LESSON XVII.

CASE.

Which of the italicized words in the following sentences is used as the subject of the sentence, which to denote ownership, and on which does the action expressed by the verb end?

1.	The boy is here.
2.	The boy’s book is on the table.
3.	He sent the boy with it.

The word upon which the action expressed by the verb ends is called the object of the verb.

Point out in the following sentence a noun used as the subject of the verb, a noun used to denote ownership, a noun used as the object of a verb, and a noun used as the object of a preposition:—

That girl’s father shot a bear in the forest.

The relation which a noun or pronoun bears to some other word in the sentence is called case.

A noun used as the subject of a verb is in the nominative case; as, The slate is broken. A noun used to denote ownership or possession is in the possessive case; as, Mary’s book is torn. A noun used as the object of a verb or a preposition is in the objective case; as, He left his pencil on the desk.

EXERCISE I.

Name the case of all the nouns and pronouns in the following sentences, and state the reason for the case of each:—

1.	I sailed a boat on the lake.
2.	This man’s hat was carried off by the wind.
3.	Eight horses drew the Queen’s carriage.
4.	On the deck stood the captain of the ship.
5.	Oft I had heard of Lucy Gray;
	And, when I crossed the wild,
	I chanced to see at break of day
	The solitary child.—Wordsworth.

EXERCISE II.

1. Write four sentences each containing a noun in the nominative case, and underline examples.

2. Write four sentences each containing a noun in the possessive case, and underline examples.

3. Write four sentences each containing a noun in the objective case, and underline examples.

LESSON XVIII.

Point out the nouns in the possessive case in the following sentences, and state how the possessive is formed:—

1.	This is a girl’s hat.
2.	The girls’ yard is very clean.
3.	He found a woman’s shawl.
4.	The women’s waiting room is a large one.

The possessive case of a singular noun is always formed by adding ’s to the word.

The possessive case of a plural noun that ends in s is formed by adding the ’ (apostrophe) only; as boys, boys’.

The possessive case of a plural noun that does not end in s is formed by adding the ’s; as men, men’s.

EXERCISE.

Form the possessive case, singular and plural, of the following nouns:—

hat,	horse,	mother,	lady,
knife,	child,	servant,	grocer,
friend,	fox,	father-in-law,	country,
deer,	artist,	prince,	mouse.

Note.—Possession is sometimes expressed by the objective case with the preposition of; as, The eyes of children are bright, for children’s eyes are bright.

LESSON XIX.

State the case of the italicized nouns in the following sentences:—

1.	My hands are cold.
2.	He is a lawyer.
3.	Smith, the grocer, has moved away.
4.	John, shut the door.
5.	The storm having ceased, I went on.

A noun that is used as the subject of a sentence is said to be in the subject nominative case, or briefly in the nominative case; as, The sun shines brightly.

A noun that is used in the predicate with the verb to be to make a statement, is said to be in the predicate nominative case to the verb; as, This man is a poet.

Note.—The verb to be (am, is, are, was, were, shall be, will be, have been, had been, etc.,) expresses being, never action, and hence cannot take a grammatical object.

A noun that is added to another noun to explain it, is said to be in the appositive (apposition) nominative case; as Brown, the merchant, is here.

A noun that is used as the name of a person or thing addressed is said to be in the nominative of address; as I wish you long life, my friend.

A noun that has no relation to any word in the sentence is said to be in the nominative absolute; as, The game being over, I withdrew.

EXERCISE.

Select all the nominatives in the following sentences, and state the class to which each belongs:—

1.	Napoleon was a man of determination.
2.	My friend, the captain, is a citizen of Montreal.
3.	Good morning, Mr. Henry, will you come in?
4.	William the Norman, the enemy of Harold, crossed the Channel.
5.	The boat having disappeared, I turned my face homewards.

LESSON XX.

How many grammatical objects has each verb in the following sentences?—

1.	He taught me music.
2.	The tailor made him a coat.
3.	I asked them the way.
4.	He sent his sister a letter.

The object which represents that which is directly affected by the action of the verb, is called the direct object; as, This man taught me drawing.

The object which represents that which is less directly affected by the action of the verb, and a relation which may be expressed by the prepositions to or for, is called the indirect object; as, This man taught me drawing.

EXERCISE.

Select all the objects in the following sentences, and classify them into direct and indirect:—

1.	This girl brought me some flowers.
2.	The Queen gave him a present.
3.	I told him that story.
4.	My father bought me a horse.
5.	She sent my uncle a guinea.

LESSON XXI.

PARSING.

To parse a noun is to state the class to which it belongs, its gender, number, case, and its grammatical relation to other words in the sentence.

The changes in meaning and use which nouns undergo with or without a change in form, are called their inflections.

The inflections of the noun are number and case.

EXERCISE.

Parse all the nouns in the following sentences:—

1.	John lost his brother’s book on the street.
2.	The boys have bought a new boat.
3.	This little girl’s doll fell into the water.
4.	His son is an excellent writer.
5.	Mr. Wilson, the tailor, has a fine shop.
6.	James, take this book to your sister.
7.	My father gave that boy a beautiful pony.
8.	Our friends are fond of driving.
9.	Sympathy is the greatest power in the moral world.
10.	But the half of our heavy task was done,
	When the clock struck the hour for retiring;
	And we heard the distant and random gun,
	That the foe was sullenly firing.—Wolfe.

Model.—John, a proper, concrete noun; masculine gender; singular number; nominative case, subject of lost.

Teacher’s, a common, concrete noun; masculine or feminine gender; singular number; possessive case, possessing book.

Book, a common, concrete noun; singular number; objective case, object of the verb lost.

Street, a common, concrete noun; singular number; objective case, object of the preposition on.

LESSON XXII.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

Name the pronouns in the following sentences, and state which denote the speaker, which the person spoken to, and which the person or thing spoken of:—

1.	He asked me to go with him.
2.	You will be sorry when you see it.
3.	I asked her to come with us.

A pronoun that shows by its form whether it denotes the speaker, the person spoken to, or the person spoken of, is called a personal pronoun.

A pronoun that denotes the speaker or any company of whom the speaker is one, is in the first person; as, I am here. We are going soon.

A pronoun that denotes a person spoken to, is in the second person; as, You look well.

A pronoun that denotes the person or thing spoken of, is in the third person; as, I found it.

THE DECLENSION OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

First Person.
	Singular.			Plural.
Nom.	Poss.	Obj.	Nom.	Poss.	Obj.
I,	mine, or my,	me.	we,	ours, or our,	us.

Second Person.
	Singular.			Plural.
Nom.	Poss.	Obj.	Nom.	Poss.	Obj.
thou,	thine, or thy,	thee.	you, or ye,	yours, or your,	you.

The second person singular is used now chiefly in prayer and poetry.

The second person plural is used now in common speech in addressing one person.


			Third Person.
		Singular.			Plural.
	Nom.	Poss.	Obj.	Nom.	Poss.	Obj.
Masc.	he,	his,	him.	they,	theirs, or their,	them.
Fem.	she,	hers, or her,	her.	they,	theirs, or their,	them.
Neut.	it,	its,	it.	they,	theirs, or their,	them.

EXERCISE.

Select the personal pronouns in the following sentences, state the person of each, and the noun to which each pronoun of the third person refers:—

1.	I visited my friend and helped him with his work.
2.	We bought some nuts and gave them to the children.
3.	This woman has lost her purse.
4.	I met two boys and they told me where to find you.
5.	I had a little daughter,
	And she was given to me
	To lead me gently backward
	To the Heavenly Father’s knee.
	That I by the force of nature,
	Might in some dim wise divine
	The depths of His infinite patience
	To this wayward soul of mine.—Lowell.

Note.—The possessive forms my, thy, her, our, your and their are used with nouns, and the forms mine, thine, hers, ours, yours and theirs are used alone; as, That is my hat. That hat is mine.

LESSON XXIII.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

Name the pronouns in the following sentences that point out or call attention to anything:—

1.	This is a book, and that is a roll of paper.
2.	These are sheep, and those are goats.

Pronouns which point out or call attention to the objects for which they stand, are called demonstrative pronouns.

The demonstrative pronouns are this, and that with their plurals these, and those.

This and these are used to refer to something nearer; that and those to something farther off. You is sometimes a demonstrative pronoun; as, You are the winner. The personal pronoun of the third person is sometimes classed as a demonstrative pronoun, because it is said to point out or call attention to the object for which it stands.

It is sometimes demonstrative, and sometimes personal in its use.

Compare: I am sure he did it. I saw your brother and he is going to come to-morrow.

LESSON XXIV.

COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

Point out the pronouns in the following sentences, that are used to express emphasis, and those that are used as reflexives, that is, as objects denoting the same person or thing as the subject:—

1.	I myself wrote that letter.
2.	He himself gave the cane to me.
3.	We often injure ourselves.
4.	They praised themselves.

Pronouns that are used to express emphasis, and those that are used as reflexives, are called compound personal pronouns.

Compound personal pronouns are formed by adding self to the simple pronouns.

	Singular.	Plural.
First Person.	myself,	ourselves,

Second Person.	{thyself,
	{yourself,	yourselves,

	{himself
Third Person.	{herself,	themselves.
	{itself,

LESSON XXV.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

Select the pronouns that relate, or carry the mind back, to a noun going before, and join to that noun a modifying statement, in the following sentences:—

1.	My brother found the ball which he lost.
2.	I saw the man who made that wheel.
3.	Mary has the book that I bought.

A sentence that is part of a larger sentence is called a clause.

The clause that expresses the principal thought of a sentence is called the principal or independent clause; as, My brother found the ball which he lost.

The clause that depends on some other part of the sentence for its meaning is called a dependent or subordinate clause; as, My brother found the ball which he lost.

A word that relates to a preceding noun or pronoun, and connects a dependent clause with that noun or pronoun, is called a relative pronoun.

The word to which a pronoun relates is called its antecedent.

The relative pronouns are, who, which, that, what, as, and but.

1. Who is applied to persons; as, He knew the man who did it.

2. Which is applied to animals and to things without life; as This is the deer which he shot. I want the pen which you have.

3. That is applied to persons, to animals, and to things; as, This is the lady that was hurt. Here is the knife that I found.

4. What does not have its antecedent expressed; as, I know what [that which] you require.

5. When as is used as a relative it is generally preceded by such; as, We are such stuff as dreams are made on.

6. When but is used as a relative it has a negative force, equivalent to that not; as,

There is no fireside, howsoe’er defended,

But has one vacant chair.

Note.—Some relative clauses add another fact to the antecedent; as, He owns a farm, which he was given by his uncle.

Other relative clauses restrict the meaning of the antecedent; as, The boy that works succeeds.

Who and which are declined as follows:—

SINGULAR OR PLURAL.

Nom. Case	who,	which,
Poss. Case	whose,	whose,
Obj. Case	whom,	which.

COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

Pronouns that are formed by adding so, ever, and soever, to the simple pronouns, are called compound relative pronouns; as whoso, whichever, whatsoever.

EXERCISE I.

Name the relative pronouns, their antecedents, the clauses they connect, and the case of each:—

1.	I require the pencil that I lent you.
2.	Those who are down need fear no fall.
3.	He gave me what I desired.
4.	The men shot a bear which was roaming about.
5.	The long ranks on which I looked tramped steadily on.
6.	Let the mighty mounds
	That overlook the rivers, or that rise
	In the dim forest crowded with old oaks, answer.—Bryant.

EXERCISE II.

Classify the relatives in the following sentences into those that add new facts to their antecedents, and into those that restrict or limit their meaning:

1.	I live on the street which leads to the park.
2.	Those who live without a plan have never any leisure.
3.	A short distance from the house I discovered a box, which was made of iron.
4.	I met a policeman, who told me about the fire.
5.	We were the first that ever burst
	Into that silent sea.—Coleridge.
6.	There, at the foot of yonder nodding birch,
	That wreaths its old fantastic roots so high,
	His listless length at noontide would he stretch,
	And pore upon the brook that babbles by.—Gray.

LESSON XXVI.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

Point out the pronouns in the following sentences, that are used in asking questions:—

1.	Who did this?
2.	What are you going to do next?
3.	Which of the boys lost his knife?

A pronoun that is used in asking a question is called an interrogative pronoun; as, Who gave you the orange?

The interrogative pronouns are who, which, and what.

Who and which are declined like the relatives.

Who refers to persons; which refers to persons or to things; what refers to things.

Note.—Which differs from who in being selective; as, Which of the books is yours?

EXERCISE.

Select the interrogative pronouns in the following sentences, and give the case of each:—

1.	Who received the first prize in your class?
2.	Of what is this article composed?
3.	Which of the girls has the pencil?
4.	What are you going to do next?
5.	Whom did he send with the horse?

English Grammar and Composition for Public Schools

About This Book

LESSON XVII.

LESSON XVIII.

LESSON XIX.

LESSON XX.

LESSON XXI.

LESSON XXII.

LESSON XXIII.

LESSON XXIV.

LESSON XXV.

LESSON XXVI.