FOOTNOTES
[1] Galloway, Annals of Coal Mining, 5.
[2] See Wright's Uriconium.
[3] Petrie and Sharp, Mon. Hist., i, x.
[4] Printed by the Surtees Society and, more recently, in V. C. H. Durham.
[5] V. C. H. Durham, ii. 293.
[6] Op. cit. (Rolls Ser.), 160.
[7] Galloway, op. cit., 18.
[8] Riley, Mems. of London, p. xvi.
[9] Galloway, op. cit., 30.
[10] Assize R., 223, m. 4.
[11] Mat. Paris, Chron. (Rolls Ser.), vi. 96.
[12] V. C. H. Glouc., ii. 218.
[13] Pat., 40 Hen. III., m. 21.
[14] V. C. H. Shrops., i. 449.
[15] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 349.
[16] Ann. Mon. (Rolls Ser.), iii. 105.
[17] Pat., 35 Edw. I., m. 5d. Complaints had been made and commissions of inquiry appointed in 1285 (Pat., 13 Edw. I., m. 18d) and 1288 (Pat., 16 Edw. I., m. 12).
[18] Galloway, op. cit., 23.
[19] Colman, Hist. of Barwick in Elmet, 205.
[20] Mins. Accts., bdle. 1040, no. 18.
[21] Journ. Brit. Arch. Ass., xxix. 174.
[22] Proc. Soc. of Ant., xx. 262.
[23] V. C. H. Lancs., ii. 359.
[24] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 350.
[25] Add. Ch., 49516.
[26] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 351.
[27] Ibid.
[28] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 350.
[29] Ibid., 351. Cf. a reference to 'le dampe' in 1316: Hist. MSS. Com. Rep., Middleton MSS., 88. This Report contains a great deal of value for the early history of coal mining.
[30] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 350.
[31] A 'sowe' is mentioned at Cossall in 1316.—Hist. MSS. Com. Rep., Middleton MSS., 88.
[32] Galloway, op. cit., 53.
[33] Ibid., 46.
[34] Finchale Priory (Surt. Soc.), p. cccxci.
[35] V. C. H. Durham, ii. 322.
[36] V. C. H. War., ii. 221.
[37] In 1366 in the manor of Bolsover, £4, 11s. was paid in wages to 'a man looking after the coals and mine at Shutehoode, and keeping tally against the colliers and diggers of the same coals and stones.'—Foreign R., 42 Edw. III., m. 13.
[38] Except that the coalminers in the Forest of Dean, thanks to their intimate association with the iron-miners there, shared in the latter's privileges.
[39] V. C. H. Durham, ii. 322.
[40] Exch. Dep. by Com., 29 Eliz., East. 4.
[41] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 352.
[42] 'Fines for digging coals in the lord's waste,' in fifteenth century.—Galloway, op. cit. 76; 'Licences to dig in sixteenth century,' ibid., 113.
[43] Exch. Dep. by Com., 21 Eliz., Hil. 8.
[44] See, e.g., V. C. H. War., ii. 219; V. C. H. Derby, ii. 350; De Banco R., 275, m. 163d.
[45] Star Chamber Proc., Hen. VIII., file 22, no. 94.
[46] Star Chamber Proc., Edw. VI., file 6, no. 99.
[47] Rot. Parl., i. 228, 229.
[48] See V. C. H. War., ii. 219.
[49] The rent was sometimes paid, partly or wholly, in kind; as at Shippen in 1262 (Colman, Hist. of Barwick-in-Elmet, 205).
[50] V. C. H. Shrops., ii. 454.
[51] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 350.
[52] Such partnerships were not uncommon; e.g. in 1351 W. de Allesworth demanded 2s. 10½d. from Geoffrey Hardyng, as the seventh part of 20s. paid to Geoffrey and his partners for coal got at Nuneaton.—Add. Ch. 49532.
[53] Galloway, op. cit., 70.
[54] Add. Ch. 48948.
[55] Galloway (op. cit., 113-14) gives a late sixteenth-century case in Wakefield, where the 'heads, pillars, and other works ... for bearing up the ground' being cut away, the ground suddenly fell in.
[56] Galloway, op. cit., 45.
[57] V. C. H. Durham, ii. 324.
[58] Foreign R., 42 Edw. III., m. E.
[59] Pat., 8 Rich. II.
[60] Rot. Parl., iv. 148.
[61] Galloway, op. cit., 70, 87.
[62] Customs Accts., 106/1.
[63] Ibid., 111/40.
[64] Ibid., 171/26.
[65] Kendall, Iron Ores, 15; V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 241.
[66] Journ. of Brit. Arch. Ass., xxix. 121-9.
[67] V. C. H. Somers., i. 275. There was also a 'collegium fabrorum' at Chichester (Regnum).—Suss. Arch. Coll., vii. 61-3.
[68] Kemble, Cod. Dipl., no. 30.
[69] Chron. Evesham (Rolls Ser.), 26. The legend was probably invented as an explanation of the remains of the (Roman) town found below the ground here, but the tradition of the smiths had no doubt some foundation.
[70] Dom. Bk., i. 162.
[71] Ibid.
[72] V. C. H. Cumberland, ii. 340.
[73] Facsimiles of Charters in B. M., no. 64.
[74] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 356.
[75] Pipe Rolls, quoted in V. C. H. Gloucs., ii. 216.
[76] V. C. H. Gloucs., ii. 217.
[77] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 241.
[78] See Exch. K. R. Accts., 467, 7.
[79] Ibid., 467, 7 (7).
[80] Ibid., 467, 7 (7).
[81] Roy. and Hist. Letters (Rolls Ser.), i. 278.
[82] Furness Coucher (Chetham Soc.), pt. iii., Intro.
[83] Ibid.
[84] Holinshed, Chron., sub anno.
[85] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 357.
[86] Peat was mixed with the charcoal in Lancashire, and doubtless elsewhere, when available.—V. C. H. Lancs., ii. 361.
[87] This process was used by the Romans at Beaufort, near Battle, in Sussex, amongst other places.—Suss. Arch. Coll., xxix. 173
[88] Journ. of Brit. Arch. Ass., xxix. 124.
[89] Even after the introduction of the footblast the 'cinders' or slag, contained about half the original iron, according to Dud Dudley (Metallum Martis), and were worth resmelting in the improved furnaces of later times.
[90] Engl. Hist. Rev., xiv. 513.
[91] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 358.
[92] Furness Coucher (Chetham Soc.), pt. iii., Intro., and pp. 261-6.
[93] See above, p. 7.
[94] The same term is used in connection with burning tiles, and is no doubt derived from the same root as anneal.
[95] This account of the process of manufacture is compiled from several sources, the chief being: (1) the accounts of Tudeley Forge, Tunbridge, for the reign of Edw. III., in the P. R. O.; (2) the accounts of Bedbourne Forge, Durham, in 1408, Engl. Hist. Rev., xiv. 509-29; (3) several Sussex accounts summarised by the present writer in V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 244-5.
[96] Nicholls, Iron Making in the Forest of Dean, 20.
[97] Cal. Chart. R., iii. 95-6.
[98] V. C. H. Glouc., ii. 219, n. 5. Cf. the twelfth century grant to the monks of Louth Park of 'duas fabricas, id est duos focos ... scilicet unam fabricam blomeriam ... unam operariam.'—V. C. H. Derby, ii. 356.
[99] The date of the introduction of hammers driven by water power is problematic: a 'great waterhamor' was working in Ashdown Forest, Sussex, in 1496.—Misc. Bks. Exch. T. R., 8, f. 49.
[100] The unworked bloom was called a 'loop,' which appears to be derived from the French loup, a wolf, the German equivalent, Stück, being applied to such a mass of iron.—Swank, Iron in All Ages, 80.
[101] A furnace once lit might be kept in blast sometimes for as long as forty weeks, in the seventeenth century, but the periods usual in earlier times were no doubt much shorter.
[102] Engl. Hist. Rev., xiv. 529.
[103] Furness Coucher, pt. iii., Intro. The word used is 'band,' but it is apparently equivalent to 'bloom.'
[104] Exch. K. R. Accts., 485, no. 11.
[105] Ibid., 466, no. 20.
[106] Suss. Arch. Coll., ii. 202.
[107] Exch. K. R. Accts., 546, no. 16.
[108] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 246.
[109] Exch. K. R. Accts., 483, no. 19.
[110] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 245.
[111] Engl. Hist. Rev., xiv. 509-29.
[112] Exch. K. R. Accts., 485, no. 11.
[113] Mins. Accts., 890, no. 25.
[114] Latinised in one place as 'anteriores flatores.'
[115] Suss. Arch. Coll., xiii. 128.
[116] At some iron mills near Teddesley in Staffordshire in 1583 the filler and fyner were identical, and there was a hammerman and a founder.—Exch. K. R. Accts., 546, no. 16.
[117] Nicholls, Ironmaking in the Forest of Dean; V. C. H. Gloucs., ii. 219-23.
[118] This was farmed in 1280 for £23, so that the amount exported annually must have been well over 10,000 loads.
[119] The surface material which has to be removed before the ore is reached.
[120] Arch. Cambr. (S. 3), iii. 418.
[121] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 247
[122] Exch. Dep. by Com., 22 Eliz., Trin. 4.
[123] Journ. Brit. Arch. Ass., xxxi. 129-42. For a list of Roman pigs found in England, see ibid., liv. 272.
[124] Ibid.
[125] Birch, Cart. Sax., i. 579.
[126] V. C. H. Glouc., ii. 237.
[127] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 323.
[128] Pipe Rolls of Hen. II.
[129] V. C. H. Durham, ii. 348.
[130] V. C. H. Somers., ii. 363.
[131] Pat., 20 Hen. III., m. 13.
[132] V. C. H. Cumberland, ii. 339.
[133] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 326.
[134] V. C. H. Somers., ii. 367-9.
[135] V. C. H. Cumb., ii. 340.
[136] Pat., 15 Edw. IV., pt. i., m. 22.
[137] Assize R., 143, m. 1. The Scottish king's dominial rights over Alston, apart from the mines, seem to have been well established. William the Lion granted land at Alston as 'in Tyndale,' to William de Vipont, and later to his son Ivo de Vipont, the latter grant being confirmed by King John in 1210. Finally, after the whole matter had been carefully examined, Edward I. gave the manor of Alston in 1282 to Nicholas de Vipont to hold of the King of Scotland, reserving, however, the liberty of the mines.—Assize Rolls, 143, m. 1; 132, m. 34; Chanc. Misc. 53, file 1, nos. 20, 22.
[138] V. C. H. Cumb., ii. 340.
[139] Assize R., 143, m. 1.
[140] Assize R., 132, m. 34; 143, m. 1.
[141] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 339.
[142] Exch. K. R. Accts., 260, no. 19.
[143] e.g. at Eyam and Litton.—V. C. H. Derby, ii. 338.
[144] Until the nineteenth century the would-be miner had to set up a model stow, fastened with wooden pins and not with nails.
[145] i.e. forwards and backwards along the line of the vein.
[146] It is not quite clear whether he threw from the old pit, in which case he would naturally throw a very short distance, or from his own pit, in which case he might so throw as to cover much of the vein which would have belonged to the elder pitchers.
[147] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 328.
[148] The Derbyshire standard dish made in 1512 and still preserved at Wirksworth contains about sixty lbs. of ore.
[149] Assize R., 132, m. 34.
[150] Ibid.
[151] Memo. R., K. R., Mich., 2 Edw. II., no. 55.
[152] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 332.