Sons: 175.
  • Rennie, George: 54;
  • planer, 50, 51.
  • Rennie, Sir John: 54.
  • Rennie, John: millwright, 54.
  • Rhode Island Tool Co.: 125.
  • Richards, Charles B.: 173.
  • Richards, John: on Bodmer, 79.
  • Robbins & Lawrence: Chapter XV;
  • interchangeable system, 138;
  • turret lathe, 143, 197;
  • miller, 165, 191;
  • government contracts, 190;
  • Enfield rifle and gun machinery, 191-192;
  • cause of failure, 192;
  • successive owners of plant, 192-194, 200.
  • Robbins, Kendall & Lawrence: 189-190.
  • Roberts, Richard: 7, 9, 59-60, 62, 107;
  • with Maudslay, 46, 60;
  • planer, 50, 51, 60;
  • locomotives, 61-62;
  • Sharp, Roberts & Co.: 61, 62.
  • Robinson, Anthony:
  • screw thread, 39.
  • Rockford, Ill.:
  • tool builders in, 274-275.
  • Rockford Drilling Machine Co.: 274.
  • Rockford Iron Works: 274.
  • Rockford Lathe & Tool Co.: 274.
  • Rockford Machine Tool Co.: 274.
  • Rockford Milling Machine Co.: 274.
  • Roemer: epicyclic curve, 63.
  • Rogers, William A.:
  • Rogers-Bond comparator, 180-182.
  • Root, Elisha K.: 168-169, 170;
  • influence on die forging, 137;
  • profiling machine, 143;
  • drop hammer, 143, 169;
  • Colt Armory, 169;
  • machinery invented by, 169;
  • horizontal turret principle, 197.
  • Roper Repeating Arms Co.: 175.
  • St. Joseph Iron Co.: 253.
  • Savage Fire Arms Co.: 161.
  • Saxton: gear teeth, 66-67.
  • Schneider, M., and Nasmyth’s steam hammer: 95-96.
  • Scituate, R. I.: Hope Furnace, 117.
  • Scovill Manufacturing Co.: 232.
  • Screw machines, multi-spindle automatic: 265.
  • Screw-thread practice:
  • Maudslay and Clement, 10, 19, 42, 58-59, 88;
  • Whitworth standardizes, 10, 101;
  • early methods of screw cutting, 38-40;
  • Pratt & Whitney, 180-182;
  • history of Sellers’ or U. S. Standard, 249.
  • Sellers, Dr. Coleman: 251-252;
  • design of railway tools, 251;
  • screw thread, U. S. Standard, 249.
  • Sellers, William: 247-251, 255;
  • inventions, 247-248;
  • planer, 248;
  • system of screw threads, 248-249;
  • bridge building machinery, 250;
  • great lathe, Washington Navy Yard, 250.
  • Sellers, William, & Co.: 251, 252.
  • Sentinel Gas Appliance Co.: 160.
  • Shapers:
  • developed in England, 4;
  • Brunel’s, 27;
  • Nasmyth’s “Steel Arm,” 92.
  • Sharp, Roberts & Co.: 61, 62.
  • Sharpe, Lucian: 202;
  • American wire gauge, 205.
  • Sharps, Christian:
  • breech loading rifle, 170, 192.
  • Sharps Rifle Works: 192, 194, 195.
  • Shaw, A. J.: 214.
  • Shepard, Lathe & Co.: 222.
  • Shipley, Murray: 270.
  • Slater, Samuel: 114, 119, 121;
  • Arkwright cotton machinery, 120, 121;
  • textile industry, 122;
  • Amoskeag Co., 216-217.
  • Slide-rest:
  • in 18th century, 4;
  • inventors of, 6;
  • early forms of, 6, 36;
  • Bramah and Maudslay, 17;
  • Maudslay, 35, 36, 38, 40, 43, 49.
  • Sloan, Thomas J.:
  • screw machine, 126.
  • Slocomb, J. T.: 214.
  • Slotter: 61.
  • Smeaton, John: 2, 3;
  • boring machine, 2, 13;
  • cast iron gears, 64.
  • Smith, George: 214.
  • Smith & Mills: 270.
  • Smith & Phelps: 234.
  • Smith & Silk: 271.
  • Smith & Wesson: 138.
  • Snyder, J. E., & Son: 22.
  • Southwark Foundry & Machine Co.: 173, 256-257.
  • Spencer, Christopher M.: 170, 175-177;
  • turret lathe, 143, 176;
  • board drop, 143;
  • silk-winding machine, 175;
  • repeating rifle, 175.
  • Spencer Arms Co.: 177.
  • Spring: planer, 50, 53.
  • Springfield, Mass.: 230.
  • Springfield Armory: 103, 136, 138, 143, 163;
  • Blanchard’s lathes, 142-143.
  • Springfield Machine Tool Co.: 271.
  • Standard Tool Co.: 266.
  • Stannard, Monroe:
  • with Pratt & Whitney, 178.
  • Steam boats:
  • early, 82;
  • Wilkinson’s, 119.
  • Steam engine, Watt’s:
  • new element in industry, 1;
  • problems in building, 1-3;
  • first built at Soho, 12;
  • Maudslay’s improvements, 43.
  • Steam hammer: 4;
  • Nasmyth’s invention of, 93-96.
  • Steam heating apparatus:
  • Murray, 56.
  • Steinle Turret Machine Co.: 277.
  • Stephenson, George: 6, 32, 56, 150.
  • Steptoe, John: 267-268.
  • Steptoe Co., The John:
  • shapers and milling machines, 268.
  • Stone, Henry D.: 192, 193, 196;
  • turret lathe, 143, 197.
  • Swasey, Ambrose: 183, 262, 263;
  • dividing engine, 264.
  • Syme, Johnie: Nasmyth on, 84.
  • Symington, William: iron boat, 14, 82.
  • Taps and dies:
  • developed in England, 4;
  • Maudslay’s, 10, 42;
  • Clement’s, 59.
  • Taylor, Frederick W.:
  • high-speed tool steels, 250, 277.
  • Taylor & Fenn Co.: 165.
  • Terry, Eli: clocks, 144, 171, 172.
  • Textile industries:
  • Arkwright and Strutt, 53;
  • influence of Whitney’s cotton gin, 114;
  • in New England, 114, 120, 123, 127;
  • Slater’s influence on, 122.
  • Textile machinery:
  • Robert’s spinning mule, etc., 61;
  • Bodmer, 77;
  • in New England, 114, 120-121;
  • Wilkinson, 122;
  • Alfred Jenks, 123.
  • Thomas, Seth: clocks, 144.
  • Thomaston, Conn.:
  • clock manufacture, 171.
  • Thurber, Isaac:
  • Franklin Machine Co., 125.
  • Thurston, Horace: 214.
  • Tool builders:
  • general estimate of early, 107;
  • in Central New England, Chapter XVII;
  • Western, Chapter XX.
  • Tool building centers: 127;
  • map of, Fig. 56.
  • Torry, Archie:
  • Nasmyth’s foreman, 91.
  • Towne, Henry R.: 257, 258.
  • Towne, John Henry: 256-257, 258;
  • screw thread, U. S. Standard, 249.
  • Traveling crane, first: 77, 80.
  • Trevithick:
  • steam road engine, 56.
  • Turret lathes: 140;
  • early producers of, 143;
  • Spencer, 176;
  • Howe and Lawrence, 197;
  • Hartness’ flat-turret, 198;
  • Warner & Swasey, 262.
  • Turret screw machine, improvements on: 207.
  • Union Steel Screw Works: 198, 265, 266.
  • Universal Radial Drill Co.: 273.
  • Wadsworth, Capt. Decius:
  • on Whitney’s interchangeable system, 134-135.
  • Waldo, Daniel:
  • Hope Furnace, 117.
  • Wallace, William: 237.
  • Wallace & Sons: 234.
  • Waltham Watch Works, see American Watch Co.
  • Warner, Worcester R.: 183, 262, 263.
  • Warner & Swasey Co.: 261-265;
  • building of astronomical instruments, 263-264.
  • Washburn, Ichabod: American Steel & Wire Co., 225, 226.
  • Washburn & Moen Co.: 225.
  • Waterbury Brass Co.: 234, 237.
  • Waterbury Button Co.: 234.
  • Waterbury Clock & Watch Co.: 234.
  • Waters, Asa: 226.
  • Waston, William: Nasmyth on, 84.
  • Watt, James: 3, 6, 82, 83, 150, 161;
  • invention of steam engine, 1, 2, 145;
  • parallel motion, 3 note 6;
  • dependence on Wilkinson’s boring machine, 3;
  • opposed by Bramah, 18.
  • Weed Sewing Machine Co.: 170, 174, 175.
  • Weeden, W. N.: 237.
  • Wheeler, William A.: 221.
  • Wheeler & Wilson: 192.
  • Whipple, Cullen: 126.
  • Whitcomb, Carter, Co.: 222.
  • Whitcomb-Blaisdell Machine Tool Co.: 222.
  • White, Zebulon: J. S. White & Co., 122.
  • White Sewing Machine Co.: 193, 266.
  • Whitman-Barnes Co.: 266.
  • Whitney, Amos: 137, 170, 177, 219.
  • Whitney, Baxter D.: 177, 230.
  • Whitney, Eli: 6, 146-147, 161, 177;
  • interchangeable system, 76, 132-133, 134-135, 136, 145, 146, 158-159;
  • cotton gin, 114, 131, 145, 148-158;
  • U. S. contract of 1798, 131-132, 158, 159;
  • Whitneyville plant, 132, 162, 158, 160;
  • method of manufacture, 158-159;
  • milling machine, 142;
  • Miller & Whitney, 149.
  • Whitney, Eli, Jr.:
  • contract for “Harper’s Ferry” rifle, 160;
  • steel-barreled muskets, 160, 162.
  • Whitney Arms Co.: 160-161;
  • first Colt revolvers made by, 167.
  • Whitworth, Joseph: 7, 8, 9, 93; Chapter IX;
  • screw-thread practice, 10, 59, 101, 102 note 105;
  • manufacture of plane surfaces, 44, 45, 98-101;
  • with Maudslay, 46, 98;
  • shaper and improvements in machine tools, 99;
  • improved methods of measurement, 101;
  • ordnance and armor, 104-105;
  • on American automatic machinery, 102-104;
  • William Armstrong, 105.
  • Wilcox & Gibbs Sewing Machines: 208, 210, 213.
  • Wilkinson, Abraham: 119.
  • Wilkinson, Daniel: 119, 122.
  • Wilkinson, David: 123, 124, 125;
  • patent on slide-rest, 6;
  • steamboat, 119;
  • slide lathe, 119-120;
  • textile machinery, 122;
  • nail manufacture, 122.
  • Wilkinson, Isaac: 119, 125.
  • Wilkinson, John: 2, 8, 11, 15;
  • boring machine, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 60;
  • first iron boat, 14;
  • first iron bridge, 15;
  • relations with Boulton & Watt, 12, 13.
  • Wilkinson, Ozeal: 118-119, 121, 122.
  • Wilkinson, William: 119, 121.
  • Willimantic Linen Co.: 175, 178.
  • Willis, Robert: 69 note 64;
  • gear teeth, 63, 64, 69-70.
  • Wilmot, S. R.:
  • micrometer, 212.
  • Winchendon, Mass.:
  • woodworking machinery, 230.
  • Winchester Repeating Arms Co.: 160, 174.
  • Windsor, Vt.: 127, 186.
  • Windsor Machine Co.:
  • Gridley automatic lathes, 194, 200.
  • Windsor Manufacturing Co.: 193.
  • Wolcott, Oliver: 132.
  • Wolcottville Brass Co.: 233-234.
  • Wood, Light & Co.: 222.
  • Woodruff & Beach: 165.
  • Woodward & Powell Planer Co.: 224.
  • Woodworking machinery:
  • Bramah, 18, 19, 24;
  • Bentham, 24, 25;
  • Brunel, 31;
  • in Massachusetts, 229.
  • Worcester, Mass.: 127;
  • tool builders in, 219-226;
  • early textile shops of, 220;
  • gun makers in, 226.
  • Worm-geared tilting pouring-ladle, Nasmyth’s: 91-92.
  • Worsley, S. L.:
  • automatic screw machine, 208.
  • Wright, Sylvester: 200, 228.
  • Yale & Towne Manufacturing Co.: 258.