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Essay on the Theory of the Earth

Chapter 19: Depositions formed in Water.
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About This Book

The essay assembles geological observations and fossil evidence to reconstruct Earth's successive changes, arguing that strata and petrified remains record numerous abrupt revolutions of the surface that caused mass extinctions and replacement of faunas. It examines how current agencies—erosion, slips, alluvial deposition, coastal cliffs, stalactites, lithophyte growths, incrustations, and volcanic activity—operate, and distinguishes their slow effects from the sudden events inferred in the rock record. It uses stratigraphic sequences and fossil assemblages to date relative episodes and to argue that many major revolutions preceded the appearance of existing life forms, offering a systematic account of Earth's physical and organic history.

Depositions formed in Water.

Although we cannot obtain a precise knowledge of the action exerted by water within its own bosom, it is yet possible to determine its limits to a certain degree.

Lakes, pools, marshes, and sea-ports, into which rivulets discharge their waters, more especially when these descend from near and steep hills, deposit large quantities of mud, which would at length fill them up entirely, if care were not taken to clean them out. The sea also throws quantities of slime and sediment into harbours and creeks; into all places, in short, where its waters are more tranquil than ordinary. The currents also heap up at their meeting, or throw out at their sides, the sand which they are continually raising from the bottom of the sea, forming it into banks and shallows.