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Esperanto Self-Taught with Phonetic Pronunciation

Chapter 43: 37. Adverbs, Conjunctions & Prepositions. (Adverboj, Konjunkcioj kaj Prepozicioj.)
By William W. Mann
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About This Book

The volume provides a concise practical course in the international auxiliary language, combining a phonetic alphabet and pronunciation guide with extensive subject-arranged vocabularies and ready-made conversational sentences for travellers and everyday use. It presents core grammar and word-formation rules, lists of parts of speech, and common compound and derived forms, followed by themed dialogues and useful expressions for hotels, travel, post, money, and emergencies. Supplementary tables cover measures, postage, and equivalent money values. The emphasis is functional: to enable rapid reading, speaking, and basic correspondence through classified vocabulary, pronunciation cues, and drills for conversational practice.

0Nulo(nool'oh) 17dek sep 79sepdek naŭ
1unu(oo'noo) 18dek ok 80okdek
2du(doo) 19dek naŭ 90naŭdek
3tri(tree) 20dudek 100cent(tsehnt)
4kvar(kvahr) 21dudek unu 101cent unu
5kvin(kvin) 22dudek du 102cent du
6ses(sehss) 23dudek tri 200du cent(doot'sehnt)
7sep(sehp) 24dudek kvar 300tricent
8ok(ohk) 30tridek 400kvarcent
9naŭ(nahw) 35tridek kvin 500kvincent
10dek(dehk) 40kvardek 600sescent
11dek unu 46kvardek ses 700sepcent
12dek du 50kvindek 800okcent
13dek tri 57kvindek sep 900naŭcent
14dek kvar 60sesdek 1,000mil(meel)
15dek kvin 68sesdek ok
16dek ses 70sepdek
2,679dumil sescent sepdek naŭ.
3,000trimil.
10,000dek mil.
20,000dudek mil.
389,345tricent okdek naŭmil tricent kvardek kvin.
1,000,000(unu) miliono [(oo'noo) meeleeoh'no].
4,000,000kvar milionoj.
1908 …Mil naŭcent ok.

Note.—Observe that the cardinal numbers are grouped together (without hyphens) in thousands, hundreds, tens and units. Thus, 548 is kvincent kvardek ok, not kvincent-kvardek-ok, and 17 dek sep, not dek-sep.

33. Ordinal Numerals.
(La Ordaj Numeraloj.)

(For Grammatical Notes see p. 78.)

English. Esperanto. Pronunciation.
First unua oonoo'ah
second dua doo'ah
third tria tree'ah
fourth kvara kvah'rah
fifth kvina kvee'nah
sixth sesa seh'sah
seventh sepa seh'pah
eighth oka oh'kah
ninth naŭa nah'wah
tenth deka deh'kah
eleventh dek-unua dehk-oonoo'ah
twelfth dek-dua dehkdoo'ah
thirteenth dek-tria dehktree'ah
fourteenth dek-kvara dehk-kvah'rah
fifteenth dek-kvina dehk-kvee'nah
sixteenth dek-sesa dehkseh'sah
seventeenth dek-sepa dehkseh'pah
eighteenth dek-oka dehk-oh'kah
nineteenth dek-naŭa dehknah'wah
twentieth dudeka doodeh'kah
twenty-first dudek-unua doo'dehk-oonoo'ah
twenty-second dudek-dua doo'dehk-doo'ah
twenty-third dudek-tria doo'dehk-tree'ah
twenty-fourth dudek-kvara doo'dehk-kvah'rah
twenty-fifth dudek-kvina doo'dehk-kvee'nah
thirtieth trideka treedeh'kah
thirty-second tridek-dua treedehk-doo'ah
fortieth kvardeka kvahrdeh'kah
fiftieth kvindeka kvindeh'kah
sixtieth sesdeka sehsdeh'kah
seventieth sepdeka sehpdeh'kah
eightieth okdeka ohkdeh'kah
ninetieth naŭdeka nahw-deh'kah
hundredth centa tsehn'tah
hundred and first cent-unua tsehnt-oonoo'ah
two hundred and fifty-second ducent-kvindek-dua doot'sehnt-kvin'dehk- doo'ah
thousandth mila mee'lah

34. Collective and Fractional Numbers.
(Kolektivaj kaj Nombronaj Numeraloj.)

English. Esperanto. Pronunciation.
All ĉiom (da) chee'ohm (dah)
couple, a paro pah'ro
double duobla doo-oh'blah
doubly duoble doo-oh'bleh
dozen, a dekduo dehk-doo'oh
fifth, a kvinono kvee-no'no
firstly unue oonoo'eh
gross, a cent kvardek kvar tsehnt kvahr'dehk kvahr
half-a-dozen duondekduo doo-ohn'dehkdoo'oh
once unufoje oo'noo-fo'yeh
one by one unuope oonoo-oh'peh
one-half unu duono oo'noo doo-oh'no
pair, a paro pah'ro
part, portion parto pahr'to
quarter, fourth part kvarono kvahro'no
score, a dudeko doodeh'ko
secondly due doo'eh
single unuopa oonoo-oh'pah
singly unuope oonoo-oh'peh
third, a triono tree-oh'no
thirdly trie tree'eh
threefold trioble tree-oh'bleh
three-quarters tri kvaronoj tree kvahro'noy
three-sevenths tri seponoj tree sehpoh'noy
twice dufoje, dufojojn doo-fo'yeh, doo fo'yoyn
two by two duope doo-oh'peh
two-sixths du sesonoj doo seh-so'noy
whole, the la tuto la too'toh

35. Adjectives.
(Adjektivoj.)

(For Grammatical Notes see p. 77.)

English. Esperanto. Pronunciation.
Able (capable) kapabla kah-pah'blah
bad, wicked malbona mahl-bo'nah
beautiful, handsome bela beh'la
beloved amata ahmah'tah
bitter maldolĉa mahl-dohl'chah
blind blinda bleen'dah
blunt malakra mahl-ah'krah
bold kuraĝema koorah-jeh'ma
brave brava brah'vah
bright hela heh'la
broad, wide larĝa lar'jah
careful zorgema zorgeh'ma
careless senzorga sen-zor'ga
certain certa tsehr'tah
cheap malkara mahl-kah'ra
clean pura poo'rah
clear klara klah'ra
clever lerta lehr'tah
cold malvarma mahl-vahr'ma
comfortable komforta kohm-fohr'tah
corpulent korpulenta korpoolehn'tah
costly multekosta mool'teh-kohs'tah
damp malseka mahl-seh'ka
dangerous danĝera dahn-jeh'rah
dark malluma mahl-loo'ma
deaf surda soor'dah
dear kara kah'ra
deep profunda pro-foon'dah
different malsama mahl-sah'ma
dirty malpura mahl-poo'rah
disagreeable malagrabla mahl-ahgrah'blah
dry seka seh'ka
dull (of weather) malklara mahl-klah'rah
dusty polva pohl'vah
early frua froo'ah
easy facila faht-see'lah
empty malplena mahl-pleh'na
every ĉiu chee'oo
false malvera mahl-vehr'ah
fashionable laŭmoda lahw-mo'dah
fat (stout) dikkorpa deek-kor'pa
few malmultaj mahl-mool'tahy
fine (excellent) bonega boneh'gah
— (in quality) delikata dehlee-kah'tah
fit (for) taŭga tahw'gah
flat plata plah'tah
foolish malsaĝa mahl-sah'jah
fortunate bonŝanca bohn-shahnt'sah
free libera libeh'ra
frequent ofta off'tah
fresh freŝa freh'shah
front antaŭa ahntah'wah
full plena pleh'nah
gay gaja gah'yah
general, usual kutima kootee'ma
gentle, polite ĝentila jentee'la
good bona boh'nah
grand grandioza grahndee-oh'zah
great granda grahn'dah
happy feliĉa fehlee'chah
hard malmola mahl-mo'la
heavy peza peh'zah
high alta ahl'tah
honest honesta honeh'stah
hot varmega vahrmeh'ga
hungry malsata mahl-sah'tah
ill (unwell) malsana mahl-sah'nah
important grava grah'va
interesting interesa inteh-reh'sah
just justa yoos'tah
kind bonkora bohn-ko'ra
lame lama lah'ma
large, vast larĝa lahr'jah
last lasta lah'stah
late malfrua mahl-froo'ah
light luma loo'ma
little, small malgranda mahl-grahn'dah
long longa lohn'gah
loose ne fiksita neh fiksee'tah
low (in place) malalta mahl-ahl'tah
many multaj mool'tahy
mild milda meel'dah
muddy kota ko'tah
narrow mallarĝa mahl-lahr'jah
natural natura nahtoor'ah
new nova no'vah
nice, tasty bongusta bohn-goo'stah
old (not new) malnova mahl-no'vah
open malfermita mahl-fehrmee'tah
patient pacienca paht-see-ent'sah
pleasant agrabla ahgrah'blah
poor (not rich) malriĉa mahl-ree'chah
poor (to be pitied) kompatinda kompah-teen'dah
possible ebla eh'blah
pretty beleta beh-leh'tah
private privata pree-vah'tah
probable probabla probah'blah
proud fiera fee-eh'rah
public publika pooblee'ka
pure, clean pura poo'rah
quick, swift rapida rahpee'dah
quiet kvieta kvee-eh'tah
rich riĉa ree'chah
right prava prah-vah
— (correct) ĝusta joo'stah
ripe matura mahtoo'rah
rough (not smooth) malglata mahl-glah'tah
round ronda rohn'dah
rude malĝentila mahl-jenteela
sacred, holy sankta sahnk'tah
sad malĝoja mahl-joya
safe, secure sekura seh-koo'rah
sharp akra ah'krah
short mallonga mahl-lohn'ga
silent silenta seelehn'tah
simple simpla seem'plah
slow malrapida mahl-rahpee'dah
smooth glata glah'tah
soft mola mo'lah
sound, reliable fidinda feedeen'dah
sour acideca ahtsee-deht'sah
square kvadrata kvah-drah'tah
straight rekta rehk'tah
strange (curious) stranga strahn'gah
strong forta fohr'tah
stupid, dull stulta stool'tah
sufficient sufiĉa soofee'chah
sweet dolĉa dohl'chah
tall altkreska ahlt-krehs'kah
tender (loving) amplena ahm-pleh'nah
thick dika dee'kah
thin maldika mahl-dee'ka
thirsty soifanta so-eefahn'tah
tough koherema ko-hehreh'mah
true vera veh'rah
ugly malbela mahl-beh'la
unsettled (weather) necerta neht-sehr'tah
useful utila ootee'la
usual kutima kootee'ma
valuable multvalora mooltvahlo'ra
various diversa deevehr'sah
warm varma vahr'ma
weak malforta mahl-fohr'ta
wet malseka mahl-seh'kah
whole tuta too'tah
willing volonta volohn'tah
wise saĝa sah'jah
wrong malprava mahl-prah'vah
young juna yoo'nah

36. Verbs.

(For Grammatical Notes see p. 81.)

English. Esperanto. Pronunciation.
To accept akcepti ahk-tsehp'tee
" admire admiri ahdmeer'ee
" answer, reply respondi rehspohn'dee
" approve aprobi ahpro'bee
" arrive alveni ahl-veh'nee
" ascend supreniri soo'preh-neer'ee
" ask demandi dehman'dee
" attract, draw altiri ahl-teer'ee
" awake, intr. vekiĝi vehkee'jee
" be esti eh'stee
" be hungry malsati mahl-sah'tee
" be ignorant of nescii nehst-see'ee
" be mistaken trompiĝi trohmpee'jee
" be quiet, silent silenti seelehn'tee
" be thirsty soifi so-ee'fee
" beat bati bah'tee
" begin, tr. komenci kohment'see
" believe kredi kreh'dee
" blame mallaŭdi mahl-lahw'dee
" boil, intr.; —, tr. boli; boligi bo'lee; bo-lee'ghee
" borrow pruntepreni proon'teh-preh'nee
" bring alporti ahl-por'tee
" build konstrui konstroo'ee
" button butonumi bootonoo'mee
" buy aĉeti ahcheh'tee
" carry porti pohr'tee
" catch cold malvarmumi mahl-vahrmoo'mee
" chat babili bahbee'lee
" climb grimpi grim'pee
" compare kompari kohmpah'ree
" consent konsenti konsehn'tee
" continue, intr. daŭri dahw'ree
" cook kuiri koo-ee'ree
" cough tusi too'see
" cover kovri ko'vree
" dance danci dahnt'see
" decide decidi deht-see'dee
" deny nei neh'ee
" depart, go away foriri for-eer'ee
" descend malsupreniri mahl-sooprehn-eer'ee
" desire, wish (for) deziri deh-zeer'ee
" dine ĉefmanĝi chehf-mahn'jee
" do, make fari fah'ree
" doubt dubi doo'bee
" draw, pull tiri teer'ee
" dream sonĝi sohn'jee
" drink trinki trin'kee
" dress vesti veh'stee
" dwell, live loĝi lo'jee
" eat manĝi mahn'jee
" exchange interŝanĝi intehr-shahn'jee
" excuse ekskuzi ekskoo'zee
" explain komprenigi kompreh-nee'ghee
" fall fali fah'lee
" feel (by touch) palpi pahl'pee
" feel (in mind) senti sehn'tee
" find trovi tro'vee
" finish, tr. fini fee'nee
" follow sekvi sehk'vee
" forget forgesi fohr-gheh'see
" gather kolekti ko-lehk'tee
" get akiri ahkee'ree
" get up leviĝi lehvee'jee
" give doni doh'nee
" go iri eer'ee
" go in eniri ehneer'ee
" go out eliri ehleer'ee
" grow kreski kreh'skee
" guide gvidi gvee'dee
" hate malami mahlah'mee
" have havi hah'vee
" hear aŭdi ahw'dee
" hesitate heziti heh-zee'tee
" hide kaŝi kah'shee
" hope esperi espehr'ee
" imagine imagi imah'ghee
" ignore ignori ignoh'ree
" intend intenci intehnt'see
" introduce (one) prezenti prehzehn'tee
— (a thing) enkonduki ehnkon-doo'kee
" joke ŝerci shehrt'see
" jump salti sahl'tee
" know scii stsee'ee
" laugh ridi ree'dee
" learn lerni lehr'nee
" lend pruntedoni proon'teh-doh'nee
" lie down kuŝiĝi koo-shee'jee
" live (be alive) vivi vee'vee
" look for serĉi sehr'chee
" lose perdi pehr'dee
" love ami ah'mee
" marry, intr. (of a man) edziĝi ehdzee'-jee
— (of a woman) edziniĝi ehdzee-nee'jee
" meet renkonti rehn-kon'tee
" mention aludi ahloo'dee
" need, want bezoni behzoh'nee
" object oponi opoh'nee
" obtain obteni obteh'nee
" offend ofendi ofehn'dee
" offer proponi pro-po'nee
" open malfermi mahl-fehr'mee
" order (goods) mendi mehn'dee
" order, command ordoni ohrdoh'nee
" pack up paki pah'kee
" paint pentri pehn'tree
" pay; repay pagi; repagi pah'ghee; reh-pah'ghee
" plant planti plahn'tee
" play ludi loo'dee
" plough plugi ploo'ghee
" pluck, pick deŝiri deh-sheer'ee
" praise laŭdi lahw'dee
" prove pruvi proo'vee
" read legi leh'ghee
" reap rikolti reekohl'tee
" reckon, count kalkuli kahl-koo'lee
" receive ricevi reetseh'vee
" refuse rifuzi ree-foo'zee
" regret bedaŭri behdahw'ree
" remember memori meh-mohr'ee
" repeat ripeti reepeh'tee
" rest ripozi reepo'zee
" return, come back reveni rehveh'nee
— (go back) reiri reh-eer'ee
— (give back) redoni reh-doh'nee
" ring, tr. sonorigi so-no-ree'ghee
" roast rosti roh'stee
" run kuri koor'ee
" say, tell diri dee'ree
" search for serĉi sehr'chee
" see vidi vee'dee
" sell vendi vehn'dee
" serve servi sehr'vee
" sew, stitch kudri koo'dree
" shave razi rah'zee
" shine brili bree'lee
" show montri mohn'tree
" sign (letter, etc.) subskribi soob-skree'bee
" sit down sidiĝi seedee'jee
" sleep dormi dohr'mee
" sneeze terni tehr'nee
" sow (seed) semi seh'mee
" speak paroli pahro'lee
" spoil, tr. difekti deefehk'tee
" steal ŝteli shteh'lee
" study studi stoo'dee
" swear ĵuri zhoor'ee
" take preni preh'nee
" take off depreni deh-preh'nee
" take a walk promeni pro-meh'nee
" taste, tr. gustumi goostoo'mee
" tell (a tale) rakonti rahkon'tee
" thank danki dahn'kee
" think pensi pehn'see
" throw ĵeti zheh'tee
" touch tuŝi too'shee
" translate traduki trahdoo'kee
" travel vojaĝi vo-yah'jee
" unbutton malbutonumi mahl-bootohnoo'mee
" unpack malpaki mahl-pah'kee
" wash lavi lah'vee
" weep plori plo'ree
" weigh, tr.; —, int. pesi; pezi peh'see; peh'zee
" will, be willing voli vo'lee
" work labori lah-boh'ree
" wrap up envolvi ehn-vol'vee
" write skribi skree'bee
" yield, give way cedi tseh'dee

37. Adverbs, Conjunctions & Prepositions.
(Adverboj, Konjunkcioj kaj Prepozicioj.)

(For Grammatical Notes see p. 77.)

English. Esperanto. Pronunciation.
About (nearly) proksimume prokseemoo'meh
about (concerning) pri pree
above super soo'pehr
above all antaŭ ĉio ahn'tahw chee'oh
absolutely absolute ahbsoloo'teh
according to laŭ lah'w
across trans trahnss
afresh denove dehno'veh
after, next to post pohst
afterwards poste pohss'teh
again ree reh'eh
against kontraŭ kohn'trahw
all (of) ĉiom (da) chee'ohm (dah)
all at once, suddenly subite soobee'teh
almost preskaŭ preh'skahw
alone, solely sole so'leh
aloud laŭte lahw'teh
already jam yahm
also, too, besides ankaŭ ahn'kahw
although kvankam kvahn'kahm
altogether, quite tute too'teh
always ĉiam chee'ahm
and kaj kah'y
anywhere kie ajn kee'eh ah'yn
around, round about ĉirkaŭ cheer'kahw
as…as tiel…kiel… tee'ehl…kee'ehl…
as much, as many tiom tee'ohm
as much as tiom kiom tee'ohm kee'ohm
as soon as, immediately tuj kiam too'y kee'ahm
at ĉe cheh
at first unue oonoo'eh
at last fine fee'neh
at least almenaŭ ahl-meh'nahw
at [the] most pleje pleh'yeh
at once tuj tooy'
at present nune noo'neh
badly malbone mahlbo'neh
because ĉar chahr
before antaŭ ahn'tahw
behind post pohst
below, under, beneath sub soob
besides, beyond krom krohm
better pli bone plee bo'neh
between, among(st) inter een'tehr
beyond preter preh'tehr
briefly, shortly mallonge mahl-lohn'geh
but sed sehd
by the side of apud, flanke de ah'pood, flahn'keh deh
by turns laŭvice lahw-veet'seh
close to apud ah'pood
consequently sekve sehk'veh
daily ĉiutage chee-ootah'gheh
doubtless sendube sehndoo'beh
down (direction) malsupren mahlsoo'prehn
down (position) malsupre mahlsoo'preh
during dum doom
early, betimes frue froo'eh
either…or aŭ…aŭ ahw…ahw
elsewhere aliloke ahleelo'keh
enough (of) sufiĉe (da) soofee'cheh (dah)
even if eĉ se ehch seh
everywhere ĉie chee'eh
exactly precize preht-see'zeh
exceedingly treege treh-eh'geh
except, prep. escepte est-sehp'teh
far, distant malproksime mahl-proksee'meh
for, conj. ĉar chahr
for, prep. por pohr
formerly antaŭe ahntah'weh
from de deh
full of plena de pleh'nah deh
fully plene pleh'neh
hardly apenaŭ ahpeh'nahw
here ĉi tie, tie ĉi chee tee'eh, tee'eh chee
herewith ĉi-kune chee-koo'neh
how, like kiel kee'ehl
how much? kiom? kee'ohm?
however tamen tah'mehn
immediately tuj too'y
in en ehn
in every way ĉiel chee'ehl
in front, before antaŭe ahntah'weh
in future en la estonteco ehn lah estohn-teht'so
in spite of malgraŭ mahl'grahw
in the midst of meze de meh'zeh deh
indeed vere veh'reh
inside interne de, en intehr'neh deh, ehn
instead of anstataŭ ahnstaht'ahw
late malfrue mahl-froo'eh
less malpli mahl'plee
little (of) malmulte (da) mahl-mool'teh (dah)
little by little iom post iom ee'ohm pohst ee'ohm
more pli plee
more or less pli malpli plee mahl'plee
the more…the more ju pli…des pli yoo plee…dehs plee
much, very tre treh
mutually reciproke reht'see-pro'keh
near; — to proksime; — de prohksee'meh; — deh
neither…nor nek…nek nehk…nehk
never neniam neh-nee'ahm
nevertheless tamen tah'mehn
not ne neh
not at all tute ne too'teh neh
notwithstanding malgraŭ (tio) mahl'grahw (tee'oh)
not yet ankoraŭ ne ahnkoh'rahw neh
now nun noon
nowadays nuntempe, hodiaŭ noon-tehm'peh, hoh-dee'ahw
nowhere nenie neh-nee'eh
of de; da (after numerals) deh; dah
of course kompreneble kompreh-neh'bleh
often ofte off'teh
on, upon sur soor
on account of pro pro
on no account nenial neh-nee'ahl
on the contrary kontraŭe kontrah'weh
on the left maldekstre mahl-dek'streh
on the right dekstre dehk'streh
only nur noor
opposite kontraŭe kontrah'weh
or aŭ ahw
otherwise alie ahlee'eh
outside, out of ekster eks'tehr
over super soo'pehr
perhaps eble eh'bleh
presently, soon baldaŭ bahl'dahw
previously antaŭe ahntah'weh
purposely intence intehnt'seh
quickly rapide rahpee'deh
rather, preferably prefere prehfeh'reh
rather, somewhat iom ee'ohm
save, excepting escepte ehst-sehp'teh
scarcely apenaŭ ahpeh'nahw
seldom, rarely malofte mahl-off'teh
since, prep. de deh
—, conj. ĉar chahr
— (the time when) de l' tempo kiam dehl tehm'po kee'ahm
so, thus tiel tee'ehl
so much tiom tee'ohm
somehow iel ee'ehl
something io ee'oh
sometimes kelkafoje kehl'kah-fo'yeh
soon baldaŭ bahl'dahw
suddenly subite soo-bee'teh
that, conj. ke keh
that is tio estas (abbr., t.e.) tee'oh es'tahss
then tiam tee'ahm
then, conj. do doh
thence de tie deh tee'eh
there tie tee'eh
through tra trah
through (by means of) per pehr
till, until ĝis jeess
to al ahl
together kune koo'neh
too much, too tro tro
towards al, en la direkto de ahl, ehn lah deerehk'toh deh
unexpectedly neatendite neh-ahtehndee'teh
unless se…ne seh…neh
until ĝis jeess
up, upwards supren soo'prehn
up above supre soo'preh
weekly ĉiusemajne chee'oo-sehmah'y-neh
well bone bo'neh
when kiam kee'ahm
whence? de kie? deh kee'eh?
where? kie? kee'eh?
wherever kie ajn kee'eh ahyn'
whether, if ĉu choo
while, whilst dum doom
why? kial? kee'ehl?
willingly volonte volohn'teh
wisely saĝe sah'jeh
with kun koon
within interne intehr'neh
without sen sehn
yearly ĉiujare chee'oo-yah'reh
yet, as yet ankoraŭ ahnkoh'rahw