The Governor's "Fayre House" in the 1630 Colonial Village at Salem
Plate 1
English Merchant Vessel at the beginning of the Seventeenth Century
From the model of an "English Merchantman of the size and date of the Mayflower", built by R. C. Anderson for the Pilgrim Society, Plymouth, Mass. Courtesy of the Marine Research Society
Plate 2
An English Merchantman of 1655
Showing the Rigging Plan. From Miller's Complete Modellist. Courtesy of the Marine Research Society
Plate 3
A Dutch Ship of about 1620
From Furttenbach's Architectura Navalis, 1629. Courtesy of the Marine Research Society
Plate 4
Governor John Endecott
1558-1665
From the original painting in the possession of William C. Endicott, jr.
Plate 5
The Colonial Village erected in 1930 at Salem, Massachusetts
Plate 6
English Wigwams, First Two Covered with Bark 1630 Colonial Village, Salem, Massachusetts
Framework of the English Wigwams 1630 Colonial Village, Salem, Massachusetts
Plate 7
Thatch-roofed, One-room Cottages; the Square of the 1630 Colonial Village showing the Pillory and Stocks
Interior of an English Wigwam 1630 Colonial Village, Salem, Massachusetts
Plate 8
Front Entry and Stairs in the Governor's "Fayre House" 1630 Colonial Village, Salem, Massachusetts
Plate 9
The "Hall" in the Governor's "Fayre House" in the 1630 Colonial Village at Salem
Plate 10
Rear View of William Damme Garrison House, Dover, N. H.
Built before 1698 and now preserved on the grounds of the Woodman Institute, Dover
Plate 11
Corner of the Mcintyre Garrison House, near York, Me.
Built in 1640 to 1645, therefore contemporary with the earliest possible Swedish buildings in the Delaware Valley, and possibly the oldest log structure standing in the United States.
Courtesy of the Bucks County Historical Society.
Dovetailed Logs at the Corner Of the Bunker Garrison House Durham, N. H.
Built ca. 1690. From a photograph made in 1911
Plate 12
The Fairbanks House, Dedham, Massachusetts
Built ca. 1637. Courtesy of the Walpole Society
Plate 13
The Frame of the Fairbanks House
Dedham, Mass. Built ca. 1637
From Isham, Early American Houses, 1928. Courtesy of the Walpole Society
Plate 14
The Frame of an Original Leanto House—the Whipple-Matthews House, Hamilton, Mass. Built ca. 1690
From Isham, Early American Houses, 1928. Courtesy of the Walpole Society
Plate 15
Wattle and Daub in England
From Oliver, Old Houses and Villages in East Anglia.
Courtesy of the Walpole Society
The Corwin-"Witch House," Salem. Built before 1678
From an old watercolor at the Essex Institute
Plate 16
The Spencer-Pierce House, Newbury, Mass.
Built about 1651. This house of the smaller English manor house type, has the only original two-story porch and porch chamber now existing in New England. Courtesy of the Essex Institute
Plate 17
Parson Capen House, Topsfield, Mass.
Built in 1683
Plate 18
Parson Capen House, Topsfield, Mass.
Front Door
Plate 19
Parson Capen House, Topsfield, Mass.
Front entry and stairs
Plate 20
Parson Capen House, Topsfield, Mass.
Overhang and one of the "drops"
Plate 21
The John Ward House, Salem. Built in 1684
Showing overhanging second story, gable windows and casement sash
John Ward House, Salem, Mass.
The kitchen showing roasting jack, settle, birch broom, hands of seed corn, etc.
Plate 22
The Jethro Coffin House, Nantucket, Massachusetts
Built in 1686. From a photograph made about 1880
Plate 23
Rear of the Saxton House, Deerfield, Mass.
Showing unpainted weatherboarding
Plate 24
Prospect of the Colleges in Cambridge in 1726
From an engraving, after a drawing by William Burgis
Plate 25
Diamond-Pane, Leaded Glass, Double Sash
Period of 1675-1700; in museum of the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, Boston
Crown Glass Window Sash
Period of 1725-1750; in museum of the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, Boston
Plate 26
Framing Details of the Moulthrop House, East Haven, Conn.
Built before 1700. Showing methods of construction to be found everywhere in New England
Drawing by J. Frederick Kelley
Plate 27
Wooden Latch of about 1710
Found in the French-Andrews House, Topsfield
Knocker, Latch and Bolt on the Door of the "Old Indian House"
Built in 1698 at Deerfield, Mass.
Plate 28
Types of Wrought-Iron Door Latches
FIG. A FIG. B FIG. C
Figure A. An inner door, wrought-iron latch that may have been made by a local blacksmith. Outer door latches were of similar type but larger. The lifts were made straight until about 1800 and the thumb-press was not saucered until about the same time. There is great individuality in the ornamentation, varying with the fancy of the smith.
Figure B. This latch was imported from England. It was cheap and in common use between 1750 and 1820. The cusp, resembling the outline of a lima bean, and the grasp, thumb piece and lift are always flat.
Figure C. The Norfolk latch appeared about 1800 and until about 1810 was made with a straight lift. The grasp is riveted to the plate of sheet iron as is the end of the bar and after about 1825, the catch. This latch was commonly used in the 1830's. After 1840 the cast-iron latch was generally adopted.
Plate 29
John Ward House, Salem, Mass.
The Parlor
John Ward House, Salem, Mass.
Corner of the kitchen showing dresser with its "dress of pewter," wash bench, meal chest, wooden ware, etc.
Plate 30
Parlor in Parson Capen House, Topsfield, Mass.
Built 1683
Dresser in the Kitchen of The Parson Capen House, Topsfield, Mass.
Plate 31
The Dash Churn
From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman
Plate 32
American Court Cupboard. About 1660
Owned by Gregory Stone of Watertown and Cambridge Courtesy Concord Antiquarian Society
Plate 33
Recessed Court Cupboard of American Oak About 1680. From the Dwight M. Prouty collection
Plate 34
A Seventeenth-Century Oaken Chest on Frame
Probably made about 1651-1655 for Samuel and Hannah Appleton of Ipswich, Mass.
Plate 35
Cane-back Arm Chair, 1680-1690
From the family of Hon. Peter Bulkley
Courtesy Concord Antiquarian Society
Plate 36
Banister-Back Chair, about 1720
Courtesy Concord Antiquarian Society
Plate 37
A Quilting Bee in the Olden Time
From a drawing by H. W. Pierce
Plate 38
Counterpane made from a Blanket Sheet
Embroidered in blue, greenish blue, red and yellow
Plate 39
Quilted Counterpane made in Beverly, Mass., before the Revolution
Plate 40
Counterpane with Pattern Worked in Indigo Blue on a Homespun Linen Sheet
Plate 41
John Winthrop the Younger
1606-1676
Founder of Ipswich and Governor of Connecticut
From the original portrait in possession of Mrs. Robert Winthrop
Plate 42
Rev. Richard Mather
1596-1669
From a wood engraving by John Foster made in 1669
Plate 43
Doctor John Clarke
1601-1664
Practiced in Newbury, Ipswich and Boston
Courtesy of Massachusetts Historical Society
Plate 44
Mrs. Elizabeth (Paddy) Wensley
Painted in Boston about 1670-1675
Courtesy of the Pilgrim Society, Plymouth
Plate 45
Mrs. Elizabeth (Clarke) Freake and Daughter Mary
Painted in Boston in 1674
Courtesy of Mrs. William B. Scofield
Plate 46
Margaret Gibbs
Daughter of Robert and Elizabeth (Sheaffe) Gibbs of Boston
Dated 1670. Courtesy of Mrs. Alexander Quarrier Smith
Plate 47
Alice Mason
Painted in 1670, aged two years
Daughter of Arthur and Joanna (Parker) Mason of Boston
Courtesy of the Adams Memorial
Plate 48
David, Joanna and Abigail Mason
Children of Arthur and Joanna (Parker) Mason of Boston
Painted in 1670. Courtesy of Mr. Paul M. Hamlen
Plate 49
Captain Thomas Smith
A self portrait
May have painted the portraits of Major Savage and Capt. George Corwin
Courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society
Plate 50
Major Thomas Savage
1640-1705
Born and died in Boston
Courtesy of Mr. Henry L. Shattuck
Plate 51
Edward Rawson
1615-1693
Secretary of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. From the painting by an unknown artist, now owned by the New England Historic Genealogical Society
Plate 52
Rebecca Rawson
1656-1692
From the painting by an unknown artist, now owned by the New England Historic Genealogical Society
Plate 53
Samuel Sewall
1652-1730
Chief Justice of the Superior Court in Massachusetts, 1718-1728
From an original painting in possession of the Massachusetts Historical Society
Plate 54
Rev. Cotton Mather
1663-1728
Pastor of the Second (North) Church, Boston, 1685-1728
From a mezzotint by Peter Pelham after a portrait painted in 1728
Plate 55
Nathan Fessenden and His Sister Caroline
From a photograph taken about 1885 in Lexington, Mass.
Showing costume of a much earlier date
Plate 56
Wellcurb at the John Ward House, Salem, Mass.
Showing wellsweep, wooden bucket and girl dressed in the costume of the late seventeenth century
Plate 57
The Sower
From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman
Plate 58
Tracing Seed Corn in a Farmer's Barn
From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman
Plate 59
A Farmyard Scene at Deerfield, Massachusetts
From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman
Plate 60
Horses and a Rail Fence
From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman
Plate 61
Loading Hay on an Oxcart
From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman
Plate 62
Gundalow Loaded with Salt Hay
From a photograph made by Miss Emma L. Coleman, about 1880, on Parker River, Newbury, Mass.
Similar craft were early used in Boston harbor and with a stump mast and lateen sail carried cargo up the Merrimack River
Plate 63
Brushing up the Hearth. Nims House, Deerfield, Massachusetts
From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman
Plate 64
The Old Hand Loom
Used a hundred years ago by Mrs. Jane Morrill Cummings
The harness and reeds are modern
Plate 65
A Back Door Scene
From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman
Plate 66
Title-Page of "The Day of Doom"
From the original owned by the late John W. Farwell
Plate 67
Rev. Grindall Rawson
Minister at Mendon, Mass. Born 1659, died 1715
Portrait cut on his gravestone
Gravestone of Mrs. Mary Rous
Charlestown, Mass., 1715
Plate 68
Gravestone of William Dickson, Cambridge, Mass., 1692
Gravestone of Capt. John Carter, Woburn, Mass., 1692
Plate 69
Fire Back Cast at the Saugus Iron Works in 1660 for the Pickering House, Salem
The letters I A P stand for John Pickering and Alice his wife
Plate 70
Price Sheet of Joseph Palmer & Co., Chandlers
Engraved by Nathaniel Hurd
Plate 71
Weights and Values of Coins
A table engraved by Nathaniel Hurd of Boston
Original engravings are owned by the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, and the Pocumtuck Valley Museum, Deerfield
Plate 72
Shingle Horse on which were Shaved Shingles, Clapboards and Barrel Staves
From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman
Plate 73
An Old Basket Maker
Dried apples hang on strings against the wall
Plate 74
Charcoal Burners Preparing a Kiln
From a photograph made in 1884 by Miss Emma L. Coleman
Plate 75
Spinning with the Wool Wheel
Photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman
Plate 76
An Old-Time New England Loom
Now in the museum of the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities
Plate 77
Prospect of the Harbor and Town of Boston in 1723
From an engraving (central part only) after a drawing by William Burgis
Plate 78
A View of Castle William, Boston, about 1729
Showing a ship of war of the period, probably after a drawing by William Burgis
Plate 79
View of Boston Light in 1729 and an Armed Sloop
From the only known example of a mezzotint engraved in 1729 after a drawing by William Burgis
Plate 80
Ship "Bethel" of Boston
Owned by Josiah Quincy and Edward Jackson
From an oil painting made about 1748, showing the vessel in two positions
The earliest known painting of a New England ship. Now owned by the Massachusetts Historical Society
Plate 81
New England Shilling
Minted in 1650-1652. Obverse and reverse. From a coin in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical Society
Pine Tree Shilling
Minted in 1652. Obverse and reverse. From a coin in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical Society
Willow Tree Shilling Oak Tree Shilling
Minted in 1662 and soon after. From coins in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical Society
Plate 82
Massachusetts Paper Money of 1690
The first paper money issued by any colony
From an original in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical Society
Plate 83
Massachusetts Paper Money Printed on Parchment in 1722
From originals in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical Society
Plate 84
A Massachusetts Manufactory Bill of 1740
From an original in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical Society
Plate 85
Massachusetts Paper Money of 1744
From an original in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical Society
Plate 86
An Early Execution by Hanging
The cart which brought to the gallows the condemned man and his coffin is in the foreground, and behind it, on horseback, is the sheriff
Plate 87
Seth Hudson's Speech from the Pillory
Caricature engraved by Nathaniel Hurd
Plate 88
Plate 89
Plate 90
APPENDIX A
Building Agreements in Seventeenth-Century Massachusetts
Few seventeenth-century agreements to erect buildings in Massachusetts have been preserved. The following, with two exceptions, have been gleaned from court records where originally they were submitted as evidence in suits at law. They are of the greatest interest in connection with present day restoration work as they preserve detailed information of indisputable authority in relation to early building construction in the Bay Colony. The gable window, the second story jet, the stool window and casement sash, the catted chimney and the treatment of the inner and outer walls of the house have much curious interest at the present time. These architectural features long since fell into disuse and only here and there has a fragment survived. Two centuries ago the towns in New England must have presented an appearance most picturesque to our twentieth-century eyes. The dwellings seem to have been studies in projecting angles, strangely embellished with pinnacles, pendants and carved work. The unpainted and time-stained walls, the small windows and elaborate chimney tops, the narrow and curiously fenced ways, winding among the irregularly placed buildings, all contributed to the quaintness of the picture. The following agreements between builder and owner should help to solve some of the debated problems of this bygone construction that now confront those interested in the preservation and restoration of our early New England dwellings.
Contract To Build the First Meetinghouse in Malden, November 11, 1658
Articles of agreement made and concluded ye 11th day of ye ninth mo., 1658, betweene Job Lane of Malden, on the one partie, carpenter, and William Brakenbury, Lieut. John Wayte, Ensigne J. Sprague, and Thomas Green, Senior, Selectmen of Malden, on the behalf of the towne on the other partie, as followeth:
Imprimis: The said Job Lane doth hereby covenant, promiss and agree to build, erect and finish upp a good strong, Artificial meeting House, of Thirty-three foot Square, sixteen foot stud between joints, with dores, windows, pullpitt, seats, and all other things whatsoever in all respects belonging thereto as hereafter is expressed.
1. That all the sills, girts, mayne posts, plates, Beames and all other principal Timbers shall be of good and sound white or Black oake.
2. That all the walls be made upp on the outside with good clapboards, well dressed, lapped and nayled. And the Inside to be lathed all over and well struck with clay, and uppon it with lime and hard up to the wall plate, and also the beame fellings as need shalbe.
3. The roofe to be covered with boards and short shinglings with a territt on the topp about six foot squar, to hang the bell in with rayles about it: the floor to be made tite with planks.
4. The bell to be fitted upp in all respects and Hanged therein fitt for use.
5. Thre dores in such places as the sayd Selectmen shal direct, viz: east, west and south.
6. Six windows below the girt on thre sids, namely: east, west and south; to contayne sixteen foot of glass in a window, with Leaves, and two windows on the south side above the girt on each side of the deske, to contayne six foot of glass A piece, and two windows under each plate on the east, west and north sides fitt [to] conteine eight foote of glass a peece.
7. The pullpitt and cover to be of wainscott to conteyne ffive or six persons.
8. The deacon's seat allso of wainscott with door, and a table joyned to it to fall downe, for the Lord's Supper.
9. The ffloor to be of strong Boards throughout and well nayled.
10. The House to be fitted with seats throughout, made with good planks, with rayles on the topps, boards at the Backs, and timbers at the ends.
11. The underpining to be of stone or brick, and pointed with lyme on the outside.
12. The Allyes to be one from the deacon's seat, through the middle of the house to the north end, and another cross the house ffrom east to west sides, and one before the deacon's seat; as is drawne on the back side of this paper.
13. And the said Job to provide all boards, Timber, nayles, Iron work, glass, shingles, lime, hayre, laths, clapboards, bolts, locks and all other things whatsoever needful and belonging to the finyshing of the said house and to rayse and finish it up in all respects before the twentie of September next ensuing, they allowing help to rayse it.
And the sd Selectmen for themselves on behalfe of the town in Consideracon of the said meeting house so finished, doe hereby covenant, promise and agre to pay unto the sd Job Lane or his Assigns the sume of one hundred and ffiffty pounds in corne, cordwood and provisions, sound and merchantable att price currant and fatt catle, on valuacon by Indifferent men unless themselves agree the prices.
In manner following, that is to say, ffifftie pound befor ye first of ye second mo. next ensuing, And ffifftie pounds befor the first of ye last mo. which shall be in the year sixteen hundred 59, and other ffifftie pounds before the first of ye second mo. which shall be in the year one thousand six hundred and sixtie. And it is further Agreed that when the sd. house is finished in case the sd. Job shall find and judgeth to be woth ten pounds more, that it shall be referred to Indifferent workmen to determine unless the sayd Selectmen shall se just cause to pay the sd. ten pounds without such valuacon.
In witness whereof the partys to these presents have Interchangeably put their hands the day and year above written.
William Brackenbury,
John Sprague,
Joh. Wayte.
Witness,
Joseph Hills,
Gershom Hills.
Note. This contract for building the first meetinghouse in Malden is copied from the Bi-Centennial Book of Malden, 1850, pages 123-125. The original document then in existence has since disappeared. The contract provides for the construction of a building of the type almost universal in New England at that time, of which an example still exists at Hingham—the "Ship Meeting House," so-called. The square meetinghouse with hip roof surmounted by a "territ," and at a somewhat later date supplied with "lucomb" (dormer) windows in the roof, was the type of public building in the Massachusetts Bay Colony that prevailed well into the eighteenth century, especially in the country towns. The "territ" or belfry seems to have been common, but only the larger towns were supplied with a bell. The bell was rung from the central aisle, the bell rope coming down in the center of the auditorium.
In the Malden meetinghouse, the "territ" was built as provided in the contract, but for some now unknown reason the bell was not hung in it but placed in a framework erected nearby, below a large rock which thereby obtained its name—"Bell Rock," a name that has continued until the present time.
Malden was able to afford the luxury of plastered walls surfaced with lime, but the ceiling showed the joists and boarding. In shingling the roof a distinction was made between long and short shingles. The lower windows were made up with "leaves," i.e., they were double casements, and each opening contained sixteen feet of glass, thereby indicating sash about twenty-eight by forty inches in size. The single casement windows placed high, just under the coving, also were about the same size and undoubtedly were fixed sash, i.e., were not hinged. Two smaller windows on the south side, placed just above the girth, supplied additional light on either side of the pulpit. The deacons' seat at that time was located in front of the pulpit and faced the congregation. The possible use of brick for the underpinning is a surprising feature, especially in a country town. In fact, the use of underpinning at that time seems to have been uncommon.
Contract To Build a Minister's House At Marlborough, Mass., in 1661
This indenture made the fifth day of Aprill one thousand six hundred and sixty one and between obadias Ward, Christopher Banyster and Richard Barnes of the Towne of Marlborough on ye one party; And the Inhabitants and all the Proprietors of the same Towne on ye other party Witnesseth That ye said obadias Waed, Christopher Banyster and Rich'd Barnes hath covenanted, promised and bargained to build a fframe for the minister's house, every way like to ye fframe yt Jno Ruddock hath built for himselfe in ye afores'd Town of Marlborough, the house or fframe is to bee a Girt house thirty-seven foote Long, eighteen foote wide and twelve foote (between Joynts) and a halfe, the studs standing at such distance that A foure foote and a halfe Claboard may reach three studs; and two ffloores of juice [sic] and foure windows on the foreside and two windows at the west end and two Gables on the foreside of ten foote wide; and eight foote Sparr, with two small windows on the foreside of the Gables and they are to ffell all the tinber and bring it in place and do all yt belongs to the fframe only the Towne is to helpe raise the affores'd fframe and all this worke is to bee done and ye fframe raised within a ffortnight after Michll tyde; And this being done the Town of Marlborough doth promise and engage to pay unto them the sd obadias Ward, Christopher Banyster and Rich'rd Barnes the sume of ffifteene Pounds in Corne within fourteen daies after the house is raised the one halfe of it and the other halfe some time in March; the whole paye is to be one third in Wheat and one third in Rie and the other third in Indian Corn, the halfe in Wheat and Rie to be paid fourteen daies after the house is up in Wheat and Rie and the other halfe in Rie and Indian some time in March; wheat at four shillings and sixe pence a bushell and is to be pd at Sudbury betweene Petter King's and Serient Woods house in the streete.—Marlborough, Mass., Town Records.
Contract for the Frame of a Boston House, August 20, 1679
Articles of Agreement indented made and Concluded the twentieth day of August Ano Domi One thousand six hundred Seventy and nine. And in the thirty first yeare of the Reigne of King Charles the Second over &c. Betweene Robert Taft of Brantery, in New England housewright on the one part and John Bateman of Boston in New England aforesd shopkeeper on the other part are as followeth—