LESSON XLIV.
A LIST OF THE VERBS OF THE STRONG CONJUGATION.
We learned in Lesson XLII. that regular verbs of the strong conjugation form their past tense by changing the vowel of the present, and their perfect participle by adding en or n to the present.
Note.—Sometimes one of these characteristics is wanting; as, chide, chid, chidden; sit, sat, sat.
| Present. | Past. | Perf. Part. | ||
| write, | wrote, | written. | ||
| abide, | abode, | abode. | ||
| am, | was, | been. | ||
| arise, | arose, | arisen. | ||
| awake, | awoke,[2] | awaked. | ||
| bear, | {bore, | {borne. | ||
| {bare, | {born. | |||
| beat, | beat, | beaten. | ||
| begin, | began, | begun. | ||
| bid, | bade, bid, | bidden. | ||
| bind, | bound, | bound. | ||
| bite, | bit, | {bitten, | ||
| {bit. | ||||
| blow, | blew, | blown. | ||
| break, | broke, | broken. | ||
| chide, | chid, | chidden. | ||
| choose, | chose, | chosen. | ||
| cleave, (split), | clove, | cloven. | ||
| cling, | clung, | clung. | ||
| come, | came, | come. | ||
| crow, | crew,[2] | crowed. | ||
| dig, | dug[2] | dug. | ||
| do, | did, | done. | ||
| draw, | drew, | drawn. | ||
| drive, | drove, | driven. | ||
| drink, | drank, | drunk. | ||
| eat, | eat, ate, | eaten. | ||
| fall, | fell, | fallen. | ||
| fight, | fought, | fought. | ||
| find, | found, | found. | ||
| fling, | flung, | flung. | ||
| fly, | flew, | flown. | ||
| forget, | forgot, | {forgotten, | ||
| {forgot. | ||||
| forsake, | forsook, | forsaken. | ||
| freeze, | froze, | frozen. | ||
| get, | got, | {gotten, | ||
| {got. | ||||
| give, | gave, | given. | ||
| go, | went, | gone. | ||
| grind, | ground, | ground. | ||
| grow, | grew, | grown. | ||
| hang, | hung,[2] | hung.[2] | ||
| hide, | hid, | {hidden, | ||
| {hid. | ||||
| hold, | held, | held. | ||
| know, | knew, | known. | ||
| lie, | lay, | lain. | ||
| mow, | mowed, | mown. | ||
| ride, | rode, | ridden. | ||
| ring, | rang, | rung. | ||
| rise, | rose, | risen. | ||
| run, | ran, | run. | ||
| see, | saw, | seen. | ||
| shake, | shook, | shaken. | ||
| shear, | sheared, | shorn.[2] | ||
| shine, | shone,[2] | shone.[2] | ||
| show, | showed, | shown.[2] | ||
| shrink, | shrank, | shrunk. | ||
| sing, | sang, | sung. | ||
| sink, | sank, | {sunk, | ||
| {sunken. | ||||
| sit, | sat, | sat. | ||
| slay, | slew, | slain. | ||
| slide, | slid, | slidden. | ||
| sling, | slung, | slung. | ||
| slink, | slunk, | slunk. | ||
| slit, | slit, | slit. | ||
| smite, | smote, | smitten. | ||
| sow, | sowed, | sown.[2] | ||
| speak, | spoke, | spoken. | ||
| spin, | spun, | spun. | ||
| spring, | sprang, | sprung. | ||
| stand, | stood, | stood. | ||
| steal, | stole, | stolen. | ||
| stick, | stuck, | stuck. | ||
| sting, | stung, | stung. | ||
| stink, | stank, | stunk. | ||
| strew, | strewed, | {strewn,[2] | ||
| {strown. | ||||
| stride, | strode, | stridden. | ||
| strike, | struck, | {struck, | ||
| {stricken. | ||||
| string, | strung, | strung. | ||
| strive, | strove, | striven. | ||
| swear, | swore, | sworn. | ||
| swim, | swam, | swum. | ||
| swing, | swung, | swung. | ||
| take, | took, | taken. | ||
| tear, | tore, | torn. | ||
| thrive, | throve,[2] | thriven.[2] | ||
| throw, | threw, | thrown. | ||
| tread, | trod, | trodden. | ||
| wax, | waxed, | waxen.[2] | ||
| wear, | wore, | worn. | ||
| weave, | wove, | woven. | ||
| win, | won, | won. | ||
| wind, | wound, | wound. | ||
| wring, | wrung, | wrung. | ||
| write, | wrote, | written. |
|
Also like the weak conjugation. |
A LIST OF DEFECTIVE VERBS OF THE WEAK CONJUGATION.
| Present. | Past. | Perf. Part. | ||
| can, | could, | —— | ||
| may, | might, | —— | ||
| shall, | should, | —— | ||
| will, | would, | —— | ||
| must, | must, | —— | ||
| ought, | ought, | —— |
LESSON XLV.
We have learned in Lesson XL. that the verb has different forms of itself to express a difference between present and past time only, and when we wish to express that an act took place any other time, we use another verb to aid the principal verb.
State which of the italicized verbs in the following sentences is used independently, to express its own meaning, and which is used to aid another verb to express its meaning:—
| 1. | I have a knife. | |
| 2. | I have written the letter. | |
| 3. | He was a good student. | |
| 4. | He was fined for doing wrong. |
A verb that is used to help to conjugate other verbs is called an auxiliary verb; as, We have found your book.
The auxiliary verbs that aid in distinguishing the time of an action are have, shall, will, do and be.
THE FORMS OF THE VERB HAVE.
| PRESENT TENSE. | PAST TENSE. | PERFECT PART. | ||
| have, | had, | had. |
INDICATIVE MODE.
| PRESENT TENSE. | ||||
| Singular. | Plural. | |||
| 1. I have, | 1. We have, | |||
| 2. Thou hast, | 2. You have, | |||
| 3. He has. | 3. They have. | |||
| PAST TENSE. | ||||
| Singular. | Plural. | |||
| 1. I had, | 1. We had, | |||
| 2. Thou hadst, | 2. You had, | |||
| 3. He had. | 3. They had. | |||
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
| PRESENT TENSE. | ||||
| Singular. | Plural. | |||
| 1. (If) I have, | 1. (If) we have, | |||
| 2. (If) thou have, | 2. (If) you have, | |||
| 3. (If) he have. | 3. (If) they have. | |||
| PAST TENSE. | ||||
| Singular. | Plural. | |||
| 1. (If) I had, | 1. (If) we had, | |||
| 2. (If) thou had, | 2. (If) you had, | |||
| 3. (If) he had. | 3. (If) they had. |
IMPERATIVE MODE.
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| Have (thou). | Have (ye or you). | ||
| Infinitives. | Participles. | ||
| (To) have, | Imperfect—Having, | ||
| Having. | Perfect—Had. |
Have is used as an auxiliary with the perfect participle of a verb, to form the perfect tenses; as,
Present Perfect—I have written.
Past Perfect—I had written.
Future Perfect—I shall have written.
Perfect Infinitives—(To) have written; having written.
Perfect Participle—Having written.
When have denotes possession it is an independent verb; as My friends have a canary.
EXERCISE.
In which of the following sentences is have an independent verb, and in which is it an auxiliary:—
| 1. | The wheelmen have their own road. | |
| 2. | I know that he has taken it. | |
| 3. | England had won the sources of the Nile!—Baker. | |
| 4. | Have then thy wish; he whistled shrill, | |
| And he was answered from the hill.—Scott. | ||
| 5. | I have obeyed my uncle until now. | |
| And I have sinned, for it was all through me | ||
| That evil came on William at the first.—Tennyson. | ||
| 6. | Have you the heart? When your head did but ache, | |
| I knit my handkercher about your brows, | ||
| (The best I had, a princess wrought it me,) | ||
| And I did never ask it you again.—Shakespeare. |
LESSON XLVI.
THE FORMS OF THE VERBS SHALL AND WILL.
SHALL.
| PRESENT TENSE. | ||||
| Singular. | Plural. | |||
| 1. I shall, | 1. We shall, | |||
| 2. Thou shalt, | 2. You shall, | |||
| 3. He shall. | 3. They shall. | |||
| PAST TENSE. | ||||
| Singular. | Plural. | |||
| 1. I should, | 1. We should, | |||
| 2. Thou shouldst, | 2. You should, | |||
| 3. He should. | 3. They should. | |||
WILL.
| PRESENT TENSE. | ||||
| Singular. | Plural. | |||
| 1. I will, | 1. We will, | |||
| 2. Thou wilt, | 2. You will, | |||
| 3. He will. | 3. They will. | |||
| PAST TENSE. | ||||
| Singular. | Plural. | |||
| 1. I would, | 1. We would, | |||
| 2. Thou wouldst, | 2. You would, | |||
| 3. He would. | 3. They would. |
The auxiliaries shall and will are used with the infinitive to form the future tense of a verb. To denote simple futurity shall is used in the first person, and will in the second and third persons; as, I shall go to-morrow; You will go again; He will go next year.
To make a promise or to denote determination, will is used in the first person, and shall in the second and third persons; as, I will get it for you; You shall not go; He shall do that work.
Should and would have the same uses as shall and will.
EXERCISE.
Tell how shall and will. are used in the following sentences:—
| 1. | The expectation of the wicked shall perish.—Bible. | |
| 2. | When ye come where I have stepped, | |
| Ye will wonder why ye wept.—E. Arnold. | ||
| 3. | Well, see to live; I will not touch thine eyes | |
| For all the treasure that thine uncle owns.—Shakespeare. | ||
| 4. | He that covereth his sins shall not prosper.—Bible. | |
| 5. | But in my time a father’s word was law, | |
| And so it shall be now for me.—Tennyson. | ||
| 6. | If I talk to him, with his innocent prate | |
| He will awake my mercy, which lies dead: | ||
| Therefore I will be sudden, and despatch.—Shakespeare. | ||
| 7. | The cock’s shrill clarion, or the echoing horn, | |
| No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed.—Gray. | ||
| 8. | “If you are not the heiress born, | |
| And I,” said he, “the lawful heir, | ||
| We too shall wed to-morrow morn, | ||
| And you shall still be Lady Clare.”—Tennyson. |