COPRINUS, Fr.

Key to the Sections.

I. Volva distinct with a free edge; ring present or absent. p. 228.

II. Volva absent; ring present on stem. p. 229.

III. Volva and ring absent. Veil practically absent. Pileus either glabrous or with minute innate squamules, especially near the apex, not splitting along the lines of the gills. p. 231.

IV. Volva and ring absent. Veil very evident—at least in a young state—as a felty coating, which breaks up during expansion of the pileus into patches, cottony, squamulose, fibrillose or mealy. Not glistening nor micaceous. p. 231.

V. Volva and ring absent. Pileus covered with glistening micaceous particles when young. p. 236.

VI. Volva, ring, and veil absent. Flesh very thin, pileus soon splitting along the lines of the gills, scurfy or glabrous. p. 237.

1. I. Volva distinct, with a free margin; ring present or absent.
   1. * Large; pileus more than 2 cm. high and wide.
      1. + Stem white.

         sterquilinus, Fr. P. 5-7 cm. high, coarsely sulcate, silvery grey, disc tawny with squarrose squamules; g. free; s. 9-15 cm. white, dark when bruised; volva with free margin, sometimes a ring on stem; sp. 18-20 × 11-12.

         [solstitialis, Sacc. P. cylindric-ovate, whitish with concentric over-lapping scales, expanding and blackish, grooved; g. free; s. white, base volvate, ring imperfect.

         Smaller than C. sterquilinus, and stem not blackish when bruised.

         oblectus, Bolton. P. 3-5 cm. coarsely striate, whitish, glabrous, then pale tawny and sprinkled with rose-coloured powder; g. free; s. 8-12 cm. white; volva with recurved edge; sp. 18 × 11-12.

      2. ++ Stem coloured.

         umbrinus, Mass. At first entirely enclosed in a white volva, which leaves patches on p. P. 4-5 cm. umber, sulcate up to disc; g. free; s. 10-15 cm. umber, margin of volva recurved; sp. 17-18 × 9.

         Differs from C. stenocoleus in sulcate pileus and umber stem.

         [stenocoleus, Lindbl. P. 5-8 cm. umb. even, blackish with white squamules; g. free; s. 10-15 cm. pale tawny; margin of volva free; sp. ——.

   2. ** Small; pileus less than 2 cm. high and wide.
      1. + Volva entire.

         [cyclodes, Fr. P. 1.5-2 cm. high, campan. striate, glabrous, bay; g. soon black; s. 4-5 cm. white, rather flexuous; edge of volva recurved; sp. ——.

         [equinus, Chelch. P. ovate then campan. greyish white, disc darkest, covered with darker scurf or flecks; g. free; s. long, glabrous, base rather swollen, volva with a free edge which sometimes breaks away as a ring; sp. 5-6.

         [Trappenii, Oud. P. campan. 1-1.5 cm. apex with fragments of volva, then glabrous; g. purplish then black; s. 1-1.5 cm. white, volva entire; sp. ——.

         volvaceo-minimus, Crossl. P. 4-5 mm. striate, grey with white squamules; g. slightly adnexed; s. 2-2.5 cm. glabrous, hyaline, base bulbous, volva with broad free edge; sp. 6-7.

         Differs from C. Hendersonii in distinct volva and subglobose sp.

         C. bulbillosus differs in absence of a marginate volva.

      2. ++ Volva torn into shreds.

         dilectus, Fr. P. 1.5-2 cm. very thin, campan., obtuse, finely striate, rosy white then tawny, furfuraceo-floccose with rosy meal, at length splitting, revolute and naked; g. free, sublanceolate, crowded; s. 5-7 cm. whitish and powdered with rosy meal, base thickened, volva reduced to squamules; sp. ——.

         Differs from C. oblectus in very rudimentary volva, and generally smaller size.

         roseotinctus, Rea. P. 7-11 × 5-7 mm. cylindr. then revolute, umb. brown with rosy meal; g. adnexed, broad; s. up to 5 cm. bulbous, white, with rosy meal when young; sp. 9-11 × 5-6.

         Perhaps too closely allied to C. dilectus.

2. II. Volva absent, ring present on stem.
   1. * Large; Pileus 8-15 cm. high.

      comatus, Fr. P. cylindr. then campan. 9-15 cm. high, whitish or tinged ochre, becoming broken up into large reflexed scales; g. very slightly adnexed; s. 12-20 cm. white, base bulbous, rooting, ring loose; sp. 12-14 × 8-10. Edible.

      var. clavatus, Q. P. ovate, g. free, white then black, no intermediate pink colour; s. without a ring.

      ovatus, Schaeff. P. 8-10 cm. high, ovate then exp. striate, soon broken up into broad adpressed scales; g. free; s. white, base bulbous, rooting, ring deciduous; sp. 12 × 8. Edible.

      Differs from C. comatus in smaller size, and ovate form when young.

      atramentarius, Fr. P. rather fleshy, 8-12 cm. high, ovate then campan. fluted, edge uneven, silvery grey, apex squamulose; g. free; s. 10-16 cm. white, hollow, ring basal, evanescent; sp. 12 × 6. Edible.

      soboliferus, Fr. P. thin, ovate then exp. plicate below, disc truncate, brownish with darker squamules, rest greyish white; g. free; s. 12-20 cm. white, stuffed, ring fugacious; sp. 15 × 7. Edible.

      Differs from C. atramentarius in squamulose truncate disc, stuffed stem, and larger spores.

      [pyrenaeus, Q. P. narrowly ellipt. up to 10 cm. long, striate, pearl grey, with a dense veil of free white fibrils; g. free; s. 10-15 cm. hollow, white, ring basal, fugacious; sp. subgl. 12-18.

      Differs from C. atramentarius in white veil.

      [praegnans, Fr. P. campan. 18-20 cm. high, not striate, grey, crowded with white squamules; g. free, umber from first; s. solid, fusiform, rooting, squamulose, ring free; sp. ——.

      Differs from C. atramentarius in solid s.

   2. ** Small; pileus never exceeding 3 cm. high.

      Hendersonii, Fr. P. subcylindrical then exp. up to 1 cm. apex tawny rest grey, fluted, minutely pruinose; g. free; s. 3-4 cm. with a permanent ring below middle; sp. 10-12 × 6.

      [bulbillosus, Pat. P. 8-10 mm. grey disc yellow, striate, covered with white meal; g. grey; s. 2-3 cm. white, base bulbous, ring loose, median; sp. 8-9 × 6-7.

      Differs from C. Hendersonii in bulbous stem.

      [ephemeroides, Fr. P. campan. plicato-sulcate, whitish, disc tinged yellow, up to 1 cm. sprinkled with superficial flecks; g. free; s. 2-4 cm. whitish, ring free, base with a pilose bulb; sp. 11-12 × 6-7.

      Differs from C. bulbillosus in squamulose pileus and strigose bulb.

      var. muscorum, sp. 7-9 × 6-8.

      [scauroides, Godey. P. ovate then campan. striate, white then purplish, floccosely squamulose; g. free; s. white, with a marginate bulb and ring.

      [Bresadolae, Schulz. P. subcylindrical, greyish-white, apex tinged brown; g. black, edge white; s. tapering upwards, white, glabrous, ring deciduous.

3. III. Volva and ring absent. Veil practically absent; p. either glabrous or with minute innate squamules, especially near the apex, not splitting along the lines of the gills.
   1. * Gills attached to the stem.

      fuscescens, Fr. P. 4-6 cm. ovate then exp. not lobed, disc fuscous, rest greyish brown, powdered with meal at first; g. narrow towards the front; s. white, hollow, somewhat fibrillose; sp. 8-10 × 5-6.

      Differs from C. atramentarius in rufous p. not lobed.

      [tergiversans, Fr. P. conical then exp. 6-12 cm. rusty brown, grooved, cracked into squamules; g. broadly adnate; s. white, apex sulcate.

      Allied to C. micaceus; differs in squamulose and not micaceous p.

      [Lerchenfeldii, Schulz. P. hemispher. apex elevated, brownish grey, edge wavy silvery grey then violet; g. violet, shining; s. fibrillose or squamulose.

   2. ** Gills free.

      [cylindricus, Fr. P. cylindrical then exp. 8-12 cm. across, rimosely striate, a few adpr. squamules, whitish brown; g. narrow; s. 15-21 cm. equal, fibrillose.

      [Mayrii, Allesch. P. campan. exp. white, striate, small yellow-brown squamules near edge, disc sparingly scaly; g. free; s. white, striate, base globose, marginate, hollow to swollen base; sp. 6-7 × 3-4.

      Allied to C. atramentarius.

      flocculosus, Fr. P. ovate then exp. 4-7 cm. across, dingy white, striate, squamules innate; g. narrow; s. 6-10 cm. white, silky, hollow; sp. 10 × 7-8.

      Differs from C. aratus in white p., and from C. lagopus in glabrous stem.

      squamosus, Morgan. P. 4-6 cm. sulcate, grey, with persistent spreading brown scales; g. free; s. 9-14 cm. with brown spreading scales up to ring; sp. 9-10 × 5.

4. IV. Volva and ring absent. Veil very evident—at least in young state—as a felty coating, which breaks up during expansion of p. into patches; cottony, squamulose, fibrillose or mealy. Not glistening or micaceous.
   1. * Veil thick and felty, breaking into patches.
      1. + Gills attached to stem.

         aphthosus, Fr. P. campan. even, livid, 2-3 cm. white veil at first continuous then broken into floccose patches; g. adnate; s. 5 cm. white, hollow, fibrillose; sp. 15-16 × 10.

         Differs from C. varicus in hollow stem.

         [phaeosporus, Karst. P. conico-cylindrical then flattened, everywhere delicately striate, at first enclosed in a rufescent veil which breaks up into patches, soon naked and white; g. adnexed; s. glabrous, white, hollow; sp. 9-15 × 4-9.

         Differs from C. albus by glabrous s.

      2. ++ Gills free.

         picaceus, Fr. P. campan. glutinous, striate up to disc, blackish with white patches; g. free; s. 10-15 cm. white, hollow, base swollen; sp. 14 × 8.

         tomentosus, Fr. P. cylindr. then narrowly conical, at length exp. 2-3 cm.; pallid yellow, covered with a greyish felt which breaks into scales; g. free; s. 5 cm. hollow, greyish, velvety; sp. ——.

         [velatus, Q. P. cylind. then exp. 2-3 cm. yellowish, sulcate, veil white, thin; g. free but close to s.; s. 4-6 cm. white, villose, coarsely striate; sp. 10 × 5.

         [Forquignoni, Mass. (C. Quéletii, Forq.). P. conico-campan. veil thick, ochraceous, then broken up into persistent patches, whitish, 5-6 cm. high; g. remote; s. white, floccosely fibrillose, ending in a tawny bulb; sp. 9 × 6.

         [varicus, Fr. P. white or livid towards the split edge, with patches of white veil; g. free; s. 6-9 cm. often incurved, white, glabrous, solid, tough.

         Differs from C. picaceus in white p. and solid s.

   2. ** Veil breaking up into superficial scales, cottony or fibrillose.
      1. + Gills attached to stem.
         1. § Pileus white or grey.

            niveus, Fr. All pure white. P. 1-2.5 cm. campan. floccose; g. slightly adnexed; s. 5-8 cm. hollow, villose; sp. 16 × 11-13.

            var. astroideus, Fr. P. squamose, naked, grey, 1 cm.; s. up to 8 cm. slender, glabrous.

            [albus, Q. Snow white. P. ovoid then exp. 1.5-2 cm. floccosely mealy then pearl grey and grooved, with tawny flecks at disc; g. adnate, seceding; s. coarsely striate upwards; sp. 12-13 long.

            [Rostrupianus, Hansen. White. P. thin campan. then exp. tomentose, squamulose; g. free, grey then blackish; s. narrowed upwards, glabrous above, downy below, base with white tomentum.

            Medium sized, allied to C. niveus.

            [pilosus, Beck. P. cylindr. apex rounded, white, densely covered with septate acute white hairs, then exp. and centre almost glabrous and yellowish, edge slightly striate; s. slender, pubescent, base floccose; sp. 9-12 × 6-7.

            exstinctorius, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. across, campan. whitish, apex tinged brown, at first with evanescent floccose scales; g. reaching stem; s. 8-12 cm. smooth, white, hollow, swollen at base and rooting; sp. 10-11 × 6-7.

            Differs from C. fimetarius in pileus becoming bald from disc to margin.

            [roris, Q. P. soon convex and centre depr. pearl grey, transparent, covered at first with a thin tawny-white veil, 1-1.5 cm.; g. adnate; s. 3-4 cm. greyish, villosely floccose; sp. 11-12 long.

            Differs from C. plicatilis in adnate g. and from C. diaphanus in villose stem.

            similis, B. and Br. P. ovate then campan. pallid disc darker, striate, studded with brown tipped pointed warts, 2.5 cm.; g. adnate; s. white, hollow.

            [Brunandi, Q. P. campan. 5-6 mm. high, very delicate, striate, greyish lilac, at first with crystalline interwoven filaments; g. adnate then free; s. white, floccose, bulbous; sp. 10 long.

            Allied to C. lagopus.

         2. §§ Pileus tawny or brownish.

            domesticus, Fr. P. campan. obtuse, sulcate, disc even, bay, rest paler, scurfy-floccose, 4-7 cm.; g. adnexed; s. 6-9 cm. white, silky; sp. 11-12 × 7.

            [alopecia, Fr. P. 6-7.5 cm. campan. obtuse, sulcate, pale brown or ochre, at first with adpr. fibrils; g. adnexed; s. 9-12 cm. densely scaly, hollow.

            [Boudieri, Q. P. 1-2 cm. campan. coarsely striate, pale tawny apex darker, covered with fine white down; g. adnate; s. 3-4 cm. white, pruinose and pubescent; sp. angularly globose, 10-12.

            [subcoeruleo-griseus, Schulzer. P. acutely conical then plane, slightly striate, disc pale yellowish-pink, rest greyish blue, with minute fugacious scales; g. adnexed; s. white, floccosely pruinose, then glabrous, hollow; sp. 10-13 × 6-8.

      2. ++ Gills free.
         1. § Stem glabrous.

            nycthemerus, Fr. P. conico-cylindr. then exp. 1.5-2 cm. plicate, ribs forked near edge, mealy then naked, grey, disc tawny; g. free; s. 5-7 cm. white, glabrous, flaccid, hollow; sp. ——.

            [gonophyllus, Q. P. 1.5 cm. hemisph. striate, blackish grey, shining, veil floccose, whitish, soon disappearing; g. free, triangular, edge serrate; s. 3 cm. glabrous, slightly striate, white; sp. 10 × 4.

            Spraguei, B. and Curt. P. conical then campan. 1.5-2 cm. tomentose, striate, greyish, disc tawny; g. few, distant; s. 3-5 cm. pale reddish ochre; sp. 10 × 5.

            Spegazzinii, Karst. P. cylindr. or oval, then exp. and splitting up to disc, greyish, soon naked and grooved; g. free; s. white, hollow, thickened below and rooting; sp. 9-14 × 5-6.

            platypus, B. and Cke. P. white then yellowish, flocculose, 4-5 mm.; g. free; s. 1.5-3 cm. base discoid; sp. 8 × 6.

         2. §§ Stem floccose or pulverulent at first.

            narcoticus, Fr. Foetid. P. cylindric-clavate then exp. 1.5-2 cm. hyaline, striate, at first with white floccose squamules; g. free; s. 4-5 cm. white, downy at first, hollow; sp. 11 × 5-6.

            [muralis, Allesch. Smell strong, ammoniacal. P. cylindr. then campan. white then grey, covered with white floccose squamules; g. free, narrow; s. equal, hollow, floccosely scaly then glabrous, white, shining, base densely fibrous; sp. subg. 6.

            lagopus, Fr. P. cylindr. then campan. coarsely striate up to brown disc, at first with white flocci; g. free; s. 10-15 cm. everywhere with white floccose down; sp. 14-16 × 10-12.

            Differs from C. narcoticus in absence of smell. C. lagopoides differs in tomentum breaking up into scales, and g. very distant from stem.

            [lagopoides, Karst. P. campan. sulcate, disc livid, with free white scales, 4-7 cm.; g. distant from stem; s. up to 17 cm. white, floccose; sp. 6-8 × 5-6.

            macrocephalus, B. P. cylindr. then campan. striate, ashy grey, disc brownish, sprinkled with pointed scales, 2 cm.; g. free; s. 3-5 cm. dingy white, fibrillose below; sp. 11-13 × 7-8.

            Differs from C. lagopus in dark grey p.

            [tigrinellus, Boud. P. elliptic-oblong then campan. striate, snow-white edge becoming rosy, pulverulent, with tawny flecks; g. free; s. 2 cm. white, base rather bulbous and often with blackish flecks; sp. 11 × 7.

            Differs from C. Friesii in being at first covered with brown tomentum which breaks up into flecks.

            [Friesii, Q. P. elliptic-oblong then exp. 1-2 cm. finely striate, white apex tinged yellow, edge rosy; g. free, reddish then black; s. 2 cm. white, pulverulent, base swollen and floccose; sp. angularly glob. 10.

            Differs from C. tigrinellus in not having a brown veil.

            [cupulatus, E. Jacob. P. subcampan. greyish yellow, with a floccose greyish white veil then pubescent, sulcate, 4-5 mm.; g. free; s. 5-7 cm. white, downy, striate, base swollen; sp. 7-8 × 6-7.

            fimetarius, Fr. P. 2-2.5 cm. clavate then conico-exp. soon splitting, disc even brownish, at first covered with squarrose floccose scales, then naked; g. free; s. 10-15 cm. white, squamulose, base solid; sp. 12-14 × 7-8.

            var. pullatus, Fr. P. with adpressed squamules, soon naked, dark; s. soon smooth.

            var. cinereus, Fr. P. floccosely mealy then naked, grey; s. rootless, hollow to base.

            var. macrorhiza, Fr. P. at first with feathery squamules; s. short, rooting.

            [Queletii, Schulzer. P. ellipsoid-conical then exp. deeply sulcate, whitish, apex glabrous tinged cinnamon, with fugacious flecks; g. free; s. white, flocculose then glabrous, ventricose below, rooting with long brown fibres; sp. 10-12 × 4-6.

            [laxus, Bres. and Schulz. P. subglobose, grey, disc yellowish cinnamon, granularly floccose; g. free; s. white, tinged brown at base, with white flecks, bending over as it dries; sp. 6-8 × 4-5.

            [Albertinii, Karst. P. campan. sulcate, greyish-white, disc brownish, with fine network of fibrils; g. free; s. white, silky-floccose; sp. 10-12 × 6.

            [Strossmayeri, Schulzer. P. digitaliform, then conico-campan. whitish then grey, apex darker, finally pale ochre, with deciduous squarrose scales; g. free; s. white, pruinose, springing from a compact, branching blackish-brown mycelium; sp. 7-9 long.

   3. *** Veil formed of white meal, or hyaline vesicles. Not glistening or micaceous.

      tuberosus, Q. P. campan. 3-5 mm. finely striate, white then greyish, veil of hyaline vesicles; g. blackish violet; s. 2-4 cm. slender, wavy, white, downy, springing from a small black sclerotium; sp. 12 long.

      Smaller than C. niveus, and springing from a sclerotium.

      [cineratus, Q. P. campan. 1-2 cm. striate, white then greyish violet, veil of dusky hyaline vesicles; g. free, close to stem; s. 4-6 cm. white, base rather swollen and sheathed by remains of a volva; sp. 10 × 5.

      filiformis, B. and Br. P. 1-2 mm. cylindrical, striate, grey, mealy; g. linear; s. 1-1.5 cm. slender, hyaline, sprinkled with hairs; sp. subg. 5 × 4.

      [luxoviensis, Mont. P. ovoid then campan. striate, mealy then naked and grey, disc tawny; g. distant; s. with spreading fibrils, soon naked, white, springing from a spreading mycelium; sp. ——.

      [caducus, Harz. P. oval then cylindrical, striate, grey then blackish brown, at first densely covered with white meal which becomes grey; g. from a collar; s. greyish brown above, whitish below; sp. 9-10 × 6-7.

      [Britzelmayri, Sacc. and Cub. (= C. macrosporus, Brit.) P. and s. covered with snow-white meal; g. adnexed; s. tall; sp. 20 × 10-12.

      [albulus, Q. P. almost hemispherical, 5 mm. pellucid, striate, pulverulent; g. arcuately adnate; s. 2 cm. filiform, pulverulent, lower half with white flecks; sp. 13 long.

      [divergens, Brit. P. parabolic, brownish then dark grey, deeply striate; g. blackish-grey; s. pellucid, whitish; sp. 10-11 × 6-7.

      Intermediate between C. tomentosus and C. niveus.

5. V. Volva and ring absent. Pileus covered with glistening particles when young.

   micaceus, Fr. P. 3-6 cm. oval then campan. glistening then naked, sulcate, tawny ochre; g. adnexed; s. 5-8 cm. white, silky, hollow.

   [marcescens, Karst. P. campan. sulcate, whitish at first, soon dingy ochre, then pale sooty grey, disc brownish yellow, micaceous; g. adnexed; s. white, silky; sp. 6-9 × 4-6.

   Differs from C. micaceus in p. becoming sooty grey.

   aratus, B. P. 5-8 cm. narrowly elliptical then campan.-umber, grooved up to disc; g. slightly adnexed; s. 10-15 cm. snow-white, silky, hollow; sp. 15 × 10-11.

   stercorarius, Fr. P. 2.5-3 cm. ovate then campan. edge striate, densely covered with white glistening meal; g. adnexed; s. 7-12 cm. white, hollow, minutely mealy at first; sp. 14-15 × 8.

   C. niveus differs in tomentose p., and C. albus in sulcate p.

   radians, Fr. P. ovate then campan. 2.5-5 cm. edge striate, disc granuloso-squamulose, tawny ochre then pale, glistening; g. slightly adnexed; s. 3-5 cm. white, smooth, base with dense radiating strands of mycelium; sp. 7 × 4.

   truncorum, Fr. P. globose at first then campan. glistening then naked, tawny ochre, striate, 2-4 cm.; g. free, rosy then black; s. 7-10 cm. slender, white, glabrous, hollow; sp. 12-14 × 6.

   Differs from C. micaceus in p. being globose at first, and not sulcate, and in free, rosy g.

   [inamoenus, Karst. Foetid. P. subcylindrical then exp. blackish with white micaceous scurf; g. fixed to a remote collar; s. hyaline, at first downy, often rather wavy, several stems springing at intervals from a prostrate mycelium; sp. 7-11 × 4-6.

   [intermedius, Penzig. P. campan. pallid, even, with dense reddish micaceous scurf near apex; g. free; s. glabrous, tinged pink; sp. 7.5-9 × 5.

   [frustulosum, Sacc. P. campan. rather acute, even, covered with reddish micaceous meal; g. free; s. conical then cylindrical, white; sp. 8 × 6.

6. VI. Volva, ring, and veil absent; flesh very thin, pileus soon splitting along the lines of the gills, scurfy or glabrous.
   1. * Pileus more or less scurfy.
      1. + Gills attached to stem.
         1. § Pileus white.

            [conditus, Godey. P. globose then ovoid, striate, sometimes tinged yellow; g. adnate; s. 20-25 mm. shining, scurfy; sp. ——.

            [stellaris, Q. P. ovoid then campan. 1-2 mm. striate, snow-white then greyish, crowned with pellucid vesicles; g. adnate; s. 1-2 cm. long, filiform, hyaline, velvety; sp. 8 long.

         2. §§ Pileus coloured.

            [coöpertus, Fr. P. conico-campan. 2.5 cm. striate, lurid, densely micaceous, yellowish grey when dry; g. adnate, broad; s. 3-5 cm. pallid, apex with white flecks; sp. ——.

            [pseudo-plicatilis, Vogl. P. campan. umb. soon exp. and sulcate, yellowish grey, umbo yellowish, scurfy; g. adnate; s. white, woolly, thickened and floccose below; sp. 6-8 × 3.

            velox, Godey. P. obovate, striate then grooved, scurfy between the ribs, disc also greyish and scurfy, 3-4 mm.; g. close to stem; s. 1.5-3 cm. with white floccose down; sp. ——.

            ephemerus, Fr. P. very delicate, ovate then campan. sulcate, slightly scurfy, disc elevated, even, rufescent, 1-2 cm.; g. slightly adnexed; s. 3-6 cm. glabrous, whitish, pellucid; sp. 16-17 × 9-10.

            [mycenopsis, Karst. P. campan. then exp. sulcate, sooty-grey, livid disc prominent, scurfy, soon naked; g. adnate; s. tall, glabrous, white, striate upwards; sp. 7-8 × 4.

      2. ++ Gills free.
         1. § Stem fibrillose or downy.

            cothurnatus, Godey. P. conico-campan. then exp. and umb. densely scurfy, whitish, yellowish or reddish, 2-3 cm.; g. free; s. 3-5 cm. white, squamulose below; sp. ——.

            [evanidus, Godey. P. obovate then campan. striate, whitish, rather scurfy, disc prominent, tinged brown; 3-4 mm.; g. free, distant; s. 1.5-2.5, pellucid, white, downy; sp. ——.

         2. §§ Stem glabrous.

            sociatus, Fr. P. ovate then campan. plicate, subsquamulose or scurfy, disc umber and becoming depr. 2 cm.; g. narrowed behind, attached to a collar; s. 4-5 cm. white, glabrous, not pellucid; sp. ——.

            Gills much nearer s. than in C. plicatilis, much narrowed behind, black.

            [sulcato-crenatus, Steinh. P. cylindrical then campan. soon plane, sulcato-crenate, almost glabrous, yellow, disc brown, even, becoming depr.; g. remote from stem, distant; s. yellow, apex brown; sp. obtusely triangular, compressed.

            Differs from C. plicatilis in yellow p. and s.

            [Patouillardii, Q. P. conico-campan. then plane, coarsely striate up to disc, grey, disc rough with minute reddish granules; g. attached to collar distant from s.; s. 4-7 cm. white, glabrous, fragile; sp. angularly globose, 6-8.

            Differs from C. nycthemerus in white s.; and from C. velaris in rough disc.

            papillatus, Fr. P. elliptical then campan. becoming plane and upturned; disc prominent and rough with minute warts, dark, striate, covered with greyish scurf, .5-1 cm.; g. free; s. 2.5 cm. white, hyaline, hollow; sp. 15 × 7.

            [affinis, Karst. P. conico-cylindr. then exp. greyish white, disc pale rufous, plicate, scurfy; g. free; s. flaccid, glabrous, pallid; sp. 6-8 × 5-7.

            radiatus, Fr. P. cylindrical, soon plane and splitting, yellowish, disc darker, then whitish, minutely pilose when young; g. almost free; s. 1-3 cm. hyaline, pilose; sp. 7-8 × 5.

            Gibbsii, Mass. and Crossl. Very minute, p. 0.5 mm. hemispher. then exp. striate, glabrous, pale ochre; g. adnate, few; s. 4-7 mm. white, glabrous; sp. subcircular, compressed, 8-9 diam.; cystidia piriform.

            [lanatus, Boud. P. soon campan. plicately striate, greyish rufous disc darker; g. free; s. glabrous, white, slightly bulbous.

   2. ** Pileus glabrous.
      1. + Gills attached to stem.
         1. § Stem downy or pulverulent.

            tardus, Karst. P. ovoid then campan. 2.5-5 cm. coarsely striate, bay then ochre, glabrous; g. adnate; s. 6-10 cm. white, slightly flexuous, equal; sp. angularly ellipt. 12-18 × 7-9.

            Differs from C. deliquescens in smooth disc and adnate g.

            [Gilletii, Jacobasch. (= Cop. intermedius Gill.). P. ovato-campan. grey, disc yellow; pulverulent then glabrous, edge striate; g. ovato-elongate, blackish; s. slender, glabrous, hollow, with a membranaceous, distant, fixed erect ring.

            [attenuatus, Gill. P. conico-campan. even, glabrous, edge sulcate, upturned when dry, apex yellowish; g. broad, ventricose, reddish-brown; s. long, slender, hollow, narrowed towards base.

         2. §§ Stem glabrous.

            [auricomus, Pat. P. elliptic-oblong then campan. finely striate, pale greyish red disc darker, glabrous, 1.5-2 cm.; g. adnate; s. 5-8 cm. white, glabrous; sp. ——.

            Young plant enveloped in a golden yellow weft (= Ozonium).

            congregatus, Fr. P. cylindrical then campan. edge slightly striate, glabrous, viscid, ochre, 1.5-2 cm.; g. slightly adnexed; s. 2-3 cm. smooth, hollow, white; sp. ——.

            alternatus, Fr. P. hemisph. then discoid, even, glabrous, chalk-white disc pale umber, 3 cm.; g. adnate; s. whitish, hollow, 7-10 cm.; sp. 10 × 6-7.

            digitalis, Fr. P. ovate then campan. whitish disc darker, glabrous, striate up to disc, 2.5 cm.; g. slightly adnexed; s. 3-5 cm. whitish, equal; sp. ——.

            When mature the p. is sometimes livid olive or yellowish grey, and g. appear to be adnate.

            [diaphanus, Q. Every part translucent and glabrous. P. grooved, edge crenulate, silvery with a central tawny spot, 5-7 mm.; g. adnate; s. capillary, glabrous, 2-3 cm.; sp. 12 long.

            Differs from C. plicatilis in adnate g.

            [sceptrum, Fr. P. campan. papillately umb. deeply sulcate, pellucid, tinged grey; g. adnate to a collar; s. pellucid.

            erythrocephalus, Fr. P. cylindrical then campan. reddish vermilion becoming grey, silky, edge very finely striate, 1 cm.; g. slightly adnexed; s. 2-3 cm. paler than p.

      2. ++ Gills free, sometimes attached to a collar.
         1. § Stem downy or pulverulent.

            [Godeyi, Gillet. P. subglobose, distantly grooved, glabrous, pellucid, disc ochre, grey between the ribs, 3-4 mm.; g. free; s. 2 cm. pellucid, sprinkled with white flecks below.

            [semistriatus, Pat. P. ovate then campan. glabrous, disc even, yellowish, striate and grey up to disc, 1 cm.; g. attached to a collar; s. 1-2 cm. white, pruinose; sp. subcircular, compressed, 12-14 broad, 3 thick.

         2. §§ Stem glabrous.

            plicatilis, Fr. P. thin, cylindric ovate then plane, glabrous, coarsely grooved, pale brown then greyish, disc broad, even, at length depr. darker, 1-2 cm.; g. attached to a distant collar; s. 5-8 cm. white, smooth, hollow; sp. 11-13 × 8-9.

            deliquescens, Fr. P. ovate then campan. at length exp. livid grey, disc rufescent, papillose, otherwise glabrous, 3-7 cm.; g. free; s. 7-10 cm. white, glabrous, hollow; sp. 8 × 5.

            Differs from C. atramentarius in free gills.

            [miser, Karst. P. subglobose then exp. pellucid, tinged grey, plicate, glabrous; g. distant from stem, few in number; s. hyaline, glabrous; sp. 7-9 × 6-8.

            eburneus, Q. Entirely white, shining; elliptic-campan. firm, striate, rarely with a few flecks, 3-4 cm.; g. free; s. firm, glabrous; sp. 14 long.

            hemerobius, Fr. P. ovate then campan. 1.5-2.5 cm. coarsely grooved, disc even, bay, not depr.; g. attached to an imperfect collar; s. 5-8 cm. fragile, pallid; sp. 10-12 × 7.

            Differs from C. velaris in imperfect collar, and from C. plicatilis in disc not being depressed.

            [rapidus, Fr. P. cylindrical then plane, coarsely grooved, pale drab, glabrous, often slightly wavy, 1.5-2.5 cm.; g. free, close to stem, brown; s. 4-5 cm. white, glabrous.

            [phyllophilus, Karst. P. campan. then exp. glabrous, sulcate, dingy ochre becoming sooty; g. close to stem; s. pellucid, pruinose then naked; sp. angularly ovate, 7-8 × 5.

            [velaris, Fr. P. 2.5 cm. at first globose, then hemisph. coarsely striate, lurid, disc brownish, not depr.; g. black, edge white; s. 5-7 cm. pellucid, base downy; sp. 7-8 × 5.

            [pellucidus, Karst. P. obovate then hemispher. obtuse, sulcate, glabrous, whitish or yellowish then hyaline and greyish with a darker central spot; g. crowded; s. wavy, glabrous, pellucid; sp. 7-9 × 4.

            Schroteri, Karst. P. elliptical then exp. sulcate, glabrous, dingy ochre then pale, at length sooty-grey; g. brown; s. slightly pulverulent at first, slightly striate upwards; sp. angularly globose, 13-15 × 8-12.

            var. proximellus, Massee (= C. proximellus, Karst.) Spores elliptical, 10-13 × 5-7, otherwise as type.

MONTAGNITES, Fr.

[Candollei, Fr. P. 3-5 cm.; g. narrowed behind, broad, dark grey then blackish; s. elongated fibroso-striate, hollow, tawny, volva fleshy, persistent.

[Pallassii, Fr. P. thin, plane; g. smooth, black; s. very long rooting, volva absent; sp. 12 × 4.

ADDENDA.

(Next L. mastoidea, p. 8.)

Lepiota minuta, Vogl. P. 6-8 mm. slightly fleshy, even, campanulate then exp. brick-red, viscid; g. free, white, densely crowded; s. equal, even, dry, brownish, with a very narrow ring; sp. globose, 2-3.

(Near Lepiota delicata, p. 14.)

Schulzeria, Bresad.

Flesh of stem distinct from that of pileus; gills free and remote from the stem; spores hyaline; ring and volva absent.

This genus follows Lepiota, from which it differs in the absence of a ring.

Schulzeria squamigera, Schulz. and Bres. P. about 2 cm. rather fleshy, convex then exp. dry, umber at first then whitish, surface broken up into fibrous brownish-umber scales; g. crowded, subventricose, white, free, somewhat remote from stem, 3 mm. broad; s. equal, whitish, with lax umber scales which soon disappear; flesh white, compact; sp. 5-8 × 4.

Schulzeria rimulosa, Schulz. and Bres. P. 8-10 cm. fleshy, hemispher. then exp. rather irreg. even, glabrous, dry, lurid white, epidermis falling away then becoming areolately cracked; g. rather distant, 9-15 mm. broad, white then straw-colour, rounded at both ends, sometimes subsinuate behind, free, remote; s. equal, subexcentric, glabrous, colour of p.; sp. 5-6 × 3.

Schulzeria septentrionalis, Karst. P. about 10 cm. fleshy, soft, convex then exp. subumb. even, glabrous, dry, whitish; g. free, remote, broad, whitish, somewhat crowded; s. central, equal, base slightly bulbous, distinct from flesh of p. glabrous, whitish.

Tricholoma Czarnii, Roum. (= Ag. prasinus, Lasch. in part). P. 6-8 cm. very fleshy, convex then convex-plane, rather viscid, yellowish, disc darker, glabrous, edge slightly fibrillose; g. crowded; arcuate, broad, emarginate, pallid, rosy in section; s. solid, straight, clavate, slightly striate, colour of p., not longer than thick; sp. ——.

Allied to T. coryphaeum, differing in general aspect of p., g. never yellow-edged, less viscid, and no smell.

(Next T. coryphaeum, p. 17.)

Tricholoma Bresadolae, Schulz. Taste very acrid. P. 9-12 cm. entirely fleshy, irreg. edge sinuous, sometimes depressed at the centre, rather viscid when young, then dry, even, edge sometimes tuberculoso-sulcate, umber; g. distant, very thick, rounded in front, narrowed behind but not decur., 1 cm. and more broad, whitish; s. cylindrical, obconic or cuspidate towards base, whitish, sometimes tinged umber, glabrous; sp. 9-10 × 5.

(Next to T. spermaticum, p. 18.)

Tricholoma fallaciosum, Quel. and Schulz. (= Ag. platyrhizus, Schulz.) P. 4-5 cm. irreg. subglobose; vertex elevated but not umb. fleshy, brown, at first very dark then paler at edge, not shining, glabrous, even; g. partly free, rounded behind and cuspidate in front, brownish then pale, edge clear cinnamon; s. somewhat conoid, base pale sulphur yellow with copious strands and plates of white mycelium, central portion pale cinnamon, apex white and pulverulent; sp. 4-5 long.

(Next T. scalpturatum, p. 20.)

Tricholoma Gauteraudii, Roum. P. 3-6 cm. convex then plane, mammillate, centre pale yellowish, somewhat silky, rest glabrous, even, dry, whitish; g. broad, emarginate, whitish; s. white, base yellowish, solid, equal; flesh white, insipid and inodorous.

(Next T. inamoenum, p. 23.)

Clitocybe subviscifera, Karst. P. 3-4 cm. thin, convex then plane, sometimes becoming depr. orbicular or somewhat wavy, even, glabrous, viscid, whitish, disc usually become stained with rufous, then discoloured; g. deeply decur. distant, branched or connected by veins, pallid white; s. hollow, equal, flocculosely-scurfy, pallid; sp. 6-8 × 3-4.

(Next to C. pithyophila, p. 82.)

Cortinarius (Phleg.) centrifugus, Fr. P. plano-depr. glabrous, viscid, discoid, yellowish brown-violet then yellow, margin verdigris green; g. emarginate, rather crowded, crenulate, pinkish violet then cinnamon; s. solid, stout, clavato-bulbous, almost glabrous, white; flesh white; sp. ——.

(Follows C. Riederi, p. 178.)

Cortinarius (Phleg.) latus, Fr. P. 7-12 cm. exp. almost glabrous, moist, scarcely viscid, tan, disc darker; g. emarginate, subentire, crowded, clay-colour cinnamon; s. solid, fibrillose, pallid white, apex flocculose, cortina forming a superior persistent annulus, bulbous then subequal; flesh white; sp. ——.

(Next C. percomis, p. 179.)

Cortinarius (Phleg.) subtortus, Fr. P. 3-8 cm. convex, exp. obtuse, soft, glabrous, not striate, viscid, tan then pale, becoming rugulose; g. rounded, adnate, connected by veins, very broad, rather distant, greyish olive; s. unequal, rather twisted, becoming pale, apex partly hollow, scarcely tinged blue; sp. ——.

(Before C. anfractus, p. 179.)

Cortinarius (Phleg.) jasmineus, Fr. P. exp. gibbous, wavy, lacunose, rugose, viscid, dingy olive, disc at first fuscous then yellowish, opaque; flesh yellowish ochre; g. subadnate, very broad, rather crowded, pallid olive; s. stuffed, subequal, bluish, violet punctate, apex white; sp. ——.

(Next C. anfractus, p. 179.)

Cortinarius (Phleg.) elotus, Fr. Acrid. P. subpulvinate, unequal, glabrous, slightly viscid, sooty then tawny tan, edge darker and at length striate; g. emarginate, rather distant, pallid then olive tan; s. short, fibrillose, pallid, marginate bulb obsolete; sp. ——.

(Next C. talus, p. 180.)

Cortinarius (Phleg.) arquatus, Fr. P. equal, even, very glabrous, viscid, discoid, disc bay, edge yellowish, polished and shining when dry; g. subadnate, crowded, purplish then cinnamon; s. solid, pallid, except the obconic marginate bulb, apex tinged blue inside and out; sp. ——.

(Next C. purpurascens, p. 180.)

Cortinarius (Phleg.) causticus, Fr. Smell strong. P. convexo-plane, obtuse, glabrous, punctate, hygrophanous, very viscid, tawny when moist, then pale; g. ventricoso-emarginate, scarcely crowded, broad, whitish yellow; s. firm, elastic, glabrous, shining white; sp. ——.

(Next C. emollitius, p. 182.)

Cortinarius (Phleg.) vespertinus, Fr. P. convexo-plane, soft, glabrous, obsoletely viscid, subrugose, yellow, sometimes pale; g. emarginate, very broad, crowded, tawny cinnamon, transversely veined, edge whitish; s. solid, elongated, rather slender, fibrillose, shining white, base thickened; sp. ——.

(Next C. intentus, p. 183.)

Cortinarius (Phleg.) liratus, Fr. P. 5-6 cm. thin, convexo-plane, very glabrous, hygrophanous, viscid, radiately lacunose near the edge, honey-colour then somewhat ochre; g. emarginate, crowded, pale rusty; s. filled with pith limited by a dark horny line, equal, fibrillose, yellowish, base thickened; sp. ——.

(Before C. intentus, p. 183.)

Cortinarius (Phleg.) amurceus, Fr. P. convexo-plane, squamulosely papillose, viscid, sometimes gibbous, honey-tan; g. entirely adnate, distant, yellowish olive; s. solid, pallid, somewhat attenuated; sp. ——.

(Next C. olivascens, p. 183.)

Coprinus purpureophyllus, Jacobasch. P. 1-2.5 cm. conico-campan. torn, diaphanous, pale greyish-yellow, sulcate up to apex, covered with grey squamules which soon disappear; g. white then intense purplish violet, finally blackish, linear, ascending, crowded, adnexed, deliquescent; s. white, silky, generally curved, narrowed upwards from the subbulbous strigose base, apex white-mealy, remainder glabrous, fragile; sp. 7.5-8.5 × 5.5.

Growing on birch branches.

(Next to Coprinus roris, p. 233.)

CORRECTIONS.

Armillaria focalis, Fr. (p. 14), should be placed in the genus Lepiota, following L. naucina, Fr., p. 11.

Cortinarius subsimilis, Fr. (p. 183), should be placed under the section "Gills olive or smoky," p. 183.

Cortinarius Karstenii, Sacc. and Syd. This name should replace Cort. olivascens, Karsten, p. 191. There is an earlier Cort. olivascens, Fries, p. 183.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Handbook of British Fungi; M. C. Cooke. London, 1883.

(This work is a second edition of Cooke's 'Handbook of British Fungi,' London, 1871, and contains descriptions of all the figures given in the 'Illustrations of British Fungi.')

British Fungus-Flora; Geo. Massee. 4 vols. London, 1892-1895.

(The first three volumes include all the British Agarics up to date of publication. In addition to a diagnosis of each species, critical notes by Fries, Berkeley, Cooke and other mycologists are appended.)

France.

Les Hyménomycètes, ou description de tous les Champignons (Fungi) qui croissent en France; C. C. Gillet. Alençon, 1874-1902.

(Contains descriptions of all known French Hymenomycetes, illustrated by 1907 coloured plates, 8vo. In French.)

Figures peintes de Champignons de la France; L. Lucand, 1884-1889.

(A series of beautifully executed figures, mostly Agarics, on 425 plates 4to size. The number of copies was in the first instance very limited, and prepared only for subscribers. No descriptive text; names and synonyms given on the plates.)

Germany.

Die Pilze Schlesiens; J. Schroeter. Breslau, 1889.

(This work constitutes Vol. III. part I. of Cohn's Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien, and contains full descriptions of all Agarics indigenous to Silesia. In German.)

Sweden.

Icones selectae Hymenomycetum nondum delineatorum; Elias Fries. Stockholm, 1867.

(An indispensable work to the student of the Agaricaceae, containing descriptions and coloured figures of numerous species on 200 4to. plates. Written in Latin.)

Austria.

Fungi Tridentini novi, vel nondum delineati, descripti, et iconibus illustrati; J. Bresadola. Tridenti, 1881-.

(This work contains very full descriptions of new or critical species, mostly Agarics, which are illustrated in colour on 217 plates, 8vo. Written in Latin. This work appears in parts at irregular intervals, and is still going on.)

Italy.

Flore Mycologique Illustrée. Les Champignons des Alpes-Maritimes; J. B. Barla. Nice, 1888-1892.

(An excellent work, 4to size, containing coloured illustrations of new, rare, or critical Agarics on 64 plates. In French.)

Holland.

Révision des Champignons tant supérieurs qu'inférieurs trouvés jusqu'à ce jour dans les Pays-Bas; C. A. J. A. Oudemans. Amsterdam, 1893.

(Vol. I. of this work contains descriptions and valuable original comments of all the Hymenomycetes, Gasteromycetes, and Hypodermei met with in Holland. Written in French.)