European Fungus Flora: Agaricaceae

MARASMIUS, Fr.

1. A. Collybia. Margin of pileus incurved at first. Stem cartilaginous; mycelium floccose.
   1. I. Scortei. Stem solid, or stuffed then hollow, fibrous inside; outside villose over the cartilaginous cortex. Gills becoming free.
      1. * Base of stem strigosely woolly.

         urens, Fr. P. Acrid. 4-7 cm. exp. glabrous, even, pinkish buff, pale when dry; g. free, becoming brownish, at length remote; s. 5-7 cm. everywhere covered with white farinose down; sp. 8 × 4.

         The acrid taste separates this sp. from M. oreades.

         [subannulatus, Trog. P. plane or depr. even, yellowish; g. adnate, reddish then brownish; s. with an incomplete ring about the middle, base with white down.

         peronatus, Fr. Acrid. P. exp. reddish brown, then tan colour, becoming lacunose, margin striate; g. adnexed, seceding, pallid then rufescent; s. 3-5 cm. villosely downy, lower portion coarsely strigose, yellowish; sp. 10 × 6-7.

         porreus, Fr. Smell of garlic. P. 2-5 cm. dingy yellowish then paler, striate, disc even, flaccid; g. distant, firm, yellow then pale; s. 2-4 cm. reddish-brown, pubescent; sp. subgl. 4.

         Differs from M. prasiosmus in yellowish gills and stem everywhere pubescent.

         [mulleus, Fr. Mild. P. plane or depr. even, yellow brown then paler; g. citrin; s. bay towards fusiform rooting base, with a purplish tomentose ring.

         [Queletii, Schulz. White. P. diaphanous, umb.; g. free, white; s. stuffed; with grey rooting mycelium.

         [foeniculaceus, Fr. P. tough, convex-umb. then plano-depr. pallid then white; g. broad, thick, adnex. distant, whitish; s. fibrous, glabrous, base abrupt, with rufous fibres. Used as a condiment.

      2. ** Base of stem naked, often formed of twisted fibres.

         oreades, Fr. P. 2-5 cm. subumb. glabrous, brownish then pale; g. free, broad, distant, pale; s. 3-6 cm. pallid, everywhere with a downy surface; sp. 8 × 5. Edible.

         [globularis, Fr. P. globose campan. umb. hygrophanous, pellucidly striate; g. free, white then dingy; s. pulverulent, white.

         plancus, Fr. P. 2-... cm. pliant, plane or depr. even, rufescent then pale; g. narrow, tinged ochraceous-brown; s. 3-5 cm. with white down, base narrowed, naked; sp. ——.

         Differs from M. oreades in narrower, darker coloured gills.

         [pyramidalis, Fr. P. umb. shining, dingy brown then pale; g. arcuately adnexed, white then reddish; s. narrowed upwards, flocculose, whitish, rooting.

         scorteus, Fr. P. 1-1.5 cm. pallid, exp. obtuse, even, wrinkled; g. broad, distant, white; s. 2-4 cm. obsoletely hollow, equal, tinged fuscous, glabrous, apex slightly mealy; sp. 8 × 6.

         Resembling M. oreades, but smaller and stem glabrous.

   2. II. Tergini. Stem rooting, distinctly tubular, not fibrous, evidently cartilaginous. Gills becoming free.
      1. * Stem woolly below, glabrous above.

         prasiosmus, Fr. Smell of garlic. P. 1.5-2 cm. pale yellow or whitish disc, often darker, wrinkled, g. adnexed; s. 4-7 cm. pallid and glabrous above, thickened and subtomentose below and brownish; sp. 14-15 × 7.

         Differs from M. porreus in white gills and estriate pileus.

         varicosus, Fr. P. 1.5-3 cm. reddish brown, plane or depr. wavy, subumb. darker when dry; g. closely crowded, very narrow; s. 5-8 cm. reddish, with red juice, base with reddish down; sp. 4 × 3.

         fuscopurpureus, Fr. 2-2.5 cm. exp. often umbilicate, purplish brown then pale; g. attached to collar then free, tinged reddish; s. 2.5-7 cm. dry, dingy purple, base with reddish down; sp. 4-3.

         terginus, Fr. P. 1.5-2.5 cm. exp. obtuse, shining, reddish, then pale, striate at margin; g. narrow, free; s. 5-8 cm. glabrous, shining, pallid, reddish below with white down, rooting; sp. 6-7 × 4.

         Much like M. prasiosmus and M. porreus, differing from both in absence of smell.

         [gelidus, Q. P. campan. exp. thin, rugosely striate, pruinose, translucent; g. free, hyaline or tinged rose; s. filiform, striate, pruinosely-pubescent, base cottony, recurved; sp. 7-8.

         [putillus, Fr. P. rufescent then tan; g. rufous, margin paler, entire; s. short, rufescent, abrupt base with white down.

         [carpathicus, Kalchb. P. exp. subumb. rather viscid, brownish, hygr. edge striatulate; g. rotundato-adnexed, pallid; s. even, naked above, pallid, rest bay, white downy base rooting.

      2. ** Stem (at least when dry) everywhere pruinosely velvety.

         Wynnei, B. and Br. P. 2.5-4 cm. soon plane, subumb. lilac-brown; g. adnexed, lilac; s. 3-6 cm. paler than p., scurfy; 7-8 × 4.

         erythropus, Fr. P. 2-3 cm. obtuse, even, then rugulose, pallid; g. broad, lax, pallid, connected by veins; s. 5-8 cm. hollow, striate, glabrous, dark red, base with white down; sp. 8-10 × 5-6.

         Differs from Collybia acervata by the broad distant gills.

         [dispar, Fr. P. subumb. whitish, margin striate; g. nearly free, crowded, narrow; s. purplish-brown, pruinose, base with white down.

         archyropus, Fr. P. 1.5-2.5 cm. plane or depr. glabrous, pallid; g. crowded, linear, pallid; s. 6-10 cm. rigid, straight, pale rufescent, coated with white down, base similar; sp. subgl. 4-5.

         Differs from M. terginus in tufted habit, and from M. prasiosmus in absence of smell.

         torquescens, Q. P. 1-1.5 cm. plane, rugosely striate, pallid; g. free; s. 4-5 cm. brown, minutely velvety, apex pale and glabrous; sp. 5 × 4.

         impudicus, Fr. Smell foetid. P. 1.5-2.5 cm. rugulosely striate, reddish bay, then pale; g. tinged red then pale; s. 3-5 cm. equal, purplish, covered with white down when dry, base naked, rooting; sp. 8 × 4-5.

         Differs from M. foetidus in free gills.

         [saxatilis, Fr. P. depr. striate, reddish; g. adnate, white; s. glabrous, apex pruinose, reddish.

   3. III. Calopodes. Stem short, not rooting, entering matrix abruptly, often with a small floccose tubercle at base. Gills adnate then subdecur. when p. expands.
      1. * Stem very glabrous upwards, shining, base simple.

         scorodonius, Fr. Smell of garlic. P. 1.5-2 cm. soon plane, dry, rufous then pale, wrinkled; g. adnate, whitish; s. 2.5-4 cm. equal, everywhere glabrous, shining, rufous; sp. 6 × 4.

         calopus, Fr. P. 1-1.5 cm. exp. even then wrinkled, glabrous, whitish; g. emarginately adnexed; s. 2-2.5 cm. even, glabrous, bay, shining, not rooting; 7 × 4.

         Habit of M. scorodonius, but no smell.

         Vaillantii, Fr. P. 1.5-2.5 cm. depr. plicately rugose, whitish; g. broad, subdecurrent; s. 2-2.5 cm. glabrous, bay, apex paler and thickened; sp. 10 × 6.

         M. impudicus differs in purplish stem with white down when dry. M. foetidus differs in strong smell.

         angulatus, Fr. P. 1-1.5 cm. soon exp. at length folded and angular, whitish or tinge of tawny; g. distant; s. 2-3 cm. greyish rufescent, thickened at both ends; sp. 7 × 4.

         Closely resembling M. Curreyi and M. graminum; differs from former in ventricose gills not attached to a collar; from the latter in the gills not being attached to a collar. M. calopus differs in the shining, bay stem.

         [Kirchneri, Thurn. P. often umb. pallid whitish brown; g. subdecur. distant, whitish fuscous; s. filiform, glabrous, brown.

         languidus, Fr. P. 1.5-2 cm. umbil. flocculose, rugosely sulcate, whitish tinged yellow or flesh colour; g. narrow; s. 2-3 cm. thickened upwards, pale, naked, base tawny; sp. 6-7 × 4.

         rubricatus, Mass. P. up to 1 cm. soon plane, whitish tinged red; g. adnexed, white then brownish; s. 1-2 cm. slender, incurved, hollow; sp. 6 × 3.

      2. ** Stem velvety pruinose, base subtuberculose.

         foetidus, Fr. Foetid. P. 2-3 cm. exp. and umbil. or wavy, striato-plicate, tawny bay or rufous, pruinose when dry; g. rufescent with a yellow tinge; s. 2-3 cm. hollow, bay, minutely velvety; sp. 7 × 4.

         inodorus, Pat. P. thin, exp. reddish brown with adpr. silky down; g. adnate, crowded, whitish; s. blackish red, apex pale, entirely covered with white bloom.

         Differs from M. foetidus in absence of smell.

         [xerotoides, Tr. P. umbilicate, umber, striate; g. broadly adnate, becoming greyish; s. velvety, base thickened, strigose.

         [lagopinus, Fr. P. convex, even, glabrous, pallid; g. adnate, pallid; s. pallid, white floccose half way up, apex naked.

         amadelphus, Fr. P. 3-4 mm. soon plane, disc slightly pruinose, margin at length striate, pale reddish-yellow; g. broadly adnate, broad; s. pallid, bay below, slightly pruinose 1-1.5 cm.; sp. 4 × 2.5.

         var. insignis. G. very distant, pale umber.

         ramealis, Fr. P. 2-4 mm. opaque, rugulose, not striate, white, disc often tinged rufescent; g. rather distant, narrow, white, adnate; s. 1 cm. white, mealy, base darker; sp. 4 × 2.

         candidus, Bolt. Entirely white. P. up to 0.5 cm. pellucid, wrinkled, naked; g. adnexed; s. 1-2 cm. whitish, slightly pruinose, base tinged brownish; sp. 4 × 2.

2. B. Mycena. Stem horny, fistulose but often with a pith, tough, dry, mycelium rhizomorphoid, cortex not floccose, edge of pileus straight and adpressed to stem at first.
   1. I. Chordales. Stem rigid, rooting, or adnate by a dilated base.

      alliaceus, Fr. Smell of garlic. P. 2.4 cm. subumb. even then striate or sulcate, greyish; g. free; s. 6-10 cm. minutely velvety, blackish; sp. 14-16 × 8.

      molyoides, Fr. Smell somewhat unpleasant. P. soon plane, even, brownish then pale; g. free, crowded, white; s. tall, hollow, glabrous, blackish brown.

      [chordalis, Fr. P. plicate, brownish; g. adnato-decurrent, white; s. elongated, straight, velvety, blackish brown, stuffed, rooting.

      cauticinalis, Fr. P. about 1 cm. yellowish, even then striato-sulcate; g. adnato-decur. connected by veins, yellow; s. 3-6 cm. flocculose, bay, paler and mealy upwards; sp. 7 × 3-5.

      [schizopus, Secr. P. very thin, campan. plicato-sulcate, whitish; g. thick, distant, white, with a collar; s. whitish, base a darker dilated tubercle.

      [torquatus, Fr. P. campan. sulcate, whitish; g. thick, attached to a collar; s. whitish, with a darker tubercular dilated base.

   2. II. Rotulae. Stem filiform, flaccid, base entering matrix abruptly.
      1. * Stem very glabrous, shining.

         rotula, Fr. P. 4-7 mm. umbilicate, plicate, whitish or disc slightly tinged; g. attached to a free collar encircling the stem; s. 2-4 cm. glabrous, blackish, shining; sp. 6 × 3-4.

         [littoralis, Q. P. umbil. plicate, white; g. free, distant; s. horny, umber, apex pale, base downy.

         graminum, Berk. P. up to 1 cm. umb. striate or sulcate, pale rufous, disc darker; g. attached to a collar encircling stem, few in number; s. 2-4 cm. black, shining, glabrous, apex paler; sp. subgl. 3-4.

         [epodius, Bres. P. convexo-campan. exp. usually umb. and depr. edge at first incurved, sulcate, centre usually reticulated, reddish-yellow then pale; g. free, white then yellowish; s. very glabrous, rufescent then bay, apex hyaline, base bulbillose substrigose; sp. 20-28 × 2.5-4.

         [Menieri, Boud. P. 1-3 mm. excentric, broadly subumb. punctulate tawny; g. fold-like, few, branched, paler than p.; s. curved, tawny, base black; sp. 18-25 × 5-7.

         [faveolaris, Fr. P. sulcate, exp. disc coloured; g. attached to a ring, anastomosing to form cells; s. glabrous, subulate, bay below.

         androsaceus, Fr. P. 1-1.5 cm. whitish, umbilicate striate; g. adnate to stem; s. 3-6 cm. black, glabrous, polished; sp. 7 × 3-4.

         [sclerotipes, Bres. P. thin, convex, edge incurved then plane, ruguloso-striate, shining white, umbil. yellowish, subflocculose; g. distant, adnate, white, edge fimbriate; s. filiform, tinged rufescent downwards, adnate to a rufescent sclerotium.

         Passed as Collybia cirrhata very frequently. The latter differs in not springing from a sclerotium. Collybia tuberosa differs in growing on fungi.

         [Bulliardi, Q. P. plicate, dingy yellow brown; g. whitish; s. bay.

         splachnoides, Fr. Inodorous. P. up to 1 cm. whitish, subumbilicate, striate; g. subdecurrent; s. 2-4 cm. polished, reddish-brown; sp. 8 × 5.

         Similar in habit to M. perforans, but no smell, and white subdecurrent gills.

         [limosus, Q. Very minute. P. plicate, diaphanous, whitish; s. capillary, brownish.

         flosculus, Q. P. white, umbil. sulcate; g. adnate, white; s. short, incurved, bay, apex pale.

         Curreyi, B. & Br. P. up to 1 cm. pale rufous, coarsely striate, umb. tawny; g. attached to collar; s. 2-3 cm. polished, blackish, apex white; sp. 9 × 5-6.

      2. ** Stem velvety or pilose.

         perforans, Fr. Foetid. P. up to 1 cm. whitish or tinged rufous, plane, not striate, rugulose; g. adnate; s. 2-3 cm. minutely velvety, blackish brown; sp. 4 × 3.

         insititius, Fr. Inodorous. P. 1-1.5 cm. subumbilicate, at length plicate, pale yellow-brown then whitish; g. broadly adnate, simple, unequal, distant; s. 2-3 cm. floccose or scurfy, reddish-brown; sp. 4 × 2.5.

         Hudsoni, Pers. P. 2-3 mm. rugulose, tinged brown, covered with spreading purplish hairs; g. white; s. 1-1.5 cm. with hairs like the pileus; sp. 5 × 3.

         [buxi, Fr. P. sulcate, minutely squamulose, tawny; g. few; s. blackish purple, pilose below, glabrous above.

         epichloe, Fr. P. 4-5 mm. plane, papillate, even, whitish, disc darker; g. broadest behind; s. 2-3 cm. bay, coarsely striate, striae setulose; sp. 3 × 2.

         actinophorus, B. & Br. P. 2-3 mm. umbilicate, pale bay with darker radiating lines, wrinkled when dry; g. adnexed; s. 1-2 cm. paler than pileus; sp. subgl. 3-4.

         saccharinus, Batsch. P. 2-4 mm. subpapillate, glabrous, sulcate, whitish; g. broadly adnate, connected by veins; s. 1.5-2.5 cm. reddish, minutely flocculose, then almost glabrous; sp. 5 × 3.

         Resembling M. polyadelphus, but not clustered, and papillate pileus.

         epiphyllus, Fr. P. 4-6 cm. umbilicate, wrinkled, white; g. adnate, distant, veined; s. 3-5 cm. bay, minutely velvety, apex pale; sp. 3 × 2.

3. C. Apus. Pileus sessile, resupinate.

   spodoleucus, B. & Br. P. 4-5 mm. shell-shaped, resupinate, sessile, grey, slightly pulverulent; gills few, white.

   [recubans, Q. P. hemisph. sulcate, white; g. white; s. capillary, villose, brown.

LACTARIUS, Fr.

1. * Milk yellow, acrid.

   [resimus, Fr. P. fleshy, umbil. then infundib. even, glabrous, viscid, white or pallid, edge incurved and tomentose then spreading and naked; g. decur. white; s. stout, hollow, villose; milk soon sulphur colour; sp. 8-10 × 6-7.

   scrobiculatus, Scop. P. 10-20 cm. yellowish, depr. zoneless, incurved margin fibrillose; g. decur. whitish; s. 4-8 cm. stout, yellow, pitted; milk soon sulphur yellow; sp. subgl. echin. 7-8. (10-12 × 8-9 Sacc.)

   chrysorrheus, Fr. P. 4-6 cm. umbil. then infundib. pale yellowish flesh colour, zoned; g. yellowish; s. white, 3-4 cm.; milk white then golden yellow; sp. 6-7.

   intermedius, Kromb. P. 10-14 cm. infundib. viscid, ochraceous, incurved margin tomentose at first; g. decur.; s. 3-5 cm. stout, yellowish, pitted; milk soon yellowish; sp. ——.

   Differs from L. scrobiculatus in infundibiliform pileus.

   theiogalus, Bull. P. 3-6 cm. depr. viscid, tawny rufous; g. pale rufescent; s. 3-5 cm. colour of p.; milk white then sulphur yellow, becoming acrid; sp. 7-8.

   Agrees with L. chrysorrheus in yellow milk, but differs in tawny rufous stem.

2. ** Milk violet.
   1. + Milk acrid.

      aspideus, Fr. Dingy straw colour. P. 5-9 cm. zoneless, convex then depr. at first with white down; g. narrow, thickish; s. 5-7 cm. glabrous, dry; milk white soon becoming lilac; sp. echin. 8-10.

      Differs from L. uvidus in narrow gills.

      uvidus, Fr. P. 3-7 cm. thin, depr. zoneless, dingy tan; g. broad, white; s. 5-8 cm. viscid, pallid; milk white soon lilac; sp. 9-10. (5-6 Sacc.)

      [flavidus, Boud. P. exp. viscid pale primrose yellow; g. whitish; s. solid, white with yellow tinge; milk white then deep violet; sp. 6-7.

   2. ++ Milk sweet.

      [violascens, Fr. P. depr. glabrous, grey with darker zones; g. white; s. solid, greyish white; milk violet.

3. *** Milk reddish, saffron, or brownish.
   1. + Milk acrid.

      deliciosus, Fr. P. 7-12 cm. convex, umbil. dusky orange, zoned; g. subdecurrent, orange; s. 3-6 cm. smooth; milk saffron red; sp. 9-10 × 7-8. Every part becoming red then greenish when bruised; sp. 7-10. Edible.

      [flammeolus, Fr. P. subumb. not zoned, flame coloured; g. adnate, yellow; s. hollow, pale orange; milk reddish, slowly acrid.

      Differs from L. mitissimus in red milk.

      acris, Fr. P. 6-7 cm. soon infundib. viscid, sooty grey; g. pale yellow; s. often excentric, pallid, narrowed below; milk white then reddish; sp. 8-9 × 6-8.

      fuliginosus, Fr. P. 4-9 cm. soon depr. obtuse, even, at first with sooty-brown powder, then naked and greyish tan; g. adnate, white then tan; s. 6-8 cm. stuffed, naked, greyish tan; milk and flesh white then reddish-yellow; sp. 8-9.

      Distinguished from allies by pileus not being velvety.

      [fuscus, Roll. Caespitose, scented. P. exp. and slightly depr. round the umb. edge grooved, fibrillose or squamulose, sooty grey or dingy violet, often zoned; g. forked, pallid then ochre; s. firm ochre or tinged red, pruinose.

      [argematus, Fr. White. P. thin, exp. glabrous, edge even; g. adnate, crowded; s. stuffed, short, glabrous; milk slowly acrid, white then rufescent.

   2. ++ Milk mild.

      retisporus, Mass. P. 5-8 cm. depr. smoky brown, velvety, radially rugulose, minutely velvety; g. deeply sinuate, pale ochre; s. 3-5 cm. glabrous, paler than p.; milk white then brown; sp. globose, 10-11, with a raised network.

      Close to L. ligniotus, differing especially in the spores.

      [sangifluus, Fr. P. depr. even, not zoned, blood-red; s. narrowed upwards, paler; g. thin, white; milk blood-red; sp. 10.

4. **** Milk becoming grey.

   vietus, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. subumb. then plane and umbil. flesh colour, pale and silky when dry; g. subdecurrent; 4-6 cm. soon hollow, livid; milk white then grey, becoming acrid; sp. 7-8.

   [musteus, Fr. P. convex then depr. zoneless, very viscid when moist, gilvous then pallid; g. closely crowded, whitish; s. short, whitish; milk scanty, slightly acrid, whitish then grey, as is the flesh when cut; sp. 6-9.

5. ***** Milk becoming glaucous-green.

   glaucescens, Crossl. P. 4-6 cm. whitish, depressed, flesh thick; g. adnate, narrow, pallid; s. 2.5-3 long by 1.25 thick, whitish; milk white then glaucous-green; sp. echinulate, 6-7 µ.

6. ****** Milk persistently white.
   1. + Milk mild.
      1. § Gills rufescent or yellowish.

         volemus, Fr. P. 6-10 cm. rigid, depr. obtuse, dry, glabrous, golden tawny at length minutely broken up; g. decur. crowded, yellowish; s. 5-9 cm. solid, stout, coloured like p. pruinose; milk white; sp. 5-6. Edible.

         ichoratus, Batsch. P. 6-10 cm. thin, depr. even, glabrous, wavy, tawny, zoned; g. adnate, white then ochre; s. 3-7 cm. glabrous, tawny; milk white; sp. 8-10 × 6-7.

         Differs from L. volemus in zoned p. and in being altogether more slender. L. tithymalinus differs in acrid milk and pinkish gills.

         mitissimus, Fr. P. 2.6 cm. depr. papillate, dry, even, zoneless, deep orange, shining; g. crowded, paler than p.; s. 3-6 cm. hollow, orange; milk white; sp. 6-8 × 5-6.

         Differs from L. subdulcis in bright orange, shining p., and copious milk.

         quietus, Fr. Smell oily. P. 5-8 cm. depr. viscid at first, reddish cinnamon, pale and rather silky when dry; g. paler than p.; s. 5-8 cm. colour of p. glabrous; milk white; sp. 8-10 × 6-7.

         serifluus, Fr. P. 2-5 cm. plane then depr. rather wavy, glabrous, not zoned, tawny brown, margin incurved; g. crowded, yellowish; s. 2-4 cm. slightly incurved, paler than p. solid; milk scanty, watery; sp. 7-8.

         Differs from L. subdulcis in solid stem.

         camphoratus, Fr. Smell strong, pleasant. P. 3-5 cm. thin, depr. dry, glabrous, reddish-brown, slightly zoned, rather wavy; g. adnate, reddish-yellow; s. 2-3 cm. subundulate, colour of p.; milk white; sp. 8-9.

         Smell strong and fragrant, especially when dry.

         L. cimicarius has a very strong smell when quite fresh, but none when dry.

         subumbonatus, Lindgr. P. 2-3 cm. thin, depr. subumb. rugose, punctate, wavy, dusky cinnamon, flesh grey then yellowish; g. adnate, pinkish rufous; s. 2-3 cm. stuffed, rufescent; milk watery, whitish; sp. 5-6. (9, Sacc.)

         Smell foetid when dry.

         tomentosus, Otto. P. 5-7 cm. umb. then depr. or infundib. downy, dingy flesh colour or brownish; g. tinged reddish-yellow; s. 4-5 cm. soon hollow, pallid, naked, smooth; milk white; sp. 8-9.

         helvus, Fr. P. 5-9 cm. fragile, plane, subumb. pale brick red, broken up into floccose squamules; g. decurrent, soon ochraceous; s. 5-8 cm. brick red, pruinosely pubescent; milk scanty, white, rather sweet; sp. 8-9.

         L. tomentosus differs in the naked stem.

         squalidus, Kromb. P. 2-5 cm. umbil. pale greyish olive or lurid; g. narrow, yellowish; s. 4-5 cm. solid, equal, glabrous, pale brown; milk whitish; sp. 6-10.

         About size of L. pyrogalus, but gills narrow and milk mild.

         ligniotus, Fr. P. 4-7 cm. exp. umb. plicato-rugulose, pruinosely velvety, sooty umber; g. adnate, snow-white then tinged ochre; s. 6-12 cm. colour of p., apex constricted and plicate; milk white; sp. echinulate, 9-10.

         Known by rugulose pileus and mild milk.

      2. §§ Gills pallid.

         pallidus, Fr. P. 6-10 cm. umbil. viscid, pale ochraceous tan, zoneless; g. crowded, pallid, pruinose; s. 3-5 cm. pallid tan, soon hollow; milk white; sp. 9-10 × 7-8.

         cremor, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. soon plane, minutely punctate, tawny, margin striate; g. adnate, pallid; s. 3-4 cm. hollow, coloured like p.; milk whitish, watery; sp. 9-10.

         var. pauper, Karst. P. 7 cm. margin sulcate; milk none; sp. 10.

         [rubrocinctus, Fr. P. plane, tawny then paler; g. adnate, pallid; s. pallid with a pale red zone at the apex; milk scanty, white.

   2. ++ Milk acrid.
      1. § Gills whitish or pallid.

         vellereus, Fr. White. P. 9-18 cm. umbil. tomentose, zoneless; g. decurrent, distant; s. solid, pubescent, 5-8 cm.; milk scanty, white; sp. 8 × 6.

         piperatus, Fr. White. P. 7-18 cm. thick, firm, umbil. then infundib. edge erect, glabrous, even; g. decur. crowded, narrow, forked; s. 3-4 cm. stout, smooth, solid; milk copious, white, acrid; sp. 8-9.

         pergamenus, Fr. White. P. 5-8 cm. plane then depr. wavy, rugulose; g. adnate, very narrow, horizontal, tinged straw colour; s. glabrous, discoloured, 7-10 cm.; milk white; sp. 8 × 6.

         Differs from L. piperatus in crowded narrow gills, longer stem, and thinner pileus.

         Scoticus, B. and Br. Pallid white, smell pungent. P. 2.4 cm. soon plane, tomentose then smooth except incurved margin; g. thin, rather broad; s. 2-3 cm. solid, tinged pink; milk white; sp. 7-8.

         involutus, Soppitt. White. P. 2-4 cm. plane or depr. incurved edge silky; g. subdecurrent, very narrow, densely crowded; s. 2-2.5 cm. glabrous, solid; milk white; sp. elliptical, 5 × 3.

         Differs from L. scoticus and all known species in the smooth, elliptical spores.

         torminosus, Schaeff. P. 6-9 cm. obt. depr. slightly zoned, margin strongly involute and shaggy, tinged flesh colour or ochre; g. subdecur. pale; s. 5-8 cm. paler than p.; milk white; sp. echin. 9-10 × 7-8.

         Differs from L. cilicioides in zoned pileus and white milk.

         cilicioides, Fr. P. 5-9 cm. soft, not zoned, exp. and depr. margin fibrillose, pale flesh colour with rufous tinge; g. decur. somewhat branched; s. 5-8 cm. stuffed, even, silky, not spotted, pallid; milk white or faintly tinged yellow; sp. 8 × 6-7, echinulate.

         pubescens, Fr. P. 5-8 cm. thin, exp. umbil. zoneless, whitish, margin pubescent; g. crowded, tinged pink; s. 2-4 cm. pinkish then pale, narrowed downwards; milk white; sp. echin. 7-8.

         Differs from L. torminosus and L. cilicioides in the margin being only downy.

         insulsus, Fr. P. 6-9 cm. soon infundib. viscid, slightly zoned, yellowish or reddish, margin naked; g. forked, pallid; s. 3-4 cm. stuffed then hollow, pallid; milk white; sp. echin. 10 × 8.

         L. zonarius differs in the solid stem.

         hysginus, Fr. P. 6-10 cm. rigid, umbil. viscid, thin margin incurved, reddish flesh colour; g. crowded; s. 5-9 cm. stuffed then hollow; milk white; sp. 10 × 7-8.

         [luridus, Fr. P. fleshy, almost plane, even, viscid, slightly zoned, rufous-grey, edge bent down; g. decur. whitish; milk white, acrid; s. hollow, pallid; sp. 8 × 6.

         zonarius, Fr. P. 5-9 cm. compact, viscid, pale orange or yellowish, zoned; g. whitish; s. 5-8 cm. solid, yellowish; milk white; sp. 9-10 × 8.

         circellatus, Fr. P. 5-9 cm. soon plane, wavy, viscid, brownish, zones and umbilicate disc darker; g. crowded, whitish; s. solid, narrowed below, pallid; milk white; sp. 7-8.

         L. flexuosus differs in yellow gills.

         trivialis, Fr. 9-18 cm. depr. viscid, zoneless, pale yellowish or pinky tan, margin incurved; g. crowded, white; s. 3-8 cm. paler than p., hollow; milk white; sp. 9-10.

         turpis, Fr. P. 6-14 cm. rigid, depr. zoneless, viscid, olive-umber, margin at first with yellow down; g. thin, pallid; s. 3-6 cm. viscid, olive, narrowed at base; milk white; sp. echin. 6-8.

         Differs from L. blennius in absence of circles of spots on pileus.

         umbrinus, Pers. P. 5-8 cm. plane, umbil. wavy, dry, floccose, umber, not zoned; g. crowded, pallid; s. solid, very short, 2 cm. greyish white; milk white, forming grey spots; sp. 8-9.

         blennius, Fr. P. 7-12 cm. depr. glutinous, dingy olive grey, often concentrically spotted, margin at first incurved; g. crowded; s. 3-5 cm. viscid, coloured like pileus; milk white; sp. 7-8 × 6.

         [lividus, Lamb. P. convex then plane or depr. not distinctly zoned, pale livid, centre fuscescent, viscid (?); g. subdecur. pale livid, crowded; s. livid, solid, curved; milk white, acrid.

         [impolitus, Fr. P. convex then depr. subumb. dry, silky, not zoned, becoming pale; g. adnate, crowded, pallid; s. glabrous but not polished, reddish white; milk white, acrid.

      2. §§ Gills rufescent or yellowish.

         rufus, Scop. P. 6-9 cm. umb. depr. flocculose then glabrous, zoneless, rufous bay, shining; g. yellowish rufous; s. 5-8 cm. rufescent; milk white; sp. 7-9.

         [decipiens, Q. P. moist then puberulent, reddish flesh-colour; g. narrow, tinged flesh-colour; s. slender, paler than p., milk very acrid; sp. 8-9.

         [maliodorus, Boud. Smell unpleasant. P. infundib. dry, rather viscid when moist, tawny ochre or tawny brick-red, zones formed of darker spots, edge glabrous; g. subdecur. pallid then like p.; s. short, rugose; flesh tawny, milk white, acrid.

         Differs from L. quietus in brighter colour and acrid milk.

         capsicum, Schulz. P. 3-6 cm. obtuse, deep chestnut colour, margin strongly incurved; g. tawny; s. white with tawny fibrils; milk white; sp. 6-7.

         [tithymalinus, Fr. P. umb. then convex, depr. dry, even, glabrous, not zoned, yellow, disc rufescent; g. adnate, crowded, yellowish then flesh-colour; s. glabrous, colour of p.; milk white, acrid.

         subdulcis, Fr. P. 3-6 cm. thin, at length depr. papillate, even, glabrous, zoneless, bay or rufous cinnamon, not turning pale; g. adnate, paler than p.; s. 3-5 cm. soon hollow, equal, rufescent, slightly pruinose; milk white, sweet at first then very slightly acrid; sp. 9-10.

         var. concavus, Fr. P. rufous bay; g. reddish, pruinose; mild.

         var. sphagneti, Fr. P. shining, margin crenate; s. hollow, glabrous.

         Terrei, B. and Br. Caespitose. P. 1-2 cm. wrinkled, depr. bay; g. decur. pallid; s. thickened at base, hollow, with orange down; smell sweet.

         [rubescens, Bres. P. convexo-plane then depr. rarely subumb. polished, dry, edge at first incurved and white-pruinose, pinkish brick-red then paler; g. crowded, pallid then pinkish-rufescent, subdecur.; s. colour of p.; milk white, sparingly acrid; sp. 7-8.

         cimicarius, Batsch. Smell unpleasant, oily. P. 2-4 cm. depr. or infund. wavy, dark bay brown; g. reddish ochre, subdecur.; s. 2-3 cm. paler than p.; milk white; sp. 7-8.

         Smell strong, said to resemble bugs.

         obnubilus, Lasch. P. 2-3 cm. thin, convex, umbil. sooty brown, slightly striate; g. rather crowded, yellowish; s. 3-4 cm. stuffed, slender, paler than p.; milk white; sp. 8-9.

         var. crenatus, Mass. P. 3-5 cm. sooty brown, coarsely sulcate, margin crenate.

         flexuosus, Fr. P. 7-12 cm. dry, depr. wavy, lead colour or with lilac tinge, becoming squamulose; g. thick, distant, yellow; s. 5-8 cm. stout, solid, greyish; milk white; sp. 6-8.

         var. roseozonatus, Fr. P. rose colour, zones darker.

         Differs from L. blennius in yellow gills.

         plumbeus, Fr. P. 8-14 cm. convex then infundib. dry, dull, sooty then blackish brown; g. crowded, tinged yellow; s. solid, equal, stout; milk white, acrid; sp. 6-8 × 4-6.

         [capsicoides, Fr. P. compact, convex-incurved, wavy, dry, glabrous, not zoned, flesh-colour; g. broad, crowded, whitish; s. solid, short, thick.

         Differs from L. flexuosus in broad, crowded, white g.

         [jecorinus, Fr. P. convex then plano-depr. rugulose with elevated ridges, zoneless, viscid, reddish liver-colour; g. distant, yellow; s. hollow, pallid; milk white, acrid; sp. 10.

         [crampylus, Fr. P. convex, umbil. everywhere rugulosely tomentose, zoneless, sooty red, edge downy; g. yellow; s. greyish; milk white, acrid.

         pannucius, Fr. P. plano-discoid, zoneless, glabrous, brick-red, edge white-tomentose at first; g. yellow; s. elongated; milk white, acrid.

         [fluens, Boud. P. convex, viscid, blackish olive, centre scarcely zoned, edge pale; g. adnate, ochre with grey tinge later; s. solid, rather viscid greyish ochre, brown when bruised like gills; milk acrid, white then brownish.

         Differs from L. blennius in larger size, tufted habit, convex p. and darker colour.

         fascinans, Fr. P. convex then depr. viscid, brownish brick-red, zoneless, edge downy white at first; g. thickish, yellowish; s. hollow, pallid; milk white.

         cyathicula, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. plane, umb. brick-red then pale, broken up, opaque; g. decurrent, crowded, yellowish; s. 4-5 cm. pallid; milk white; sp. 6-8.

         glyciosmus, Fr. Strong scented. P. 3-7 cm. soon exp. umb. squamulose, greyish or brownish, opaque; g. soon pale ochre; s. 2-3 cm. pubescent, pallid; milk white; sp. 6-10.

         var. flexuosus, Fr. P. wavy, somewhat zoned.

         pyrogalus, Bull. P. 5-8 cm. exp. depr. livid grey; g. thin, ochraceous; s. 3-4 cm. hollow, pallid; milk white; sp. 7-10.

         L. flexuosus differs in larger size, thick gills, and squamulose dark pileus.

         utilis, Weinm. P. 10-20 cm. exp. then infund. glabrous, tan; g. adnate; s. 5-8 cm. hollow, even, coloured like p.; milk white; sp. 7-9 × 5-6.

         mammosus, Fr. P. 4-6 cm. acutely umb. then depr. zoneless, dry, greyish brown or lurid, covered with grey down; g. adnate, pale rusty; s. 5-7 cm. stuffed then hollow, pallid, downy; milk white, slowly acrid; sp. 8-9.

         aurantiacus, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. depr. even, zoneless, slightly viscid dull orange; g. decurrent, ochre; s. 6-7 cm. coloured like p.; milk white, becoming acrid; sp. 9-10.

         L. volemus differs in pruinose stem, and L. mitissimus in mild milk.

         [Porinae, Roll. P. very firm, rugose, glabrous, viscid, orange yellow, generally with red zones, convex then plane, at length infundib. irreg. subumb. edge even incurved; g. yellow then ochre, crowded; s. ochre, rooting; milk white, scanty, rather acrid; sp. 7.5.

         picinus, Fr. P. 5-7 cm. convex then plane, umb. brownish umber, at first villosely velvety then disc almost glabrous; g. adnate, much crowded, ochre; s. 4-7 cm. even, glabrous, paler; milk white; sp. 9-10. (5-6 Sacc.)

         Velvety p. and acrid milk mark this species.

         spinulosus, Q. P. 2-3 cm. depr. umbo acute, flesh colour or rosy, with minute erect spines towards margin; g. decur. flesh colour with yellow tinge; s. 2-3 cm. flexuous, rugulose, paler than p.; milk white; sp. 8.

         var. violaceus, Cke. P. rosy violet; s. almost smooth.

         lilacinus, Lasch. P. 2-5 cm. depr. papillate, rosy-lilac, floccose when dry; g. adnate, tinged pink; s. 2-3 cm. pallid with a white bloom; milk white; sp. 7-10.

         lateritioroseus, Karst. P. plano-depr. often subinfundib. and irreg. granulose or squamulose especially near the edge, zoneless or nearly so, pale brick-red with rosy tinge; g. decur. pinkish; s. solid, colour of p., apex with white meal; milk scanty, white, acrid; sp. 9-10 × 8-9.

         Differs from Lact. lilacinus in decur. g. and pileus not floccose.

         controversus, Pers. P. 7-12 cm. umbil. then infundib. whitish with red spots or zones; g. closely crowded, soon with flesh-coloured tint; s. 3-5 cm. white; milk white; sp. echin. 6-8.

         [viridis, Fr. P. depr. wavy, dry, green; g. white tinged rufous; s. hollow, stout, base narrowed; milk white; sp. 8.5 × 6.

         [tabidus, Fr. P. submembranaceous, acutely umb., reddish then pale, edge striate when moist; s. subfistulose, pallid; g. flaccid, pallid; milk; sp. 8 × 4-5.

         Recognised by very thin, acutely umbonate p.; owing to absence of description of milk, position uncertain.

         [rutaceus, Lasch. P. subdepr. almost glabrous, opaque, reddish-fawn; g. subdecur. crowded, narrow, yellowish clay-colour.

         Smell like Ruta graveolens, taste bitter and of camphor.

Stem excentric or lateral; growing on wood.

[lateripes, Fr. P. white tinged rosy, subdimidiate; g. crowded, pallid; s. lateral; milk white, rather acrid.

[hometi, Gill. P. lateral, fleshy, convex, pale yellowish ochre, edge irreg. flesh white then violet; g. slightly decur. narrowed at both ends, pallid, spotted violet; s. lateral, stout, colour of p.

minimus, W. G. Sm. P. 1 cm. convex, subumb. excentric, pallid tan; g. subdecur. pallid; s. 1 cm. solid, coloured like p.; milk abundant, white; sp. 3-4.

obliquus, Fr. Smell strong. P. 3-4 cm. thin, depr. oblique, lobed, zoned greyish, silky; g. crowded; s. subexcentric, curved; milk white; sp. 5-6.

HYGROPHORUS, Fr.

1. I. Limacium. Pileus viscid, stem also often so; secondary veil floccose, forming a ring or attached to edge of p.; s. squamulose, or scabrid at apex; g. adnato-decur.
   1. * White or yellowish.

      [ligatus, Fr. White. P. convexo-plane, even; g. thick, distant; s. long, fibrillose, apex naked, ring inferior, subappend.; sp. 8-10 × 4-5.

      Sometimes tinged yellow, rarely spotted red.

      chrysodon, Fr. White, edge of p. gills and upper part of stem tinged yellow. P. 5-7 cm. exp.; g. broad, thin; s. 5-7 cm. yellow squamules forming ring at apex; sp. 8 × 4.

      [gliocyclus, Fr. P. exp. pallid-white, very glutinous; g. decur. distant, permanently white; s. with inferior glutinous ring.

      [hyacinthinus, Q. Fragrant. P. snow-white, viscid, silky-shining, margin pubescent; s. slender, striate, pruinose.

      eburneus, Bull. White. P. 3-5 cm. exp. even, edge soon naked; g. decur. distant, firm; s. 3-7 cm. viscid, rough with points at apex; sp. 5 × 4.

      Differs from H. cossus in pure white colour and absence of unpleasant smell.

      [subpurpurascens, Allesch. P. hemispher. viscid, white, tan or brownish when dry; g. decur. white, brownish-purple when dry; s. viscid, narrowed below and rooting, white, apex white-scurfy; sp. 6-8 × 5-6.

      cossus, Sow. Smell strong. P. 3-5 cm. exp. glutinous, shining when dry, white with yellow tinge, edge naked; g. subdecur. distant, firm; s. scurfy-punctate upwards; sp. 7-8 × 4-5.

      [melizeus, Fr. Straw colour. P. exp. depr. even; g. decur. thin, distant; s. soft, narrowed below, apex with white squamules.

      penarius, Sow. P. 4-7 cm. P. umb. then exp. and obtuse, usually dry, compact, pallid tan, opaque; g. decur. distant, thick; s. 3-5 cm. glutinous then dry and rugulose, fusiformly rooting; sp. 7-8 × 3-4.

   2. ** Reddish.

      [purpurascens, Fr. P. whitish, disc with purplish squamules; g. decur. white tinged purple; s. white, bristling with purplish squamules, ring inferior.

      [capreolarius, Kalchbr. Entirely purple rufous. P. soon dry, virgate with darker fibrils, centre squamulosely punctate, flesh reddish; g. rigid, purplish then changing to cinnamon; s. reticulately striate with darker purple-umber fibrils.

      erubescens, Fr. P. 5-12 cm. gibbous then convexo-plane, white then deep rosy or dingy red; g. soft, white spotted red; s. 4-9 cm. reddish fibrillose, apex red punctate; sp. 8-10 × 4-5.

      Usually growing in circles. Pileus and flesh white suffused with red everywhere.

      pudorinus, Fr. P. 5-9 cm. convex depr. viscid, clear reddish flesh colour; g. distant, thick, shining white; s. 5-9 cm. white, apex constricted and rough with points; sp. 8 × 4.

      Differs from H. erubescens in pure white gills, and clearer colour of p.

      rubescens, Beck. P. convex, shining, flesh-colour or yellowish, disc often somewhat tawny; g. very distant, adnate, scarcely decur., pale flesh-colour; s. clavate from base, yellowish white, narrowed and floccosely-verruculose below gills; sp. 7.5-10 × 4-7; flesh of p. reddish.

      Differs from H. pudorinus and H. discoideus in clavate s. and red flesh.

      [Queletii, Bres. P. convex-plane, subumb. white with pinkish flecks at centre, epidermis becoming squamulose, edge at first incurved and white-floccose, viscid; g. adnato-decur. white or yellowish, edge citrin; s. solid, white, scurfy with reddish flecks; sp. 8-9 × 5.

      Sometimes entirely white and p. concentrically cracked.

      glutinifer, Fr. P. 5-9 cm. exp. rufescent, pellicle glutinous, disc rugosely punctate; g. arcuato-decur. white; s. 7-9 cm. stuffed, ventricose below, viscid, colour of p., apex white squamulose; sp. ——.

      [leucophaeus, Fr. P. exp. pallid gilvous, disc rugosely punctate; g. adnate then decur. pallid; s. hollow, narrowed below, pallid, apex white floccose; sp. 6-8 × 4.

      [Secretani, Henn. (= Ag. suaveolens, Var. D. Secr.) Smell strong, like aniseed. P. camp. exp. white, disc with rosy fibrils; g. adnato-decur. distant, thick, white then tan or yellowish; s. white, glabrous, apex white-floccose; sp. 11-13 × 5-6.

      [persicinus, Beck. P. conic then hemispher. edge incurved, peach colour or somewhat orange, shining, even; g. thick, both ends narrowed, decur. edge very obtuse, fuscescent; s. constricted below gills, pale lilac-peach-colour, base yellowish; sp. 15-20 × 5-6.

      [miniaceus, Beck. P. convex then exp. fleshy, vermilion brick-red, centre innately floccose; g. adnate, very distant, broad, white; s. orange flesh-colour; flesh white soon reddish, deep rose under cuticle of p.; sp. 6-7.

   3. *** Tawny or yellow.

      arbustivus, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. exp. viscid, innately virgate, tawny; g. adnate, thick, white; s. solid, 3-4 cm. pallid, apex with loose white mealy granules; sp. 10 × 6.

      discoideus, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. exp. depr. glutinous, pale gilvous, disc dark and rusty; g. adnato-decur. soft, colour of p. then pallid; s. viscid, flocculose, with white points upwards, 3-5 cm.; sp. 5-8 × 4-5.

      [Friesii, Sacc. (H. nitidus, Fr. Mon., not B. and C.). P. convex then plane, obtuse, viscid, yellow; g. deeply decur. white then pallid; s. solid, glabrous, viscid, apex even, white; sp. 8 × 4-5.

      [nitidus, Fr. P. exp. viscid, yellow; g. deeply decur. distant, white then pallid; s. solid, glabrous, viscid, apex smooth, white.

      aureus, Arrh. P. 2-3 cm. exp. glutinous, golden yellow; g. adnato-decur. white; s. 4-5 cm. reddish tawny and glutinous up to imperfect ring; sp. 8 × 4.

      [Bresadolae, Q. P. campan.-exp. umb. glutinous, clear yellow, umb. orange tawny; g. distant, thick, attenuato-decur. citrin or more or less white; s. apex white, yellow-flocculose below ring, glutinous; sp. 8-10 × 6.

      [lucorum, Kalchb. P. plano-depr. subumb. viscid, whitish, disc bright citrin, altogether yellowish when old; g. adnato-decur. pallid or citrin, edge white; s. slender, base subbulbous, colour of p.; sp. 7 × 4.

      aromaticus, Sow. P. 5-7 cm. exp. very fragile, cinnamon, glutinous; g. subdecur. white with pink tinge; s. 3-5 cm. equal, colour of p.

      Smell spicy, taste like peppermint. A fungus of uncertain affinity.

   4. **** Olivaceous-umber.

      limacinus, Fr. P. 3-6 cm. convex, obtuse, umber then smoky olive, edge paler; g. adnato-decur. greyish white; s. 5-7 cm. solid, viscid, apex squamulose; 12 × 8.

      Differs from H. olivaceo-albus in squamulose apex of stem, and from H. agathosmus in viscid stem.

      [vignolius, Paniz. P. obtuse, very glutinous, olive; g. adnate, greyish-purple then rusty, edge white; s. with dark concentric scales or glutinous and fibrillose.

      olivaceo-albus, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. exp. even, with olive gluten which disappears leaving surface pale, umbo brown; g. adnato-decur. white; s. 5-7 cm. viscid, with a floccose ring at first, scaly and spotted brown, apex glabrous; sp. 7-8 × 4.

      hypothejus, Fr. P. 3-6 cm. exp. and more or less depr. thin, olive gluten disappearing and leaving p. yellowish-olive or brownish, virgate; g. decur. yellow; s. 5-9 cm. viscid, paler than p., trace of ring when young; sp. 8-10 × 4-5.

      H. olivaceo-albus differs in white gills.

      cerasinus, B. Smell strong, like cherry-laurel. P. 2-3 cm. obtusely umb. viscid, pale umber then greyish, margin downy; g. very distant, tinged pink; s. 5-7 cm. white, apex squamulose; sp. 8 × 4.

   5. ***** Brownish grey or livid.

      fusco-albus, Lasch. P. 4-5 cm. exp. even, viscid, brownish grey; g. decur. broad, snow-white; s. 5-7 cm. equal, dry, apex white-floccose; sp. 12-14 × 7-8.

      agathosmus, Fr. Smell like aniseed. P. 3-5 cm. exp. gibbous, viscid, livid grey, disc with crowded pellucid papillae; g. decur. soft, white; s. 5-7 cm. dry, fibrillosely striate, rough with squamules upwards; sp. 9-10 × 5.

      [pustulatus, Fr. P. exp. umb. viscid, livid grey, umbo fuscous, cracked into papillae; g. adnato-decur. white, often glaucous; s. equal, white, rough with black points; sp. 8-10 × 4-5.

      Var. terebratus, Fr. P. subumb. glabrous; g. triquetrous; s. wavy, pure white, apex with black points.

      [tephroleucus, Fr. P. exp. then depr. round the brown umbo, viscid, grey, adpressedly squamuloso-fibrillose; g. decur. white; s. solid, with black fibrils above.

      [hyporrhodius, Otth. P. convex then depr. greyish brown, disc squamulose; g. slightly decur. both ends acute, rosy white, connected by veins; s. equal, white, granulosely squamulose.

      [albidus, Karst. P. convexo-plane, umb. cuticle longitudinally interwoven, rugosely papillate near edge, even, whitish, viscid; g. adnato-decur. distant, shining white; s. equal, flocculose, white; sp. 8-10 × 6.

      mesotephrus, B. P. 2-3 cm. hemispher. hygr. viscid, striate, whitish with brown disc; g. decur. white, s. 3-5 cm. slender, flexuous, white, viscid, apex granular; sp. 9-10 × 5.

      livido-albus, Fr. P. 3-6 cm. even, glabrous, viscid, exp. obtuse, thin, everywhere livid; g. decur. white; s. slender, even, almost smooth; sp. 10 × 6.

      Differs from H. eburneus in livid p. and glabrous s.

      calophyllus, Karst. P. conico-convex, exp. obsoletely umb. viscid, even, glabrous, sooty-fuscous; g. decur. distant, joined by veins, rosy or at length whitish; s. thicker below, wavy, pallid then sooty, glabrous, even, dry; sp. 6-8 × 4-5.

2. II. Camarophyllus. Veil absent. Stem not punctate or scabrid. Pileus firm, moist in wet weather but not viscid. Gills distant, arcuate.
   1. * Gills deeply and at length obconically decurrent.

      caprinus, Scop. P. 7-12 cm. fleshy, fragile, exp. umb. rather wavy, sooty, fibrillose; g. very broad, thick, very distant, white then glaucous; s. 5-7 cm. solid, sooty fibrillose; sp. 10 × 7-8.

      leporinus, Fr. P. 4-5 cm. convex, gibbous, reddish-yellow, fibrilloso-floccose, opaque; g. decur. gilvous; s. 4-5 cm. fibrillose, pallid; sp. subgl. 5-6.

      Differs from H. pratensis in floccose p.

      [alutaceorubens, Otth. P. convex then flat, yellowish red, disc darker; g. scarcely decur. reddish-yellow; s. cylind. rather twisted, apex reddish and mealy, whitish below.

      [velutinus, Borsz. P. exp. gibbous then subdepr. even when moist, floccosely squamulose when dry, tawny yellow; g. deeply decur. thick, orange; s. fibrillosely squamulose, darker; sp. 8 × 4.

      nemoreus, Fr. P. 3-6 cm. equally fleshy, exp. almost glabrous, tawny orange; g. thick, distant, colour of p.; s. squamulose, fibroso-striate, base narrowed, pale; sp. 6-7 × 5.

      Differs from H. pratensis in squamulose, pale s., and from H. leporinus in glabrous p.

      pratensis, Fr. Every part tawny-yellow or buff. P. 2-7 cm. disc very fleshy, gibbous, margin thin, altogether obconic; g. deeply decur. thick, distant; s. 3-5 cm. stuffed, even, glabrous, narrowed downwards; sp. 6 × 4.

      Edible. Variable in size, sometimes all white or grey, s. often pale.

      Var. cinereus, Fr. P. and g. grey, s. whitish, slender.

      Var. pallidus, B. and Br. P. depr. or infundib., edge wavy, entirely pale ochre.

      [bicolor, Karst. P. compact and thick, obconoid, convex, often depr. whitish, even, glabrous, g. deeply decur. gilvous; s. long, solid, narrowed below, glabrous, whitish; sp. 10 × 6.

      [suberosus, Jacobasch. P. convex, subdepr. subturbinate, not umb. reddish yellow, g. decur. pallid; s. pallid, equal, floccosely tomentose; sp. 3.7-5.5.

      [Karstenii, Sacc. and Cub. P. fleshy, disc compact, convexo-plane, glabrous, even, whitish; g. deeply decur. distant, yellow; s. solid, narrowed below, wavy, whitish; sp. 10 × 6.

      virgineus, Wulf. White. P. 3-7 cm. fleshy, exp. obtuse then depr. becoming cracked and floccose when dry; g. distant, thickish; s. 3-5 cm. stuffed, firm, short, narrowed downwards; sp. 8-10 × 5. Edible.

      Var. roseipes, Mass. Stem rosy downwards.

      niveus, Fr. White. P. 1.5-2.5 cm. tough, membranaceous, convex, umbil. viscid; g. thin, arcuate, distant; s. 4-6 cm. slender, equal; sp. 7-8 × 4-5.

      Differs from H. virgineus in smaller size, thin p. and slender equal s.

      russo-coriaceus, B. and Br. White, fragrant. P. 1.5-2 cm. convex, disc fleshy, edge thin; g. thick, very distant; s. 1.5-2.5 cm. solid, smooth, base narrowed; sp. 8 × 5.

      Differs from H. niveus in thick disc, and smell resembling Russian leather.

      [helvella, Boud. P. hygr. glabrous, greyish ochre, obconic-campan. edge sometimes wavy; g. shortly decur. narrow, grey; s. whitish, equal, scurfy above, base thickened and downy.

      [glaucus, Karst. P. convexo-plane, umb. then depr. and somewhat wavy, moist, glabrous, shining, even, glaucous; g. deeply decur. rather branched, glaucous; s. wavy, with white down then glabrous, white; sp. 6-8, glob.

      [clivalis, Fr. White, fragile. P. campan. exp. shining, edge at first incurved then spreading, striate; g. narrowed behind, nearly free, ventricose, distant; s. solid, short, fragile, narrowed below; sp. 6-7 × 4.

      ventricosus, B. and Br. White. P. 4-7 cm. convex, disc fleshy, edge thin, sometimes irreg.; g. deeply decur. narrow; s. 4-7 cm. ventricose, solid, smooth; sp. 7 × 4.

      Known among white sp. by fleshy p. and stout, ventricose stem.

   2. ** Gills ventricose, sinuato-arcuate or plano-adnate.

      fornicatus, Fr. P. 2-5 cm. campan. then exp. even, glabrous, viscid, white or livid; g. sinuato-adnexed, thick, white; s. 5-7 cm. firm, equal, tough, glabrous, white; sp. 5-6 × 3.

      Stem solid below, apex hollow. Pileus obsoletely umb. rather wavy; gills sometimes free, with a decurrent tooth, not decurrent as in H. virgineus.

      distans, B. P. 2-4 cm. exp. or depr. umbil. thin, viscid, white with silky sheen, sometimes stained with brown; g. adnate, very distant, white; s. 3-4 cm. white above, rather narrowed and greyish below; sp. 10 × 8.

      [streptopus, Fr. Fragile, splitting. P. campan. exp. greyish white; g. sinuato-adnate, rather crowded, white; s. hollow, rather twisted, white.

      Clarkii, B. and Br. P. 3-5 cm. fragile, thin, exp. subumb. viscid, livid grey; g. adnate with decur. tooth, broad, thick, distant, white; s. 4-7 cm. grey, base white; sp. subgl. 12 × 10.

      H. distans differs in white umbilic. p.

      metapodius, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. compact, exp. viscid then silky squamulose, brownish; g. arcuato-decur. thick, distant, greyish; s. 3-4 cm. glabrous, grey, reddish inside; sp. 8 × 5.

      ovinus, Bull. P. 3-5 cm. thin, conical then exp. gibbous, viscid then squamulose, fuscous; g. arcuato-adnate, connected by veins, grey then rufescent; s. 4-5 cm. glabrous, often twisted, pallid or dark; sp. 5 × 3-4.

      Differs from H. metapodius in thin p. subequal s. and thinner g.

      [connatus, Karst. P. thin, convexo-exp. unequal, dry, even, grey then pallid, silky-white then glabrous; g. decur. distant, branched, narrow, grey; s. solid, rather wavy, squamulose above, colour of p.; sp. 7-9 × 4-5.

      [flavus, Lamb. Smell like new meal. P. convex, exp. then umbil. edge sublobed, glabrous, even, yellowish; g. adnexed with decur. tooth, very broad, ventricose, distant, whitish; s. equal, even, cylindrical, colour of p.

      subradiatus, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. submembranaceous, subumb. radiato-striate, brownish; g. adnate with decur. tooth, thin, white; s. 3-6 cm. fistulose, glabrous, pallid; sp. 8 × 5.

      Var. lacmus, Fr. P. plano-depr. lilac then pallid, disc sometimes fibrillose; g. grey.

      irrigatus, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. thin, campan. then exp. subumb. livid, lubricous; g. whitish, with a decur. tooth; s. 4-7 cm. grey, very viscid; sp. 6-7 × 4.

      H. unguinosus differs in the sooty-grey gluten.

3. III. Hygrocybe. Veil absent. Entire fungus thin, watery, fragile. P. viscid when moist, shining when dry, rarely floccose. Often bright coloured.
   1. * Gills decurrent or adnate with decur. tooth.

      Colemannianus, Blox. P. 3-5 cm. campan. then exp. and strongly umb. pale umber paler except disc when dry; g. deeply decur. connected by veins, pale brown; s. 2-3 cm. white, silky upwards; sp. 7 × 4.

      foetens, Phill. Very foetid. P. 2-3 cm. exp. umber; g. grey; s. 2-3 cm. olive yellow, squamulose; sp. subgl. 4-5.

      sciophanus, Fr. P. 2-3 cm. exp. slightly viscid, opaque, pale brick red, or tawny, striate; g. decur. connected by veins, tinged red; s. 3-6 cm. hollow, subflexuous, smooth; sp. ——.

      [sulcatus, Karst. P. campan. exp. viscid, sulcate except disc, deep tawny; s. hollow, equal, glabrous, viscid, yellowish; g. decur. yellowish.

      laetus, Fr. (= H. Houghtoni, B.). P. 2-3 cm. thin, convexo-plane, viscid, tawny; g. thin, distant, paler than p. decur.; s. 5-7 cm. tough, equal, viscid, colour of p.; sp. 7 × 4-5.

      Differs from H. sciophanus in viscid stem.

      vitellinus, Fr. Every part clear lemon yellow, paler when dry. P. 1.5-2.5 cm. viscid, edge plicato-striate; g. decur. rather distant; s. 3-5 cm. hollow, fragile; sp. 6 × 4.

      ceraceus, Wulf. P. 2-3 cm. fragile, thin, exp. viscid, shining, wax-yellow; g. adnate, subdecur. distant, broad, almost triangular, yellow; s. hollow, 3-4 cm. hollow, colour of p. often flexuous; sp. 8 × 6.

      Differs from H. vitellinus in broad gills and wax-yellow s. and p.

      coccineus, Schaeff. P. 2.5-3 cm. fragile, thin, convexo-plane, obtuse, viscid, glabrous, scarlet then pale; g. adnate with decur. tooth, connected by veins, reddish or yellowish; s. 3-5 cm. hollow, compr. yellowish, crimson above; sp. 10-12 × 6. (6-8 × 4-5.)

      Differs from H. puniceus in adnate g. and yellow base of s., from H. miniatus in glabrous p. and yellow base of s.

      miniatus, Fr. P. 1-2 cm. fragile, thin, convex then umbil. scarlet then pale, opaque and squamulose; g. adnate, distant, yellow and red; s. 3-5 cm. terete, polished, scarlet; sp. 10 × 6.

      turundus, Fr. P. 1-2 cm. thin, convex then umbil. very brittle, covered with greyish-brown down then squamulose; g. decur. distant, white then yellowish; s. 2-3 cm. tawny, polished; sp. ——.

      P. soon broken up into smoky squamules, but golden and viscid at first.

      Var. mollis, B. and Br. P. golden with fibrils of same colour; s. yellow; g. shortly decur.

      Var. lepidus, Boud. Brilliant golden orange; p. convex, squamulose or hirsuto-tomentose, umbil. then golden, centre deepest; g. thick distant, deeply and abruptly decur. pallid; s. elongated, colour of p.; sp. 9-10 × 5-6.

      mucronellus, Fr. P. 1-2 cm. submembranaceous, fragile, conic then campan. acutely umb. glabrous, vermilion then pale; g. decur. triangular, thick, yellow; s. 2-3 cm. slender, colour of p. base white; sp. ——.

      Wynniae, B. and Br. (= Clitocybe xanthophylla, Bres., fide Berk.). P. 1.5-2.5 cm. thin, convex then umbil. or infundib., striate, lemon yellow, greenish when dry; g. decur. yellowish then tinged green; s. 2-3 cm. colour of p.; sp. 7-8 × 6.

      [syrjensis, Karst. P. thin convex, disc depr. glabrous, even, dry, fuscous-white or dingy yellowish; g. deeply decur. brownish, somewhat branched; s. equal, pallid; sp. 6 × 3-4.

      micaceus, B. and Br. P. 1-1.5 cm. thin, exp. yellow then grey with green tinge, wrinkled, micaceous; g. decur. pale umber; s. 2-2.5 cm. slender, yellow, base brown; sp. 4 × 3.

   2. ** Gills adnexed then separating from stem.

      puniceus, Fr. P. 5-9 cm. campan. obtuse, wavy, viscid, crimson then pale; g. slightly adnexed, thick, distant, yellow; s. 5-7 cm. hollow, striate, colour of p. base white; sp. 8 × 5.

      Differs from H. coccineus in adnexed g. and striate stem with white base.

      Var. nigrescens, Q. Becoming blackish everywhere. P. orange, virgate, then grey and silky; s. striate, yellow, apex red.

      obrusseus, Fr. P. 5-7 cm. conico-convex, wavy, golden yellow, shining; g. adnato-ventricose, thick, distant; s. 5-7 cm. hollow, subcompressed, glabrous, even, yellow, base tawny; sp. 10-12 × 7.

      Tawny base of stem not always evident.

      [citrino-croceus, Beck. P. convex, flattened, glabrous, shining, citrin-saffron, disc golden, edge whitish, slightly upturned; g. very distant, broad, shortly decur. white; s. solid, subequal white or spotted citrin; sp. 7.5-8.5 × 3.5-5.

      intermedius, Pass. P. 3-5 cm. thin, campan. then exp. silky-fibrillose, golden then greyish; g. adnate, ventricose, white then yellow; s. 4-7 cm. yellow, fibrillosely striate; sp. 8-9 × 6.

      Differs from H. obrusseus in strong mealy smell, and p. becoming grey.

      conicus, Fr. P. 2-5 cm. conical, acute, often lobed, yellow or tinged crimson; g. nearly free, thin, yellowish; s. 3-9 cm. hollow fibroso-striate, colour of p.; sp. 10-11 × 6-8.

      Every part blackish when bruised or old.

      [albus, Otth. P. conical, obtuse, even, white; g. free, snow-white; s. white, striate, shining.

      Differs from Hygr. conicus in colour and obtuse p.

      calyptraeformis, B. P. 3-7 cm. acutely conical then splitting and exp. clear rose then paler; g. slightly adnexed, tinged rose; s. 6-9 cm. hollow, white; sp. 7 × 4.

      Var. niveus, Cke. Entirely white.

      chlorophanus, Fr. P. 2-3 cm. fragile, very thin, convex, obtuse, viscid, yellow, sometimes crimson; g. emarginate, adnexed, white tinged yellow; s. viscid when moist, even, everywhere yellow, 4-7 cm.; sp. 8 × 5.

      Differs from H. conicus in not becoming black.

      psittacinus, Schaeff. P. 1.5-3 cm. campan. then exp. umb. striate, yellow and orange, with green gluten; g. thick, distant, greenish; s. 3-5 cm. glutinous, yellow, apex green; sp. 10 × 5.

      spadiceus, Fr. P. 4-9 cm. thin, conical, acute, fibrilloso-virgate, with olive-bay gluten, blackish and shining when dry; g. citrin; s. 5-7 cm. hollow, dry, tawny-fibrillose; sp. 6-7 × 4.

      Differs from H. conicus in virgate p. and thicker g. not narrowed behind.

      [squalidus, Lasch. Fragile. P. campan. exp. gibbous, and with the glabrous hollow s. sooty and glutinous, orange after the gluten has gone; g. thick, livid then fuscous, edge orange.

      unguinosus, Fr. P. 4-5 cm. fragile, thin, obtuse, uneven, smooth, with smoky-brown dripping gluten, becoming cracked; g. white; s. 4-5 cm. hollow, with smoky gluten; sp. 10 × 7-8.

      [obscuratus, Karst. P. fragile, convex, obtuse, dry, squamulose, sooty or livid blackish, mouse-colour when dry; g. sinuato-adnate, whitish or glaucous; s. unequal, usually inflated below, wavy, glabrous, pallid, centre often tinged smoky; sp. 7-10 × 3-5.

      nitratus, Pers. Smell strong, nitrous. P. 3-5 cm. deformed, viscid, soon dry and squamulose, brownish-grey; g. broad, distant, white then glaucous; s. 4-7 cm. polished, white or tinged yellow; sp. 8 × 5.

      There are two forms, a large one in woods, and a smaller one in pastures, structure that of H. coccineus, but colours very different. Readily distinguished by the strong nitrous smell.

      [Schulzeri, Bres. P. hemispher. exp. or depr. dry, even, livid cinnamon; g. distant, subdecur. white then greyish; s. dry, colour of p., apex white-scurfy; inodorous; sp. glob. 3-3.5.

      [glauconitens, Fr. Rigid. P. fibrillosely virgate, olive-black or sooty then pale; g. glaucous; s. equal, shining; sp. 6-8 × 6-7.

      Fries thinks this may be a young state of H. nitratus. Smell same but weaker.

      [Marzuolus, Bres. (= Clitocybe Marzuolus, Bres.). P. 4.5-7 cm. s. 4-7 cm. base clavate; sp. 6-7 × 4-5.

      Bresadola considers this sp. is the Clitocybe of Fries.

CLITOCYBE, Fr.

1. A. P. fleshy, not hygr. pale and silky when dry.
   1. * Disciformes. P. fleshy, convex then plane or subdepressed.
      1. + P. greyish or brownish.

         nebularis, Batsch. P. 6-12 cm. convex then subgibbous, grey, at first with grey meal; g. narrow, subdecur. crowded, pallid; s. 5-8 cm. narrowed upwards, fibrillose, pale; sp. 6 × 3.5. Edible.

         clavipes, Pers. P. 3-6 cm. convex then plane, naked, grey or brownish; g. decur. down stem, rather distant; s. obconic, fibrillose, 4-5 cm. livid sooty; sp. 6-7 × 4.

         comitalis, Fr. P. 2-3 cm. soon plane, obtuse, sooty umber; s. 4-7 cm. obconic, sooty; g. plane, crowded; sp. 7-8 × 4.

         gangraenosa, Fr. Foetid. P. 5-8 cm. soon plane, obtuse, whitish, variegated black, greenish, livid &c.; g. dingy white; s. 3-4 cm. striate, somewhat bulbous; sp. ——.

         polius, Fr. P. 2-4 cm. convexo-plane, regular, grey; g. decur. closely crowded, white; s. 4-7 cm. equal, glabrous, whitish; sp. ——.

         C. fumosa differs in cartilaginous substance, mealy apex of stem, hygr. &c.

         inornata, Sow. P. 7-10 cm. plane or depr. pale greyish tan often with olive tinge, cuticle separable; g. adnate then decur. grey; s. 3-4 cm. glabrous, greyish; sp. ——.

         [Cardarella, Fr. Convex then plano-depr. glabrous, shining, covered with a thick separable pellicle, blackish red, very viscid; g. decur. broad, shining white; s. solid, stout, white. Edible.

         [auricula, D. C. P. hemispher. even, glabrous, edge incurved, naked, greyish brown; g. white; s. solid, glabrous, white.

         [nimbata, Batsch. P. camp.-convex, even, thin margin incurved, white mealy; g. crowded, arcuate, white; s. solid, innately squamulose, squamules becoming blackish.

         [luscina, Fr. P. exp. even, glabrous, edge spreading, naked, fuscous then livid; g. subdecur. crowded; s. solid, short, narrowed downwards, powdered with white meal.

         [curtipes, Fr. P. exp. oblique, obtuse, brown then pale, flesh brown; g. closely crowded, white; s. short, rigid, fuscous, thickened upwards, pale and subpruinose.

         hirneola, Fr. P. 1-1.5 cm. convex then plane, silky shining, grey then pale; g. crowded, hoary; s. 4-5 cm. slender, subflexuous, grey, apex with white meal; sp. 5 × 3.

         var. major, Fr. P. wavy, slightly zoned, whitish.

         var. undulata, ——. P. exp. slightly wavy and zoned, whitish; s. thickened downwards.

         [dothiophora, Fr. P. exp. oblique, gibbous, hoary; g. decur. crowded, whitish; s. solid, short, excentric, glabrous.

      2. ++ Pileus violet or rufescent.

         cyanophaea, Fr. P. 6-9 cm. plane, obtuse, brownish-blue; g. deeply decur. violet then pale; s. 6-7 cm. narrowed upwards, bluish when young, apex abruptly white; sp. ——.

         Differs from Trich. nudum in decurrent gills, &c.

         [tyrianthina, Fr. Exp. even, purplish flesh colour, pellicle separable when dry; g. rosy violet; s. villose then striate.

         Differs from C. gilva in springing from a fiery-red mycelium. Somewhat resembling Trich. personatum.

         opiparia, Fr. P. 5-9 cm. nearly plane, obtuse, yellowish flesh-colour, shining; g. white, connected by veins; s. 4-7 cm. solid, glabrous, whitish; sp. ——.

         amara, Fr. Taste very bitter. P. 3-5 cm. plane, obtuse or subumb. floccosely broken up, rufescent; g. crowded, narrow, white; s. 4-5 cm. white, solid, floccose then glabrous; sp. 4 × 2.

         [vulpecula, Kalchb. P. exp. depr. gilvous-rufescent; g. acutely adnate, narrow; s. hollow, naked, whitish.

         socialis, Fr. P. 2-3 cm. umb. even, yellowish-red; g. tinged yellow; s. 2-3 cm. reddish, rooting base hairy; sp. ——.

         Stem strigose as in Marasmius personatus.

      3. +++ Pileus becoming yellowish.

         amarella, Pers. Smell strong, taste bitter. P. 4-5 cm. plane, subumb. reddish-yellow or fawn colour; g. tinged grey, shining; s. 4-5 cm. pallid grey, white down at base; sp. ——.

         [veneris, Fr. P. exp. gibbous, yellow; g. crowded, shining white; s. elastic, glabrous, white.

         vernicosa, Fr. P. 4-7 cm. obtuse, even, glabrous, gilvous or deep yellow; g. yellow; s. 2-3 cm. glabrous, yellow; sp. ——.

         Distinguished from Trich. cerinum by decur. gills.

         venustissima, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. exp. obtuse, striate, orange, tinged red; g. decur. orange; s. 3-4 cm. long, glabrous, orange-red; sp. 6 × 3.5.

         alutacea, Cke. and Mass. P. 1-1.5 cm. convex then umbil. edge incurved, even, tan; g. narrow, crowded, arcuate, decur. paler than p.; s. 3-4 cm. smooth, pale; sp. 6 × 4.

         subalutacea, Batsch. P. 3-5 cm. plano-depr. obtuse, yellowish then pale; g. broad, whitish; s. 4-5 cm. firm, elastic, glabrous; sp. ——.

      4. ++++ Pileus greenish or pallid.

         odora, Sow. Smell fragrant. P. 4-5 cm. wavy, pale, dingy opaque green; g. adnate, not crowded, pallid; s. 3-4 cm. elastic; sp. 6-8 × 4-5.

         Trogii, Fr. Smell fragrant. P. 4-5 cm. compact, greyish white; g. crowded, white; s. 4-5 cm. whitish, solid; sp. ——.

         Stouter than C. odora, and p. greyish, not green.

         [vilis, Karst. P. convex, exp. umb. glabrous, pellucidly striate, livid, pallid when dry; g. decur. pallid; s. equal, wavy, glabrous, umber, apex white-scurfy, livid when dry; sp. 2.5-3.5 × 2.

         [bifurcata, Weinm. P. exp. rather silky, clay-colour then pale, edge substriate; g. adnato-decur. simple or bifurcate, white; s. fibrillose.

         rivulosa, Pers. P. 3-7 cm. exp. or depr. obtuse, flesh-colour, rufescent &c. then pale, glabrous then with white down; g. broad, rather crowded, faintly tinged pink; s. 4-5 cm. tough, rather fibrillose, whitish; sp. 6 × 3.5.

         var. neptunea, Cke. Smaller than type.

         [rigidata, Karst. P. rigid, plane, depr. unequal, even, glabrous, pallid then whitish; g. adnate, pallid; s. thickened upwards, often compr. rooting, pallid; sp. 4-5 × 2-3.

      5. +++++ Pileus white, shining when dry.

         cerussata, Fr. White. P. 3-7 cm. plane, obtuse, even, subglabrous; g. closely crowded, adnate; s. 4-5 cm. smooth, elastic; sp. ——.

         var. difformis. Tufted, p. lobed; s. rugose; g. pallid.

         var. obtextus, Lasch. Snow-white. P. fibrillosely interwoven then glabrous, rather viscid; g. subdecur. crowded.

         [puellula, Karst. P. convexo-plane, subumb. even, glabrous, shining white; g. adnate, crowded, white; s. subequal, straight, elastic, white with blackish squamules; sp. 9-12 × 5-7.

         Allied to Clito. cerrusatus but smaller and with black squamules on stem.

         [adsentiens, Karst. P. convexo-plane, obtuse, even, at length scaly, white; g. adnate, closely crowded, white; s. short, base thickened, white with blackish scales; sp. ——.

         phyllophila, Fr. Whitish-tan. P. 3-7 cm. convexo-plane, umbil. not becoming pale, veil forming a silvery zone near margin; g. rather distant, white then pallid; silky-fibrous, tough, 5-8 cm.; sp. 6 × 4.

         pithyophila, Fr. White. P. 3-7 cm. exp. umbil. glabrous, becoming shining white; g. crowded, permanently white; s. 4-5 cm. often compr. base downy; sp. ——.

         tornata, Fr. White. P. 3-5 cm. orbicular, subdepr. glabrous, shining; g. rather crowded; s. stuffed, glabrous, 3-4 cm.; 4-6 × 3-4 µ.

         Very regular in form.

         var. opala, Fr. White. P. viscid.

         [olorina, Fr. Whitish. P. exp. even, glabrous; s. hollow, rigid, cylindrical, squamulose; g. subdecur. crowded.

         candicans, Pers. White. P. 2-3 cm. plane or subdepr. umbil. with adpressed silkiness, shining white when dry; g. adnate then decur. crowded; s. 3-5 cm. subfistulose, cartilaginous, shining; sp. 5-6 × 4.

         dealbata, Sow. White. P. 2-3 cm. plane then upturned and wavy, glabrous, rather shining; g. adnate, crowded, white; s. 2-3 cm. entirely fibrous, thin, equal, stuffed; sp. 4-5 × 2.5.

         gallinacea, Scop. White, taste acrid. P. depr. even, dry, opaque; g. crowded, narrow; s. 2-3 cm. equal, even, solid; sp. ——.

         Differs from C. dealbata in dingy white, opaque p. and acrid taste.

   2. ** Difformes. Pileus fleshy at the disc, margin thin, umb. at first, then exp. depr. and irregular.

      decastes, Fr. Clustered. P. 10-25 cm. wavy, subumb. glabrous, uniformly dingy brown or livid, then pale; g. crowded, wavy, white; s. 9-16 cm. long, solid, glabrous, white, apex pruinose; sp. globose, 4-5.

      subdecastes, Cke. and Mass. Clustered. P. 3-5 cm. convex, obtuse, ochre, paler towards lobed margin; g. crowded, white; s. 8-12 cm. fibrillose, whitish; sp. globose, 4-5.

      ampla, Pers. P. 7-12 cm. convex then exp. wavy, sooty then livid, even; g. broad, smoky then dingy white; s. 9-14 cm. subcartilaginous, naked, white, apex somewhat downy; sp. ——.

      [molybdina, Bull. P. camp. exp. umb. glabrous, sooty, disc livid rufous, then pale; g. horn colour then pallid; s. stout, fibrillosely striate, mealy squamulose upwards, pallid.

      [coffeata, Fr. P. brownish fawn then sooty grey, fawn colour and shining when dry, virgate or spotted; g. decur. dingy white, as is also the glabrous s.

      aggregata, Schaeff. Tufted. P. 5-9 cm. wavy, greyish or reddish yellow, then pale, silkily virgate; g. yellowish flesh colour; s. 7-10 cm. fibrillose, narrowed below and often grown together at base; sp. ——.

      [hortensis, Pers. Caespitose, elastic. P. exp. obsoletely umb. sooty, blackish; g. decur. white then flesh-colour; s. hollow, rather wavy.

      [tabescens, Scop. (= Coll. tabescens, Fr.). P. conico-campan. exp. umb. depr. round umbo, tawny honey-colour, or tawny-brown, disc scaly; g. decur. pallid then pinkish tan; s. fibrillosely scaly, pallid or lurid yellow, elongated; sp. 8-10 × 5-7.

      Closely resembling Armillaria mellea, but no ring on stem.

      [anapacta, Pers. P. depr. wavy, brown, edge incurved; g. broad, dingy tan; s. narrowed below, pallid.

      elixa, Sow. P. 5-9 cm. unequal, wavy, disc umb. smoky buff, edge paler; g. distant; s. 3-5 cm. solid, dingy, subfloccose; sp. 7 × 4.

      fumosa, Pers. Tufted. P. 3-5 cm. subcartilaginous, obtuse, wavy, sooty brown then pale; g. adnate, livid; s. 5-8 cm. often twisted, dingy, apex minutely mealy; sp. subgl. 5-6.

      Differs from C. elixa in obtuse, non-virgate p.

      [effocatella, Viv. Caespitose. P. convex, even, glabrous, livid chestnut or umber; g. adnate, crowded, white; s. naked, ventricose below.

      tumulosa, Kalchbr. Tufted. P. 2.5 cm. umb. even, umber then pale; g. soon greyish; s. 8-12 cm. solid, dingy, floccosely pruinose; sp. ——.

      pergamena, Cke. Tufted. P. 2-5 cm. convex then plane, subumb. pallid; g. broadly adnate with decur. tooth, white; s. 8-12 cm. whitish, apex squamulose; cartilaginous; sp. ——.

      [humosa, Fr. P. fragile, exp. wavy, fuscous; g. adfixed, both ends narrowed; s. short, whitish like the gills.

      [adunata, Secr. Tufted, foetid. P. exp. gibbous then depr. white becoming spotted red then rufous, becoming viscid; g. decur. crowded, eroded, dingy red; s. stout, twisted, narrowed below, whitish.

      cryptarum, Letell. Tufted. P. somewhat conical, flocculose, spotted brown; g. decur. narrow, white; s. white, striate.

      A doubtful species.

      [hebepodia, Fr. P. exp. depr. unequal, even, grey then pale; g. decur. white; s. woolly, white.

      [connata, Schum. Shining white. P. conical exp. unequal, moist, obtuse umbo disappearing; g. unequally decur. narrow, crowded; stems numerous, hollow, collected at base into a tuberous mass.

      opaca, Fr. White. P. 3-6 cm. umb. often depr. and wavy, minutely flocculose; g. closely crowded; s. 3-5 cm. fibrillose, wavy; sp. ——.

      Differs from C. cerrusata in umbonate p.

      occulta, Cke. P. 3-5 cm. depr. virgate, viscid, disc smoky rest whitish; g. adnate, white; s. 3-5 cm. fibrillosely striate, solid, white; sp. ——.

      monstrosa, Sow. P. 3-5 cm. umb. wavy, opaque white; g. adnato-decur. creamy; s. 2-4 cm. opaque white, streaked; sp. ——.

      marzuola, Fr. P. compact, exp. subdepr. even, wavy, dusky; g. unequally decur.; s. stout, short, white.

   3. *** Infundibiliformes. Pileus fleshy at disc, thinner towards the margin, becoming deeply umbilicate or infundibuliform.
      1. + Pileus coloured, or becoming pallid, silky.

         gigantea, Sow. (= Pax. giganteus, Fr.) P. 12-20 cm. infundib. whitish or tinged tan, edge coarsely striate; g. closely crowded; s. pallid, solid, glabrous, 3-5 cm.; sp. 5 × 3.

         maxima, Fr. 12-25 cm. infundib. subumb. whitish or tinged tan, edge even; g. deeply decur.; s. 7-10 cm. compact, fibrillosely striate, whitish; sp. 6 × 4.

         infundibiliformis, Schaeff. P. 4-7 cm. convex, umb. then infundib. yellowish pink then pale, innately silky; g. deeply decur.; s. 5-7 cm. thinner upwards, pallid; sp. 5-6 × 3-4.

         var. membranacea, Fr. P. not umb.; s. equal; altogether more slender than type.

         [squamulosa, Pers. P. obtuse, tan, squamulose, at first obtuse, deeply infundib.; g. decur. distant, white; s. narrowed upwards, elastic.

         [nauseosodulcis, Karst. Very foetid when old. P. irregular, convex then plane, glabrous, often areolately squamulose, entirely clay-colour; g. decur. pallid; s. excentric, rarely central, usually unequal and curved, solid, whitish; sp. 7-8 × 5.

         Connato-caespitose, resembling Pleurotus sapidus.

         [Panizzii, Barla. Caespitose. P. convex then umbil. or infundib. white or grey, edge lobed, wavy; g. thin, narrow, striately decur. pale or tinged rose; s. long, wavy, white; flesh elastic, white.

         trullaeformis, Fr. P. 4-5 cm. obtuse then infundib. edge spreading, greyish brown, floccosely villose; g. decur. connected by veins; s. 4-5 cm. striate, grey; sp. ——.

         Differs from C. cyathiforme in pure white flesh and gills.

         incilis, Fr. P. 4-5 cm. plane then umbil. or infundib. margin silky, incurved, crenate, brick red; g. white then pallid, connected by veins; s. 1-2 cm. base narrowed, red; sp. 7 × 4.

         [pulla, Gill. P. depr. then infundib. glabrous, hygr. brown then pale; g. united by veins, lilac grey; s. swollen at base which is downy, colour of p. white-fibrillose below, wavy.

         Near C. obbata, which differs in striate margin, equal s. and distant gills.

         [lenticulosa, Gill. P. exp. umbil. then infundib. dry, reddish orange, tuberculose near the even edge; g. crowded, white then tinged rose, finally colour of p.; s. solid, paler than p.

         Differs from C. lentiginosa in solid s. and edge of p. not striate.

         sinopica, Fr. Smell strong, mealy. P. 2-3 cm. brick red then pale, plane then umbil. at length flocculose; g. closely crowded, white then yellow; s. red, fibrillose, 3-5 cm.; sp. ——.

         Differs from C. incilis in solid stem, even edge of p. and yellowish g.

         [Arnoldi, Boud. P. depr. then infundib. wavy, subtomentose, minutely squamulose, ochrey brick-red; g. whitish; s. colour of p. fibrillose below; sp. 9-11 × 5-6.

         [lentiginosa, Fr. P. plane, deeply umbil. with concentric zones of minute tubercles, yellowish ochre; g. deeply decur. yellow; s. hollow, equal, yellowish fuscous.

         parilis, Fr. P. 1.5-2 cm. disc depr. edge involute, greyish white, ornately flocculose; g. narrow, greyish white; s. 2.3 cm. fibrous, sooty; sp. ——.

      2. ++ Pileus coloured or pallid, glabrous.

         geotropa, Bull. P. 5-12 cm. plane then infundib. obtusely umb. pallid; g. crowded, white then pallid; s. 7-12 cm. solid, fibrillose, flesh white; sp. 6-7 × 4-5.

         [candida, Bres. Large. P. fleshy, plano-convex then depr. edge involute, even, pubescent, white becoming tinged tan; g. much crowded, narrow, attenuato-decur. white then pallid; s. stout, short, white; flesh white; sp. 7 × 3.

         Close to C. geotropa and C. gigantea. Differs in pure white colour and in sp.

         gilva, Pers. P. 5-8 cm. soon depr. and wavy, dingy ochre, flesh same colour; g. closely crowded, ochre; s. 2-2.5 cm. solid, ochre; sp. subgl. 4-5.

         subinvoluta, Batsch. P. 5-8 cm. convex then depr. tinged brick red, fibrillose, zoned; g. pale tan; s. 4-5 cm. reddish, grooved; sp. ——.

         spinulosa, W. G. Sm. P. 3-5 cm. depr. gibbous, yellowish pink, edge even, incurved; g. white then pale yellow; s. 5-9 cm. fibrillose, whitish, zoned with tan; sp. globose, spinulose, 8-9.

         splendens, Pers. P. 5-8 cm. plane then depr. or infund. pinkish-yellow, shining; g. deeply decur. white; s. 2-3 cm. glabrous, yellow; sp. ——.

         Differs from C. gilva in white flesh.

         inversus, Scop. P. 5-9 cm. convex then infundib. edge involute, rufescent; g. soon tinged rufous; s. 4-6 cm. hollow, rigid, paler than p. flesh pallid; sp. subg. 4-5. Often tufted.

         flaccidus, Sow. P. 5-8 cm. thin, flaccid, umbil. then infund. edge reflexed, tawny or rusty; g. yellowish; s. 3-4 cm. rusty, rather wavy; sp. 4-5 × 3-4. Often tufted.

         var. lobatus, Fr. Tufted. P. darker, edge lobed.

         [rhodoleuca, Rom. Fleshy, almost glabrous, in dry weather pure white except gills which are tinted rose; in rainy weather everywhere inside and out deep rose, gills darkest. P. obconic, convex or almost flattened above; sp. 6-9 × 5-6.5.

         [zizyphana, Viv. P. convex then infundib. often excentric, rufous brown, flesh reddish white; g. yellow; s. equal, pallid.

         [cervina, Hoffm. P. plano-infundib. oblique, glabrous, edge convex, greyish fawn, subzoned; g. pallid, edge darker; s. cylindrical, base tuberous.

         [garidelli, Fr. P. convex, at first umbil. edge incurved, deep rose to flesh colour; g. decur. crowded, edge red; s. short, stout, flesh colour. Edible.

         [ambigua, Karst. P. tough, orbicular, convex, obtuse, glabrous, even, pallid rufous tinged pink then pale; g. adnato-decur. pallid; s. glabrous, wavy, whitish, base woolly; sp. 4-5 × 3.

         [paropsis, Fr. P. plano-depr. glabrous, edge spreading, flaccid, rufous or flesh-colour; g. narrow, shining white; s. cylindrical, base rather bulbous.

         vermicularis, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. convex, umbil. then infund. edge incurved, often wavy, reddish tan then pale, flesh same colour; g. closely crowded, white; s. 3-4 cm. hollow, elastic, striate, paler than p.; sp. 5 × 3.

         [cacaba, Fr. P. flaccid, infundib. glabrous, edge broadly reflexed, sooty; g. very deeply decur. closely crowded, dark grey; s. striate, base thickened, downy.

         senilis, Fr. P. 4-5 cm. infundib. brownish tan, concentrically cracked, edge spreading; g. narrow, soon colour of p.; s. 2-3 cm. solid, glabrous, pallid; sp. 5-6 × 4.

      3. +++ Pileus clear white.

         catina, Fr. P. 4-5 cm. plane then infundib. glabrous, white, discoloured when old; g. decur. somewhat crowded, white; s. 3-7 cm. elastic, white; sp. ——.

         C. infundibiliformis differs in not being umb. and in being glabrous. C. phyllophila differs in adnate gills.

         tuba, Fr. White. P. 5-8 cm. umbil. margin even, shining with a silky lustre when dry; g. broad, closely crowded, decur.; s. 4-5 cm. equal, soon hollow and compressed; sp. ——.

         Differs from C. pithyophila in umbil. p.; g. deeply decurrent.

         ericetorum, Bull. White. P. 2-3 cm. fleshy, subturbinate, glabrous, shining when dry; g. distant, connected by veins; s. 2-3 cm. glabrous; sp. ——.

         Resembling Hygr. niveus in appearance.

2. B. Pileus thin, hygrophanous, soft, watery.
   1. **** Cyathiformes. P. thin, depressed then cup-shaped. Colour dingy when moist.

      cyathiformis, Bull. P. 3-7 cm. deeply depr. edge incurved, sooty-brown then pale; g. dingy; s. 5-9 cm. stuffed, elastic, narrowed upwards, reticulately fibrillose, sooty; sp. ——.

      var. cinerascens, Fr. Smaller. P. pale grey-brown; g. tinged yellow.

      expallens, Pers. P. 3-5 cm. plane then deeply depr. greyish brown then pale, margin soon expanded; g. greyish white; s. 4-5 cm. greyish white, hollow, equal; sp. ——.

      obbata, Fr. P. 2-3 cm. plane, umbil. then deeply depr. sooty brown, edge at length striate; g. decur. distant, greyish, pruinose with white; s. 4-5 cm. glabrous, greyish brown, hollow; sp. ——.

      [fritilliformis, Lasch. Convex-umbil. then infundib. glabrous, grey then pallid, becoming fuscescent when dry, edge sublobed; g. thickish, pallid; s. subtomentose, thickened upwards.

      [calatha, Fr. P. exp. infundib. hygr. edge soon spreading, even, sooty; g. deeply decur. violet then reddish; s. solid, tough, striately rugose, narrowed below, violet then reddish.

      pruinosa, Lasch. P. 4-5 cm. umbil. then deeply depr. brown, powdered with grey bloom; g. decur. crowded, narrow, dingy; s. 3-5 cm. fibrillose, pallid; sp. ——.

      concava, Scop. P. 3-5 cm. broadly and deeply umbil. flaccid, wavy, dark grey; g. decur. narrow, smoky; s. 2-3 cm. equal, glabrous, grey; sp. ——.

      [vibecina, Fr. P. exp. then infundib. greyish livid then pale, margin soon extended, striate; g. deeply decur. greyish white; s. hollow, glabrous, rather wavy.

      [Queletii, Fr. P. convex, umbil. whitish with brown squamules when dry; g. deeply decur. whitish; s. flocculose, whitish.

      suaveolens, Fr. Fragrant. P. 2-3 cm. convex then concave, discoid, buff, hygr. margin striate; gills crowded, pallid; s. 4-5 cm. thinner upwards, tinged brown; sp. 8 × 5.

      Among grass. Differs from C. fragrans in concave pileus with striate margin.

      brumalis, Fr. P. 1.5-2.5 cm. umbil. then deeply depr. flaccid, glabrous, wavy, livid, pale when dry; g. pallid; s. 4-5 cm. glabrous, whitish, often curved; sp. 4-5 × 3-4.

   2. ***** Orbiformes. Pileus rather fleshy, convex then flattened or depressed, polished; g. adnate; dingy, becoming pale.
      1. + Gills grey or olive.

         orbiformis, Fr. P. 4-5 cm. convexo-plane, even, smoky grey; g. greyish white; s. 5-7 cm. naked, narrowed upwards, grey; sp. ——.

         Differs from C. cyathiforme in plane p.

         [applanata, Secr. P. exp. disc depr. flaccid, lurid then hoary; g. greyish white; s. fuscous with white down, pallid and silky fibrillose upwards.

         [insignis, Gill. P. conical, convex, then exp. edge more or less wavy and upturned, much depr. round strong umbo, even, glabrous, red, umb. rusty; g. closely crowded, clear white; s. cylindrical, solid, colour of p.

         [papillata, Gillet. P. convex then exp. with a little persistent brown umbo, glabrous, hygr. slightly striate, clear reddish; g. pallid; s. subequal, wavy, white-pruinose, apex colour of p.

         [radicellata, Godey. P. convex, umbil. purplish brown, grey-pruinose; g. crowded, soon yellowish grey; s. equal, curved, colour of g. with a white bloom, base white with a number of branched strands.

         [ochracea, Gill. P. irreg. umb. uniformly ochre, silky or pruinose; g. distant; s. excentric, colour deeper than p.

         [macrophylla, Karst. P. thin, convex, orbicular, livid-white then paler and shining; g. adnate, very broad, triangular, white; s. wavy, whitish, glabrous, base thickened; sp. ——.

         [lepiphylla, Gill. P. convex then depr. uniformly pale grey then pallid; g. decur. tinged grey; s. elastic, wavy, grey, with a white bloom, with longitudinal whitish striae.

         metachroa, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. convexo-plane then depr. brownish grey, then livid, at last pallid; g. pale grey; s. 2-3 cm. grey, apex mealy; sp. ——.

         zygophylla, Cke. and Mass. P. 4-7 cm. thin, wavy, slightly depr. greyish ochre then pallid, edge plicate; g. deeply decur. grey, veined; s. 4-5 cm. smooth, pallid; sp. 8 × 4.

         pausiaca, Fr. P. 2-3 cm. soon plane, umber with olive tinge, often silky; g. adnate, olive; s. 4-6 cm. striate, coloured like p., apex powdery; sp. ——.

         ditopa, Fr. Smell strong, mealy. P. 2-3 cm. plane then depr. brownish grey then pale, often wavy; g. adnate, dusky grey; s. 2.3 cm. hollow; sp. ——.

         Differs from C. metachroa in mealy smell.

         [nubila, Fr. P. exp. umb. livid then tan, glabrous; g. subdecur. rather distant, brownish tan; s. slender, apex pruinose.

         [obola, Fr. P. convexo-plane, obtuse, glabrous, hygr. livid then whitish; g. adnate, livid; s. equal, thin, striate, naked, livid.

      2. ++ Gills whitish.

         diatreta, Fr. P. 2-4 cm. plane then depr. edge involute, pubescent, often wavy, flesh colour then pallid tan; g. with an acute decur. tooth, crowded, narrow; s. 3-5 cm. pallid, straight, terete; sp. ——.

         fragrans, Sow. Smell strong, spicy, 2-3 cm. depr. pallid; g. subdecur. rather crowded; s. 4-5 cm. elastic, glabrous; sp. ——.

         C. suaveolens differs in cup-shaped p. and brownish stem.

         angustissima, Fr. P. 4-5 cm. plano-depr. edge spreading, pallid, shining white when dry; g. subdecur. narrow, closely crowded; s. 4-5 cm. white, naked, flexuous; sp. 5 × 3.

         [isabellina, Q. P. yellowish white, umb. hygr.; g. thick, often branched, whitish; s. fistulose, wavy, white, base narrowed.

         obsoletus, Batsch. Smell spicy, but weak. P. 2-3 cm. plano-depr. even, pale pinky tan, pale when dry; g. obtusely adnate, broad; s. 2-3 cm. elastic, soon hollow, whitish; sp. ——.

         [mortuosa, Fr. P. plano-depr. umber or brown then pale, even; g. adnate, closely crowded, narrow, whitish; s. short, glabrous, compr. whitish.

         [gyrans, Fr. P. convex-umb. even, glabrous, hygr. edge broadly incurved, whitish; g. crowded, white; s. hollow, glabrous.

   3. ****** Versiformes. Pileus thin, convex then deformed, squamulose or furfuraceous; g. adnate, broad; usually distant and powdered with the white spores.

      ectypa, Fr. P. 4-7 cm. exp. then depr. revolute, dingy yellow or rufescent, slightly streaked with dark fibrils, edge slightly striate; g. adnate, pallid then spotted with red and powdered with the spores; s. 5-10 cm. dingy yellowish, fibrillose; sp. 9 × 6.

      [difformis, Pers. P. convex, plane, subumbil. glabrous, hygr. striate when moist, even when dry, at length subsquamulose, livid then whitish; g. adnate, distant; s. hollow, glabrous, shining.

      var. stygia, Fr. P. campan. umbil.; g. adnexed, ventricose; s. long, slender.

      [incompta, Fr. P. plane then depr. blackish olive, virgate with adglutinated blackish fibrils, viscid; g. pale grey; s. fibrillosely striate, grey.

      [xanthophylla, Bres. P. convex-umbil. dry greyish-hoary, virgate especially at centre with brownish fibrils; g. decur. clear yellow; s. greyish-white, fibrillose.

      [nigropunctata, Secr. P. exp. umb. whitish, mealy, disc dotted with black; g. crowded, pallid then yellowish; s. hollow, striate with black.

      [pachyphylla, Fr. P. convexo-plane, dingy yellow or rufescent, floccosely squamulose; g. thick, distant, yellow; s. tough, yellow.

      var. absinthiata. P. scurfy-squamulose, brown-ochre; g. very broad, grey then pallid.

      bella, Pers. P. 2-3 cm. exp. depr. or umbil. orange yellow with darker squamules; g. yellow, connected by veins, mealy; s. 4-5 cm. yellowish; sp. 6-7, subgl. warted.

      laccata, Scop. (= Laccaria, B. and Br.). P. exp. subumbil. irreg. mealy subsquamulose, violet or brown, whitish when dry, 2-4 cm.; g. thick, distant, coloured like p., mealy; s. 4-7 cm. fibrous, colour of p.; sp. globose, warted, 8-9.

      proxima, Boud. P. 2-3 cm. convex then plane, glabrous, yellowish-brown; g. adnato-decurrent, pinkish; s. 6-7 cm. even, smooth, paler than pileus; sp. 7 × 3.5.

      Resembling the brown form of C. laccata, differing in the elliptical, warted spores and glabrous pileus.

      [sandicina, Fr. P. convexo-plane, umbil. deformed, even, hygr. at length greyish-mealy; g. adnate, crowded, purplish, almost naked; s. hollow, unequal, glabrous, purplish.

      [grumata, Scop. P. campan.-convex, glabrous, cracked into squamules, disc depr. yellow; g. broadly adnate, distant, white; s. equal, pallid.

      sadleri, Berk. This is only an abnormal condition of Hypholoma fasciculare.