ILLUSTRATED HANDBOOKS OF ART HISTORY.
————
ENGLISH PAINTERS
BY H. J. WILMOT-BUXTON, M.A.
WITH A CHAPTER ON
AMERICAN PAINTERS
BY S. R. KOEHLER.

ILLUSTRATED HANDBOOKS OF ART HISTORY OF ALL AGES.

Crown 8vo, cloth extra, per volume, 5s.

Architecture: Classic and Early Christian. By Professor T. Roger Smith and JOHN SLATER, B.A. Comprising the Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, and Early Christian. Illustrated with 212 Engravings, including the Parthenon, the Erechtheum at Athens, the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, the Colosseum, the Baths of Diocletian at Rome, Saint Sophia at Constantinople, the Sakhra Mosque at Jerusalem, &c.

Architecture: Gothic and Renaissance. By Professor T. Roger Smith and Edward J. Poynter, R.A. Showing the Progress of Gothic Architecture in England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain, and of Renaissance Architecture in the same Countries. Illustrated with more than 100 Engravings, including many of the principal Cathedrals, Palaces, and Domestic Buildings on the Continent.

Sculpture: A Manual of Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek, and Roman. By George Redford, F.R.C.S. With 160 Illustrations of the most celebrated Statues and Bas-reliefs of Greece and Rome, a Map of Ancient Greece, Descriptions of the Statues, and a Chronological List of Ancient Sculptors and their Works.

Painting: Classic and Italian. By Edward J. Poynter, R.A., and Percy R. Head, B.A. Including Painting in Egypt, Greece, Rome, and Pompeii; the Renaissance in Italy; Schools of Florence, Siena, Rome, Padua, Venice, Perugia, Ferrara, Parma, Naples, and Bologna. Illustrated with 80 Engravings of many of the finest Pictures of Italy.

Painting: German, Flemish, and Dut ch. By H. J. Wilmot-Buxton, M.A., and Edward J. Poynter, R.A. Including an Account of the Works of Albrecht Dürer, Cranach, and Holbein; Van Eyck, Van der Weyden, and Memline; Rubens, Snyders, and Van Dyck; Rembrandt, Hals, and Jan Steen; Wynants, Ruisdael, and Hobbema; Cuyp, Potter, and Berchem; Bakhuisen, Van de Velde, Van Huysum, and many other celebrated Painters. Illustrated with 100 Engravings.

Painting: English and American. By H. J. Wilmot-Buxton, M.A. Including an Account of the Earliest Paintings known in England; the Works of Holbein, Antonis More, Lucas de Heere, Zuccaro and Marc Gheeraedts; the Hilliards and Olivers; Van Dyck, Lely, and Kneller; Hogarth, Reynolds, and Gainsborough; West, Romney, and Lawrence; Constable, Turner, and Wilkie; Maclise, Mulready, and Landseer; and many other celebrated Painters. With 80 Illustrations.

Painting: French and Spanish. By GERARD SMITH, Exeter Coll., Oxon. Including the Lives of Ribera, Zurbaran, Velazquez, and Murillo; Poussin, Claude Lorrain, Le Sueur, Chardin, Greuze, David, and Prud'hon; Ingres, Vernet, Delaroche, and Delacroix; Corot, Diaz, Rousseau, and Millet; Courbet, Regnault, Troyon; and many other celebrated Artists. With 80 Illustrations. Nearly ready.

The Valley Farm. By CONSTABLE. A.D. 1835.
In the National Gallery.

ILLUSTRATED HANDBOOKS OF ART HISTORY

ENGLISH PAINTERS

BY H. J. WILMOT-BUXTON, M.A.

WITH A CHAPTER ON

AMERICAN PAINTERS

BY S. R. KOEHLER



LONDON
SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, & RIVINGTON
CROWN BUILDINGS, FLEET STREET
1883



(All rights reserved.)

PREFACE.

CONTENTS.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Age of Innocence. By Sir J. Reynolds.
In the National Gallery.

PAINTING IN ENGLAND.
———
BY H. J. WILMOT-BUXTON.

ENGLISH PAINTERS.

CHAPTER I.

EARLY ENGLISH ART.

THE current English school of art is a creation of a comparatively modern date. It is a mistake, however, to assume that there were no native painters in England under the Plantagenets, and that we were entirely dependent on foreigners for such art as we possessed. The little care which has been taken of early English pictures and their destruction, sometimes accidental, sometimes wilful, have led many to imagine that ancient England had no art of her own. It has been customary to imagine that in Italy alone, in the thirteenth century, existed the Renaissance and growth of modern design. Later research has, however, shown that the Renaissance in painting was not the sudden creation of Giotto, nor that of sculpture the work of Niccola Pisano. The Renaissance in Italy was a gradual growth, and there was in England and in other countries a similar Renaissance, which was overlooked by those whose eyes were fixed on Italy. It has been shown that there were English artists, contemporaries of Giotto and Pisano, whose works were as good as any paintings or sculptures which the Italians produced in the thirteenth century. It is quite true that we know very little of these Englishmen. Some gave themselves to illumination, and produced delicate representations of human beings, as well as of animals, leaves, and flowers. In the British Museum there are several manuscripts of a very early date, which are ornamented with paintings undoubtedly by English artists. The Duke of Devonshire possesses a manuscript, the Benedictional of St. Ethelwold, written between A.D. 963 and 970, and illuminated, with thirty drawings, by a monk of Hyde Abbey, named GODEMAN, for Ethelwold, Bishop of Winchester. It is a folio of 119 leaves of vellum, 11½ inches in height by 8½ in width. Other artists painted and gilded the images of wood or stone by their brother craftsmen, and were classed in the humble category of Steyners. They devoted much of their time to heraldic devices, and by degrees passed from the grotesque to the natural, and produced what were styled portraits on board. Painting on glass was a favourite art in this early period, and, although the artists had no more noble title than that of Glaziers, some of their works survive to prove their merits. Many of these craftsmen combined the arts of the painter, sculptor, or "marbler," and architect. Among these obscure pioneers of English art was WILLIAM TORELL, a goldsmith and citizen of London, supposed to be descended from an English family whose name occurs in Domesday Book. Torell modelled and cast the effigy of Henry III. for his tomb in Westminster Abbey, as well as three effigies of Eleanor of Castile, about A.D. 1291. These latter works were placed in Westminster Abbey, Blackfriars' Monastery, and Lincoln Cathedral. The figures in Westminster Abbey show the dignity and beauty of the human form, and are masterpieces of a noble style. The comparison between the effigy of Margaret of Richmond, executed for Henry VII.'s Chapel by the Florentine Torrigiano, and the figures by Torell, is decidedly in favour of the latter. No work in Italy of the thirteenth century excels in beauty these effigies by the English sculptor. At an earlier period than this, during the life of Henry III., some English artists, as well as foreigners, were employed to embellish the cathedrals and palaces of the King. These native craftsmen, who seem to have been at once artists, masons, carvers, upholsterers, or sometimes tailors,[A] are mostly forgotten, but we can trace the names of MASTER EDWARD of Westminster, or Edward Fitz Odo—probably the son of Odo, goldsmith to Henry III.—MASTER WALTER, who received twenty marks "for pictures in our Great Chamber at Westminster," and MASTER JOHN of Gloucester, who was plasterer to the King. The names of the "imaginators" of Queen Eleanor's Crosses are also well known. The early pictorial art of England has been so neglected or forgotten, that it is commonly said to have commenced with the portrait painters of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

From St. Ethelwold's Benedictional. By Godeman, a Monk of Hyde Abbey. A.D. 970.
An Illuminated MS. in the possession of the Duke of Devonshire.

Ignorance, indifference, and bigotry have destroyed, or suffered to perish, the paintings which adorned the walls of almost every church, and the panels of nearly every rood-screen, hundreds of years before the date assigned to the English school. In Kempley Church, Gloucestershire, the walls appear to have been painted early in the twelfth century with large figure subjects. Those in the chancel are in a good state of preservation, and represent the vision in the Apocalypse, and Christ in majesty, attended by the twelve apostles and the saints, painted in life size. In Chaldon Church, Surrey, the chancel walls are ornamented with subjects illustrating the Scala humanæ Salvationis, works apparently of the twelfth century, which, though necessarily rude, are as good as any Italian examples of the same period. In Westminster Abbey there is an important series of small paintings by an English artist contemporary with Cimabue. These pictures once formed the chief ornaments of a frontal, and belonged to the high altar.[B] The work in question consists of a rectangular piece of framed and richly panelled wood-work, about eleven feet long by three feet high. The general design consists of three central figures painted under canopies. On each side are four star-shaped panels filled with painted groups of figures; beyond these on each side is another single figure under a canopy. The wood is covered with fine stucco, or gesso, to the thickness of cardboard, as is always the case with old paintings on panels, and generally when on stone. The pictures still extant on the frontal comprise, in the centre, a figure of Christ in the act of benediction, holding an orb in His left hand. At the right hand is the Virgin Mary, bearing her emblem of the lily; on our left is St. John, with a book; on our right is St. Peter, with the keys. In the star-shaped panels we find the miracles of the raising of Jairus's daughter, the loaves and fishes, and the restoration of the blind man. These figures, though somewhat like those of the early Florentine school, possess a character of their own, and are undoubtedly English. The well-known portrait of Richard II. (died 1400), now in the Abbey at Westminster, is believed to have been painted by an English artist of the fourteenth century. The figure of the King is of large life size, seated in a coronation chair. He is in royal robes, with the globe in one hand and sceptre in the other. This picture for many years hung near the altar.

To the reign of Henry V., or at latest to the early days of Henry VI., belongs the earliest authentic specimen of historical portraiture in England. It represents Henry V. and his Relations, painted on wood, less than life size, and was at one time the altar-piece of Shene Church. The portraits which were attempted in the troublous period of the Wars of the Roses, though unlovely and ghastly to look upon, show that art was gradually emerging from the fetters of monastic teaching, where bad pupils copied bad masters, and reproduced saints and angels, whose want of form and symmetry was atoned for by a liberal allowance of gilding. A fairly expressive portrait of Richard III., which must have been painted about this time by a very capable artist, is among the treasures of Knowsley. In the well-known tapestry in St. Mary's Hall, Coventry, there is a representation of King Henry VI. kneeling before the altar, attended by Cardinal Beaufort, the Duke of Gloucester, and many courtiers, in which the drawing will bear comparison with similar work executed in Italy or Flanders at the same time. This tapestry was probably made at Arras, from English designs.

Arthur, Prince of Wales. [B. 1486. D. 1502.]
From a Miniature at Windsor Castle.

The gradual spread of knowledge at this period induced the English nobility to promote the adornment of manuscripts, chiefly Missals and Romances of Chivalry. These pictures comprise the best specimens of English later mediæval art, and in richness and delicacy of colour they closely approach oil paintings. With the discovery of printing came a check to the art of illuminating manuscripts, and the wild fanaticism of the first Reformers led them to burn at once the religious manuals of Rome, and the wit and wisdom of poet or philosopher. To these ruthless iconoclasts we owe the obscurity in which early English pictorial art remains. It must have been during the later years of the reign of Henry VII. that two miniatures, now at Windsor Castle, were painted, probably for the King. One represents Arthur, Prince of Wales, who, at the age of fifteen, married Catherine of Aragon; the other is his brother, who became Henry VIII. (See Engravings.)

In the reign of Henry VI. there was an artist of note, undoubtedly an Englishman, who may not be passed in silence. This was William Austen, sculptor, to whom we owe the monument ("in fine latten," i.e. brass) of Richard, Earl of Warwick, in the Church of St. Mary, Warwick, a work which Flaxman somewhat courageously considered equal to the productions of Austen's Italian contemporaries, Ghiberti and Donatello.

CHAPTER II.

ENGLISH ART IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES.

THE period of the Renaissance found all eyes directed to Italy, and presently England welcomed a number of foreign artists who became the teachers, more or less worthy, of our countrymen. Henry VII. was fonder of money than of art, yet he invited several of these strangers to England; but there are no grounds for supposing, though it is frequently stated, that Mabuse was among the number. Among the foreign artists of this period who visited England, were GERRARD LUCAS HOREBOUT, or HORNEBOLT, of Ghent (1475—1558), who was employed by Henry VIII., and probably by his predecessor; and SUSANNAH HOREBOUT, daughter of Gerrard Lucas, a miniature painter, is said to have married an English sculptor named Whorstley. Dürer, in his journal, says of her, "it is a great wonder a woman should do so well." Henry VIII. was as lavish as his father had been careful of money; naturally fond of display, and jealous of the magnificence of Francis I. and Charles V., the King became a liberal patron of artists. He is said to have invited Raphael, Primaticcio, and Titian to visit England, but if so, the invitations were declined. Among lesser names, however, we find that of ANTONIO TOTO, who came here in 1531, and was appointed Serjeant-Painter to the King. None of his works is now recognised. GIROLAMO DA TREVISO is supposed to have designed the historic painting of the Field of the Cloth of Gold, formerly at Windsor, and now in the possession of the Society of Antiquaries at Burlington House.

Henry, Prince of Wales. [B. 1491. D. 1547.]
Afterwards King Henry VIII.
From a Miniature at Windsor Castle.

LUCAS CORNELISZ of Leyden (1493—1552), son of Cornelis Engelbrechtsen, came to England and entered the service of the King. It is said that he taught Holbein in some branches of art, and, as he survived the great painter of Augsburg for nine years, it is possible that some of the works attributed to Holbein after 1543 were painted by him.