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Epidemics Resulting from Wars

Chapter 60: INDEX
By Friedrich Prinzing
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About This Book

The book analyzes how armed conflict fosters epidemic disease among civilian populations, tracing historical outbreaks linked to troop movements, refugee flows, breakdowns in sanitation, and impaired public health services. It surveys the epidemiology of plague, cholera, and typhus in wartime, reviews statistical and historical evidence of mortality and social disruption, and considers medical and public-health measures that have mitigated such threats. Case studies illustrate how epidemics often caused greater demographic and economic damage than battlefield losses. The text combines historical narrative, empirical data, and policy discussion to explain mechanisms of contagion and to suggest preventive measures for reducing epidemic impact during and after wars.

INDEX

  • Acre, pestilence, 14.
  • Adrianople, bubonic plague epidemic 1829, 168 f.
  • del Agua, 277.
  • Algiers, typhus epidemic 1868, 195 f.
  • Amoebic dysentery, 7 f.
  • Amsterdam, pestilence 1624, 72.
  • Andersonville prison, 181.
  • Anti-vaccinationists, 198, 251, 260, 269.
  • Armenia, plague epidemic 1828, 169 f.
  • Athens, plague, 11.
  • Augsburg, pestilence 1634, 58 f.;
    • pestilence 1703, 80;
    • small-pox epidemic 1871, 259.
  • Austria, small-pox epidemic 1872, 275 f.
  • Barbarossa, 12 f.
  • Basel, small-pox epidemic 1870, 271 f.
  • Baudens, 174.
  • Baumgarten, von, 326.
  • Bavaria, typhus epidemic 1813, 149 f.
  • Beitzke, 122, 129, 132.
  • Belgium, small-pox epidemic 1870, 273 f.
  • Beri-beri, 298.
  • Berlin, pestilence 1637, 69;
    • small-pox epidemic 1871, 230 f.;
    • typhus fever epidemic 1813, 124 f.
  • Berne, small-pox epidemic 1870, 271.
  • Bernstein, 140.
  • Black Death, 6.
  • Blech, 122, 308, 309, 310.
  • Boehnke, 195.
  • Boersch, 29, 78.
  • Boin, 103, 104.
  • le Borne, 95.
  • Bouchut, 322.
  • Bourchardet, 320.
  • Brandeis, 12.
  • Braun, 151.
  • Bremen, small-pox epidemic 1870, 242.
  • Breslau, pestilence 1758, 82;
    • plague 1633, 47;
    • small-pox epidemic 1871, 224 f.;
    • typhus epidemic 1813, 123.
  • Brunner, 272.
  • Bubonic plague, 5; 1707, 85;
    • Adrianople 1829, 168 f.;
    • Armenia 1829, 169 f.;
    • Bucharest 1828, 165 ff.;
    • France 1628, 73 f.;
    • Italy 1629, 74 f.;
    • Netherlands 1635, 72 f.;
    • Russo-Turkish War 1769, 86;
    • Russo-Turkish War 1828, 165 ff.;
    • Thirty Years’ War, 25 ff., 41 ff.;
    • Varna 1829, 168 f.
  • Bucharest, bubonic plague 1828, 165 ff.
  • Bukowina, small-pox epidemic 1871, 276.
  • Burckhardt, 78, 158, 272.
  • Bürger, 313.
  • Cannstatt, 112.
  • Canz, 94.
  • Cazalas, 183.
  • Charles VIII, expedition to Naples, 17.
  • Charles XII, 85.
  • Chauffard, 200.
  • Chemnitz, small-pox epidemic 1871, 255 f.
  • Chenu, 171, 173, 183.
  • Cholera, 6 f.;
    • Balkan War, 300 ff.;
    • Crimean War, 170 ff.;
    • France 1853, 170 ff.;
    • German War of 1866, 184 f.;
    • Tripolitan War, 299 f.
  • Civil War, American, 5;
    • dysentery, 178 f.;
    • malaria, 180;
    • measles, 179;
    • small-pox, 179;
    • typhoid fever, 177;
    • typhus fever, 178.
  • Cless, 260.
  • Colin, 203.
  • Cologne, small-pox epidemic 1870, 247 f.
  • Concentration camps, South Africa, 292 ff.
  • Constantinople, cholera epidemic 1912, 301.
  • Copenhagen, pestilence 1710, 85.
  • Crimean War, cholera, 170 ff.;
    • dysentery epidemic, 172;
    • scurvy epidemic, 172;
    • typhus epidemic, 172 ff.
  • Crusades, 12, 13 ff.
  • Czetyrkin, 165, 167, 169.
  • Daimer, 185, 275, 276.
  • Damietta, siege of, 14 f.
  • Danzig, pestilence 1709, 85;
    • siege of, 306 ff.;
    • small-pox epidemic 1870, 220 f.;
    • typhus fever 1813, 122.
  • Davoust, 141.
  • Delpech, 201, 202, 324.
  • Deneke, 141.
  • Denmark, small-pox epidemic 1871, 280 f.
  • Depopulation, Thirty Years’ War, 76 ff.
  • Diemerbroeck, 73.
  • Dietz, 78.
  • Dillenius, von, 151.
  • Diodorus, 11.
  • Diphtheria, Boer War, 294.
  • Dresden, pestilence 1757, 83;
    • plague 1632, 44;
    • small-pox epidemic 1871, 254 f.;
    • typhus epidemic 1813, 127 f.
  • Dupinet, 321.
  • Düsseldorf, small-pox epidemic 1871, 245 f.
  • Dysentery 7 f., 14;
    • American Civil War, 178 f.;
    • Crimean War, 172;
    • Franco-German War, 190 ff., 194 ff.;
    • Port Arthur, 326 f.;
    • Russian Campaign, 116 ff.;
    • siege of Paris, 321 ff.;
    • siege of Torgau, 314 f.;
    • Thirty Years’ War, 31 ff.
  • Elsässer, 150.
  • Ebstein, 12, 115, 137.
  • England, small-pox epidemic 1870, 278;
    • typhus fever 1808, 105;
    • typhus fever 1856, 174 f.
  • Enteric fever, 8.
  • Erfurt, small-pox epidemic 1871, 236 f.;
    • typhus epidemic 1813, 133.
  • Erisman, 287.
  • Feichtmayer, 98.
  • Ferenczy, 291.
  • Finland, small-pox epidemic 1871, 280 f.
  • Fischer, 127, 128.
  • Flexner, 7.
  • Flinzer, 130, 255.
  • Follenfant, 298.
  • Fonteret, 205.
  • Fracastorius, 20.
  • Franco-German War, small-pox epidemic, 197 ff.
  • Frankfurt-on-the-Main, pestilence 1633, 63.
  • Frankfurt, small-pox epidemic 1871, 250 f.;
    • typhus epidemic 1813, 135 ff.
  • Franque, von, 137, 138, 140.
  • Frederick the Great, 82, 83.
  • Friccius, 122, 307, 309, 310.
  • Friedländer, 157.
  • Fuchs, 17.
  • Gaffky, 8.
  • Gasc, 117.
  • Geissler, 256.
  • Genoa, typhus fever 1799, 67.
  • Gilbert, 100.
  • Giraud, 132.
  • Gmelin, 61.
  • Godelier, 175.
  • Göden, 121.
  • Gratiolo, 22.
  • Grätzer, 78, 82.
  • Gravelotte, 189.
  • Greiner, 132.
  • Grellois, 196.
  • Grenet, 324.
  • Grossi, 74.
  • Gurlt, 1, 99, 101, 115, 122, 125, 131, 132, 143, 153.
  • Gustavus Adolphus, 27 ff., 50.
  • Guttstadt, 186, 214, 219, 223, 230, 231, 233, 234, 242, 243, 248, 270, 283.
  • Györy, 20, 24.
  • Haga, 297.
  • Hain, 98, 161.
  • Hamburg, small-pox epidemic 1870, 239 f.;
    • typhus fever epidemic 1813, 141 f.
  • Hammer, 85.
  • Hanau, typhus fever epidemic 1813, 134 f.
  • Häser, 12, 17, 72, 74, 81, 85, 92, 97, 114, 123, 172, 306.
  • Haurowitz, 176.
  • Hecker, 17, 86, 87, 89, 329.
  • Heilbronn, small-pox epidemic 1870, 263 f.
  • Herero War, 296.
  • Hildenbrand, 106, 113.
  • Hirsch, 15, 18, 19, 173, 178, 184, 185, 330.
  • Holk, 44.
  • Höring, 263.
  • Horn, 52, 113, 124, 125, 133.
  • Hörnigk, 64.
  • Hufeland, 100, 103, 106, 107, 108, 112, 113, 124.
  • Hungarian disease, 20, 22 ff.
  • India, small-pox epidemic 1873, 282.
  • Ireland, small-pox epidemic 1871, 280.
  • Italy, small-pox epidemic 1872, 277 f.
  • Joerdens, 99.
  • Jörg, 112.
  • Kanngiesser, 12.
  • Kausch, 123.
  • Kerckhoffs, 115, 116, 120, 318.
  • Kiev, bubonic plague 1770, 89.
  • Knaak, 1, 183, 287.
  • Koch, 7, 286.
  • Königsberg, typhus epidemic 1806, 100;
    • typhus epidemic 1812, 121 f.
  • Kopp, 108, 122, 131, 134, 135.
  • Kosloff, 286, 289.
  • Kraft, 138.
  • Kraus, 301.
  • Kriesche, 204.
  • Kruse, 7.
  • Kübler, 184.
  • Ladysmith, typhoid epidemic, 291 f.
  • Lammert, 26, 50, 58, 64, 66, 72, 74, 77.
  • Larrey, 115.
  • Laveran, 1, 12, 73, 100, 118, 158, 175, 178, 197, 202.
  • Lehmann, 311, 312.
  • Leipzig, pestilence 1630, 41 f.;
    • small-pox epidemic 1871, 252 ff.;
    • typhus epidemic 1813, 128.
  • Lemazurier, 115, 117, 118.
  • Lentilius, 79.
  • Leprosy, 15 f.
  • Lersch, 13, 14, 18, 282.
  • Leyden, pestilence 1624, 72.
  • Liévin, 220, 221.
  • Linstow, 1, 101.
  • Littré, 12.
  • Löbenstein-Löbel, 132.
  • Lohnes, 150.
  • London, small-pox epidemic 1871, 279.
  • Loth, 194, 237.
  • Lotz, 274.
  • Louis IX, 15.
  • Louis XIV, 79.
  • Lübeck, small-pox epidemic 1871, 240 f.
  • Lyons, small-pox epidemic 1870, 205 f.
  • Magdeburg, small-pox epidemic 1871, 233 f.
  • Maier, 125.
  • Majer, 258.
  • Malaria, American Civil War, 180 f.;
    • Italian War of 1859, 183;
    • siege of Mantua, 304 f.
  • Mansfeld, 29 ff.
  • Mantua, pestilence 1630, 75;
    • siege of, 304 ff.
  • March, 182, 274.
  • Maréchal, 18, 21, 30, 92, 109, 155.
  • Maria Theresa, 80.
  • Martin, 188.
  • Martius, 258.
  • Massachusetts, small-pox epidemic 1872, 281.
  • Matignon, 299.
  • Maurin, 196.
  • Mayence, siege of, 316 ff.;
    • small-pox epidemic 1870, 266 f.
  • Mayr, 257.
  • Measles, American Civil War, 179;
    • Boer War, 294 f.
  • du Mesnil, 203, 321.
  • Metz, pestilence, 21;
    • pestilence 1636, 65 f.;
    • pestilence 1792, 93;
    • small-pox epidemic 1870, 203;
    • typhus epidemic 1813, 155 f.;
    • typhus epidemic 1870, 196 f.
  • Meyer, 32.
  • Michaux, 14, 196.
  • Michigan, small-pox epidemic 1872, 281.
  • Milan, pestilence 1630, 75.
  • Moore, Thomas, 18.
  • Moravia, typhus epidemic 1813, 161.
  • Mortality, Moscow pestilence 1771, 91;
    • Seven Years’ War, 84;
    • Thirty Years’ War, 78.
  • Moscow, bubonic plague 1771, 89;
    • typhus fever 1812, 116.
  • Munich, pestilence 1634, 55 f.;
    • small-pox epidemic 1871, 258 f.
  • Münster, small-pox epidemic 1871, 242 f.
  • Murchison, 73, 112, 174.
  • Myrdacz, 183, 287.
  • Nantes, pestilence 1793, 95.
  • Napoleon, 115 ff., 126.
  • Nassau, typhus epidemic 1813, 140.
  • Netherlands, small-pox epidemic 1871, 274 f.
  • Neuhof, 126.
  • Neumann, 110.
  • New York, small-pox epidemic 1871, 281.
  • Niedner, 173, 184.
  • Norway, small-pox epidemic 1871, 280 f.
  • Nuremberg, plague 1633, 53;
    • small-pox epidemic 1871, 258 f.
  • Oesterle, 304.
  • Oettingen, von, 298.
  • Okuniewski, 324.
  • Ophthalmia, 15.
  • Ozanam, 21, 73, 74, 75, 81, 84, 97, 101, 104.
  • Parenteau-Desgranges, 109.
  • Paris, siege of, 320 ff.;
    • small-pox epidemic 1869, 202;
    • typhus fever epidemic 1814, 156 f.
  • Parrot, 118.
  • Pastau, von, 225.
  • Pellerin, 157.
  • Peloponnesian War, 11.
  • Peninsular War, typhus fever, 101.
  • Perroud, 206.
  • Pettenkofer, 286.
  • Pfaff, 40.
  • Physicians, typhus mortality, 123, 129, 131, 135, 137, 142, 145, 151, 155, 319.
  • Plague, 5 ff.;
    • Athens, 11;
    • Rome, 12.
  • Pneumonia, siege of Paris, 322 f.
  • Pneumonic plague, 5 f.
  • Pont-à-Mousson, typhus fever epidemic 1813, 154.
  • Port Arthur, siege of, 324 ff.
  • Prague, pestilence 1742, 81;
    • small-pox epidemic 1872, 277.
  • Presl, 186.
  • Pringle, J., 1, 82, 308.
  • Prinzing, 199.
  • Prussia, small-pox mortality, 198.
  • Rabinowitsch, 272.
  • Rapp, 260.
  • Rasori, 97.
  • Reisseisen, 155.
  • Reissner and Neidhart, 265, 266.
  • Reuss, 260.
  • Rhumelius, 29.
  • Richter, 311–16.
  • Riecke, 313.
  • Roetenbeck, 52.
  • Roller, 99.
  • Roloff, 131.
  • Rösle, 78.
  • Roth, 297.
  • Russia, small-pox epidemic 1871, 280 f.
  • Russian Campaign, typhus epidemic, 115 ff.
  • Samoilowitz, 89.
  • Sanitary Commission, American Civil War, 176.
  • Schäfer, 148, 298.
  • Schafonsky, 89.
  • Scheerer, 115, 116.
  • Schinzinger, 152.
  • Schnurrer, 12, 21, 24, 52.
  • Schön, 60.
  • Schopper, 301.
  • Schwiening, H., 18.
  • Scorbutus, 9.
  • Scotland, small-pox epidemic 1871, 280.
  • Scrive, 171, 173.
  • Scurvy, 9, 14;
    • Crimean War, 172;
    • Metz 1552, 21–2;
    • Port Arthur, 326 f.;
    • siege of Mantua, 305 f.;
    • siege of Paris, 324;
    • Thirty Years’ War, 52 ff., 66.
  • Sedan, 189.
  • Seidlitz, 166, 167, 168, 169.
  • Seitz, 26, 55, 81, 95, 98, 99, 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 257.
  • Sforza, 299.
  • Siegel, 253.
  • Sigel, 261.
  • Silesia, typhus epidemic 1805, 98.
  • Simon, 166.
  • Small-pox, 9, 17;
    • American Civil War, 179;
    • Franco-German War, 197 ff.;
    • Germany 1865, 184;
    • Germany 1870, 212 ff.;
    • siege of Paris, 321.
  • Small-pox mortality, in France, 199;
    • French prisoners 1870, 209 f.;
    • Germany 1871–2, 268;
    • Prussia, 198;
    • Prussia 1862–73, 214.
  • Stegmeyer, 305.
  • Steiner, 16, 299, 324.
  • Steinheim, 142.
  • Stemmler, 132.
  • Stettin, small-pox epidemic 1871, 226 f.
  • Stiga, 7.
  • Stockholm, pestilence 1710, 85.
  • Strassburg, small-pox epidemic 1870, 204.
  • Stricker, 115.
  • Stuttgart, small-pox epidemic 1870, 261 f.
  • Sueur, 203, 320, 322.
  • Süssmilch, 83.
  • Suttner, 55.
  • Sweating sickness, 18 ff.
  • Sweden, small-pox epidemic 1871, 280 f.
  • Switzerland, typhus fever epidemic 1813, 158 f.
  • Syphilis, 16, 17, 18.
  • Takaki, 298.
  • Teuffel, 188.
  • Thierer, 62.
  • Thilenius, 138.
  • Tholazan, 169.
  • Thouvenel, 154.
  • Thucydides, 11.
  • Tilly, 27, 50.
  • Torgau, siege of, 311 ff.
  • Typhoid fever, 8 f.;
    • American Civil War, 177 f.;
    • Boer War, 290 ff.;
    • Franco-German War, 190 ff.;
    • Herero War, 296;
    • Port Arthur, 326 f.;
    • Russo-Japanese War, 297 f.;
    • Russo-Turkish War 1877, 288 ff.;
    • siege of Paris, 321 ff.;
    • siege of Torgau, 315 f.;
    • Thirty Years’ War, 71.
  • Typhus fever, 4 ff., 19 ff., 106 ff., 149 f.;
    • 1812, 114 ff.;
    • 1813–14, 162 ff.;
    • Algiers 1868, 195 f.;
    • American Civil War, 178;
    • Balkan War, 301 ff.;
    • Berlin 1813, 124 f.;
    • Breslau 1813, 123;
    • Coalition War, 98;
    • Crimean War, 172 ff.;
    • Danzig 1813, 122;
    • Dresden 1813, 127 f.;
    • England 1622, 75 f.;
    • England 1808, 105;
    • England 1856, 174 f.;
    • Erfurt 1813, 133;
    • Frankfurt 1813, 135 ff.;
    • Genoa 1799, 97;
    • Hamburg 1813, 141 f.;
    • Hanau 1813, 134 f.;
    • Königsberg 1806, 100;
    • Königsberg 1812, 121 f.;
    • Leipzig 1813, 128 ff.;
    • Metz 1813, 155 f.;
    • Metz 1870, 196 f.;
    • Moravia 1813, 161;
    • mortality 1813–14, 163;
    • mortality among physicians, 108;
    • Moscow 1812, 116;
    • Nassau 1813, 140;
    • Paris 1814, 156 f.;
    • Peninsular War, 101 f.;
    • Pont-à-Mousson 1813, 154;
    • Russian Campaign, 115 ff.;
    • Russo-Turkish War of 1877, 287 ff.;
    • Seven Years’ War, 82 ff.;
    • siege of Danzig, 307 ff.;
    • siege of Mantua, 305 ff.;
    • siege of Mayence, 317 ff.;
    • siege of Torgau, 311 ff.;
    • Switzerland 1813, 158 f.;
    • Thirty Years’ War, 26 ff.;
    • Verdun 1792, 109;
    • Vilna 1812, 117;
    • Wars of French Revolution, 92 ff.;
    • War with Moors in Spain, 21;
    • War of Polish Succession, 80;
    • Warsaw 1812, 119;
    • Württemberg 1813, 150 f.
  • Uetterodt, L., 1.
  • Ulm, pestilence 1634, 62;
    • small-pox epidemic 1870, 262 f.
  • Vaccination, 200, 201, 202, 207,
  • 211, 212, 217, 231, 240, 241, 251, 255 f., 260, 265, 269 f., 279, 282, 283, 284, 285;
    • effects of, 197 f.;
    • effect on mortality, 9.
  • Vacher, 199, 206, 207, 303, 320.
  • Varna, plague 1829, 168.
  • Venice, pestilence 1630, 75.
  • Verdun, pestilence 1793, 82 f.;
    • typhus epidemic 1792, 109.
  • Vernois, 200, 201.
  • Verona, pestilence 1630, 75.
  • Vienna, small-pox epidemic 1872, 277.
  • Vilna, typhus fever 1812, 117.
  • Virchow, 115.
  • Viry, 196.
  • Vogt, 271.
  • Volz, 186, 194, 262.
  • Wahl, 247.
  • Wallenstein, 27, 50.
  • War Pestilence, use of term, 4.
  • Warsaw, typhus epidemic 1812, 119.
  • Weber, 143.
  • Weichselbaum, 185.
  • Wendt, 123.
  • Westergaard, H., 1.
  • Wilbrandt, 94, 136.
  • Wilken, 14, 15.
  • Wittmann, 316–19.
  • Woillez, 207.
  • Wolf, 119.
  • Wunderlich, 251, 252, 270.
  • Württemberg, pestilence 1634, 63;
    • typhus epidemic 1813, 150 f.
  • Yellow fever, Spain 1810, 101.
  • Zenzen, 318.
  • Zurich, small-pox epidemic 1871, 272.