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Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, Part 1 (of 2)

Chapter 24: APPENDIX. NOTES.
By William Lewis Herndon
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About This Book

A naval officer's account of a mid-19th-century scientific and geographic voyage across the Andes into the Amazon basin, combining travel narrative, surveys, and natural-history observations. It traces routes and elevations, describes mountain passes, mining districts, river systems and settlements, and records navigation of tributaries with notes on local missions, Indigenous communities, flora and fauna, and commercial products such as rubber and cocoa. The report also includes meteorological and topographic data, practical remarks on travel and trade, illustrative plates and maps, and appendices of measurements intended to aid future navigation and exploration.

"The casteled crag of Drachenfels

Frowns o'er the wide and winding Rhine,

Whose breast of waters broadly swells

Between the banks that bear the vine;

And hills all rich with blossomed trees,

And fields that promise coin and wine,

With scattered cities crowning these,

Whose far white walls along them shine."

Then might Brazil, pointing to the blossoming wilderness, the well-cultivated farm, the busy city, the glancing steamboat, and listening to the hum of the voices of thousands of active and prosperous men, say, with pride and truth: "Thus much have we done for the advancement of civilization and the happiness of the human race."

In making out this report, I have been guided by the letter and spirit of my instructions, and have striven to present a clear and faithful picture of the subjects indicated by them. These were, in brief terms, the present condition of the country—its productions and resources—the navigability of its streams—its capacities for trade and commerce—and its future prospects. This must be my excuse for my meagre contributions to general science. More, I fear, has been expected in this way than has been done; yet the expedition has collected some valuable specimens in each of the kingdoms of natural history, and I hope to obtain means and authority to have them properly described and illustrated.

I have mentioned in various parts of my report the names of persons who have assisted me by counsel or information. I shall close it with the name of the last, the ablest, and the best. Whatever of interest and value may be found in the report, is mainly attributable to the guiding judgment and cheering heart of my friend and kinsman, M. F. Maury.

APPENDIX.
NOTES.

The elevations due to the atmospheric pressure, as indicated by the barometer, are extracted from tables calculated, after the complete formula of La Place, by M. F. Delcros, contained in a volume of meteorological tables prepared by Arnold Guyot, and published by the Smithsonian Institution.

Those due the indications of the boiling-point apparatus are taken from a table in the same volume, calculated by Regnault, from his "Tables of forces of vapor," published in the Annales de Physique et de Chimie, t. xiv, p. 206.

The height of the barometer at the level of the sea is assumed at 30.00, and the temperature of the air at 65° Fah.

I have added a column of heights, measured with the barometer by Don Mariano Rivero, at places where they compare with mine.

At the pass of Antarangra we took our observations on the summit of a hill about two hundred feet above the road at its highest point.

Morococha is situated near the line of perpetual snow, on the eastern slope of the western chain of the Andes.

Tingo Maria is the place of embarcation on the Huallaga. The distance from Callao to this point, by our route, is 337 miles. The distance hence to the Atlantic is 3,662. If we add to these sums the 90 miles of travel from Tarma to Fort San Ramon and back, with the 626 from the mouth of the Ucayali to Sarayacu and back, we shall have the whole distance travelled over—4,715 miles.

TABLE OF APPROXIMATE HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES FROM CALLAO TO THE ATLANTIC.
Names of places. Dist-
ance.		 Barometer. Boiling Point. Thermo-
meter.		 Height, in feet. Height by Rivero-baro-
meter.
Callao . . .  30.000 212 65 . . .  . . . 
Lima 6 29.528 . . .  75 476 .505
Pacayar 12 28.580 . . .  61 10,346 . . . 
Yanacoto 10 27.568 . . .  57 2,337 . . . 
Coca Chacra 16 25.574 . . .  58 4,452 . . . 
Moyoc 15 23.027 . . .  50 7,306 . . . 
Do. 15 23.027 198.25 50 7,380 . . . 
San Mateo 13 20.843 . . .  59 10,200 10.232
Do. . . .  20.843 193.25 59 10,128 . . . 
Acchahuarcu 9 . . .  188.3 33 12,898 . . . 
Lower edge of snow on western slope 3 17.836 . . .  49 14,300 . . . 
Pass of Antarangra 3 16.730 . . .  43 16,044 15.758
Do. . . .  16.730 182.5 43 16,199 . . . 
Morococha 4 17.700 . . .  46 14,409 . . . 
Pachachaca 9 . . .  188.5 40 12,786 . . . 
Oroya 12 19.542 . . .  36 11,654 12.270
Do. . . .  19.542 190.2 36 11,825 . . . 
Tarma 18 21.144 . . .  55 9,738 10.092
Do. . . .  21.144 193.9 55 9,770 . . . 
Palca 11 21.972 . . .  43 8,512 . . . 
Matichacra 12 23.292 . . .  61 7,091 . . . 
Huacapishtana 4 24.482 . . .  60 5,687 . . . 
Challuapuquio 12 26.804 . . .  68 3,192 . . . 
Fort San Ramon 6 27.406 . . .  76 2,605 . . . 
Do. . . .  27.406 206.5 . . .  2,953 . . . 
From Tarma to Palcamayo 15 . . .  192.5 37 10,539 . . . 
Junin 18 . . .  188.2 32 12,947 13.330
Ninacacca 18 . . .  187.8 40 13,171 . . . 
Cerro Pasco 17 . . .  188.7 45 13,802 14.279
Chiquirin 12 . . .  190.7 54 11,512 . . . 
San Rafael 18 . . .  196.1 62 8,551 8.791
Huanuco 35 . . .  200.9 65 5,946 6.284
Chullqui 8 . . .  201.5 67 5,626 . . . 
Acomayo 6 . . .  198 74 7,518 . . . 
Cashi 12 . . .  199.8 58 6,540 . . . 
Atajo 10 . . .  204.7 71 3,910 . . . 
Chihuangala 8 . . .  205.6 74 3,421 . . . 
La Cueva 20 . . .  206.5 76 2,944 . . . 
Tingo Maria 10 . . .  207.8 75 2,260 . . . 
Tocache 174 . . .  209.1 77 1,579 . . . 
Sion 58 . . .  209.7 80 1,269
Lupuna 58 . . .  210 84 1,109 . . . 
Chasuta 87 . . .  210.5 82 846 . . . 
Sta. Cruz 220 . . .  211.2 85 490 . . . 
Nauta 353 . . .  211.3 74 434 . . . 
Pebas 197 . . .  211.1 . . .  537 . . . 
Egas 707 . . .  208.2 88 2,052 . . . 
River Bank 131 . . .  208.4 84 1,947 . . . 
Do. 60 . . .  208.5 82 1,890 . . . 
Do. 168 . . .  208.6 76 1,834 . . . 
Do. 50 . . .  208.8 78 1,740 . . . 
Barra 14 . . .  209.3 81 1,475 . . . 
Mouth of Madeira 104 . . .  209.8 80 1,212 . . . 
Villa Nova 209 . . .  210.3 76 959 . . . 
Santarem 220 . . .  210.5 78 846 . . . 
Para 759 . . .  211.5 80 331 . . . 
Do. . . .  29.708 . . .  81 320 . . . 
Sea 93 . . .  . . .  . . .  . . .  . . . 
From mouth of Ucayali to Sarayacu 313 . . .  210.3 82 868 . . . 

METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL.
Place. Approx. height. Date. Time. Thermo-
meter.		 Remarks.
A. W. W. B.
Feet. 1851. ° ° °
Palcamayo 10,500 July 1 6 p.m. 56 . . .  . . .  Calm; sky white and beautifully clear.
Do. 10,500 2 6 a.m. 37 . . .  34 Remarkably clear.
Road 11,000 2 8½ a.m. 45 53* . . .  *Temperature of a spring issuing from the rock.
Junin 13,000 2 6½ p.m. 45 . . .  . . .  Light westerly breeze; light cirrus clouds.
Do. 13,000 3 7 a.m. 32 . . .  28 Clear and calm; stratus clouds covering the Andes.
Road 13,000 3 12½ 46 . . .  . . .  Snow squall, small round flakes; wind variable from northward and westward to northward and eastward; western Cordillera in the sunshine, the eastern covered with storm.
Ninaccaca 13,200 3 6 p.m. 40 . . .  36 Beautiful night; light air from the westward.
Do. 13,200 4 6 a.m. 39 . . .  . . .  Calm; ground covered with hoar frost.
Cerro de Pasco 13,800 9 Noon 45 . . .  . . .  Hail and snow; wind from northward and eastward.
Do. 13,800 10 10 a.m. 46 . . .  40
Do. 13,800 10 5 p.m. 42 . . .  38 Clear and calm.
Do. 13,800 10 10 p.m. 37 . . .  34
Do. 13,800 11 8 a.m. 40 . . .  36 Light airs from northward and westward; cloudy.
Do. 13,800 11 10 p.m. 39 . . .  36 Cloudy.
Do. 13,800 12 8 a.m. 39 . . .  36 Light cirrus clouds.
Do. 13,800 12 Noon 44 . . .  37
Do. 13,800 12 6 p.m. 40 . . .  35 Wind northward and eastward; heavy stratus clouds; light snow.
Do. 13,800 12 10 p.m. 37 . . .  34
Chiquirin 11,500 13 8 a.m. 39 . . .  36 Calm; light cirrus clouds.
San Rafael 8,400 14 6 p.m. 62
Do. 8,400 15 7 a.m. 56
Huanuco 6,000 17 4 p.m. 71 . . .  . . .  Clear; strong breeze from north, which always sets in, at this season, about noon, and ceases about dark.
Do. 6,000 18 9 a.m. 65 . . .  57½
Do. 6,000 18 9 p.m. 69
Do. 6,000 19 9 a.m. 64 . . .  56 Clear; calm.
Do. 6,000 19 9 p.m. 68½
Do. 6,000 20 9 a.m. 63 . . .  55
Do. 6,000 21 9 a.m. 65 . . .  58½ Cloudy, with appearance of rain; light breeze from the northward.
Chullqui 5,600 22 7 p.m. 67 . . .  . . .  Light breeze from northward and eastward; half cloudy.
Road 5,500 23 10 a.m. 72 62* . . .  *Mountain stream; cirrus clouds.
Acomayo 7,500 23 11 a.m. 74
Near top of Cerro de Carpis 8,000 23 2½ p.m. 67 51* . . .  *A spring in the woods.
Casha 6,500 23 7 p.m. 58 . . .  . . .  Calm; cloudy to the south; night quite cool.
Do 6,500 24 6 a.m. 52 . . .  . . .  Clear and calm.
Atajo 4,000 24 5 p.m. 71 . . .  67 Cirro-cumulus clouds; calm.
Do . . .  25 7 a.m. 61
Chihuan-
gala 		3,500 25 5 p.m. 74.5
Do 3,500 26 . . .  . . .  . . .  . . .  Heavy rain.
Do 3,500 27 2 p.m. 78 . . .  72 Cumulus clouds; calm.
Do 3,500 28 8 a.m. 64 . . .  . . .  Calm; cirro-cumulus, rained all the latter part of the night.
Do 3,500 29 8 a.m. 67 . . .  67 Calm; cloudy.
Do 3,500 29 1 p.m. 78 . . .  . . .  Breeze northerly; heavy clouds and thunder to the northward.
Do 3,500 29 8 p.m. 69 . . .  . . .  Calm; cloudy.
Do 3,500 30 9 a.m. 69 . . .  . . .  Calm; clear.
Do 3,500 30 3 p.m. . . .  . . .  . . .  Heavy shower of rain, with thunder; most of the rain clouds came from the north.
Chinchay-
vitoc 		. . .  31 8 a.m. 70 . . .  . . .  Half cloudy.
Do . . .  31 11 a.m. 71 67* . . .  *Mountain stream.
La Cueva 3,000 31 5 p.m. 76 68* . . .  *Huallaga river.
On the road . . .  Aug. 1 7 a.m. 74 . . .  . . .  Cloudy; close and hot in the woods.
Tingo Maria 2,200 2 9 a.m. 75 . . .  . . .  River at Tingo Maria 100 yards broad, 2¾ fathoms deep; smooth and unbroken.
Do 2,200 2 7 p.m. 72 . . .  71 Cloudy; light breeze from the northward.
Do 2,200 3 8 a.m. 72 . . .  . . .  Calm; cloudy; had been showery during the night.
Do 2,200 3 4 p.m. 82 . . .  76

METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL—Continued.
Place. Date. Time. Thermo-
meter.		 Wind. Remarks.
A. W. W. B.
1851. ˚ ˚ ˚
Huallaga River Aug. 4 3 p.m. 84 72 . . . . . . Many obstructions from pebbly shoals, small rocky islets, and drift-wood.
Do. 4 8 p.m. 78 . . . . . . Southward. Lt. breeze; cloudy; river not navigable for anything but a canoe.
Do. 5 7 a.m. 75 . . . 70 Calm. Cloudy; river 60 yards broad; smooth; current 3 miles; depth 1½ fathom; pebbly bottom.
Do. 5 5 p.m. . . . . . . . . . . . . Heavy clouds, with thunder and lightning in the northwest; during the night a fresh puff of wind from that direction; passed several rapids to-day; also through a hilly country, which accounts for the stormy weather.
Do. 6 6 a.m. 70 71.5 70 Westward. Light breeze and light rain; river to-day free from rapids, with some obstructions from drift-wood between the islands; average depth 2½ fathoms; average current 1½ mile; passed a range of hills on the right; mountains in sight, bearing from northwest to west; heavy cumulus clouds in the northeast, with thunder; thick stratus clouds in northwest.
Do. 6 5 p.m. 78 76
Do. 7 7 a.m. 71.5 . . . 71.5 Calm. Cloudy; upper stratum, light cirrus clouds; lower, cirro-cumulus, moving to southwest; river 50 yards broad; current 3¼ miles; depth 2¾ fathoms.
Do. 7 Noon . . . . . . . . . N. and W. Breeze light; heavy clouds in the north, with thunder; passed one or two salt streams and several rapids; rain all night.
Tocache 8 7 p.m. 73 . . . . . . Calm. Cirrus clouds.
Do. 9 Noon 77 75.5 73 Calm. Cumulus clouds.
Do. 9 3 p.m. 79 . . . . . . . . . Squall from the northward, with rain.
Do. 10 7 a.m. 68 73 66.5 . . . Cloudy; mist rising from from the river and hanging on the hills.
Do. 10 1 p.m. 82
Do. 10 5 p.m. 82 . . . . . . Northward. Squall of wind from the northward, with a short shower of rain.
Do. 11 8 a.m. 70 74 68 Calm. Misty.
Do. 11 1 p.m. 82 . . . . . . . . . Heavy clouds, with thunder, to the northward and eastward.
Do. 11 6 p.m. 83
Do. 11 9 p.m. 79
Do. 12 8 a.m. 69 74 68.5 Calm. Cloudy; river here 50 yards broad, 3 fathoms deep; smart shower, from the southward and eastward, between 1 and 2 p.m.; passed several rapids, which make the river innavigable; rain all night.
Huallaga River 13 8 a.m. 76 . . . . . . Calm River 70 yards broad, with 4 miles of current; many rapids.
Sion 13 5 p.m. 80
Do. 14 8 a.m. 71 . . . 70 Calm Clear.
Do. 14 1 p.m. 84 . . . . . . . . . Cumulus clouds to the eastward.
Do. 14 8 p.m. 74 . . . 70 Calm Clear.
Huallaga 15 9 a.m. 70 . . . . . . . . . Passed to-day several dangerous rapids, effectual bars to navigation.
Do. 16 8 a.m. 76 . . . . . . Northward Light breeze; at noon entered the mouth of the Huayabamba; 100 yards broad; shallow; clear water; pebbly bottom; rapid current.
Lupuna 16 6 p.m. 84 . . . 76 . . . Clear; river to-day broad and shallow; current 3¾ miles; left Lupuna at 10½ a.m.
Huallaga River 17 7 a.m. 74.5 . . . 70.5 N. and E. Light air; light clouds; soon dissipated by the sun; at 11¼ passed abreast the town of Juan Juy; at 1 passed the mouth of river Sapo; 50 yards broad; muddy; hilly country; heavy clouds and rain. This is always the case where a range of hills rises above the plain. The Indians speak of "Cerros mui bravos," to indicate the fierceness of the weather about them. Arrived at Juan Comas at 5 p.m.
Juan Comas 18 7 a.m. 70 74 . . . Northward Light breeze; thick mist; left Juan Comas at 7.30 a.m.
Huallaga River 18 11 a.m. 82 76 . . . Northward Sun 108°; cumulus clouds; at 2¼ passed the mouth of river Mayo, coming in on the left between moderately high hills, about 30 yards broad. Just above the Mayo the Huallaga contracts to 40 yards, with 5 and 6 fathoms of depth, and a current of 4¼ miles per hour. At 2.20 arrived at Shapaja, the port of Tarrapoto.
Shapaja 18 6 p.m. 74 . . . 72 N. and E.
Do. 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rained in showers all the morning.
Tarrapoto 20 Noon 78
Shapaja 22 7 a.m. 75 77 . . . . . . Left Shapaja at 8½ a.m.; passed the malos pasos of the Pongo or Strait of Chasuta. These are called Estero, Canoayacu, Matijuelo, and Chumia, and are the most difficult of the river. At 2.20 p.m. arrived at Chasuta.
Chasuta 23 4 p.m. 82 . . . 77
Do. 24 8 a.m. 74 . . . 69.5 Northward Light air; misty. It seems very generally misty in the morning, but the clouds yield to the sun about 10 a.m. Cumulus clouds in the horizon.
Do. 24 Noon 79
Do. 24 7 p.m. 76 . . . . . . Eastward
Huallaga River 25 Noon 86 76 . . . . . . Left Shapaja at 11 a.m.; river below Shapaja flows through the pongo; narrow, tranquil, and deep; country generally flat, with a few hills here and there. At 3¼ p. m. entered a more hilly country; river narrow, shallow, and rapid, about 40 yards wide, with 2½ fathoms of depth, and about 5 miles of current.
Do. 25 6 p.m. 75 . . . . . . Calm.
Do. 26 6 a.m. 76 76 . . . . . . Started at 5½ a.m. misty morning; rain from 4 to 5; shores of the river hilly and bold; 9½ fathoms water; hard bottom. At 6¼ passed the end of the Pongo de Chasuta, and entered a flat country where the river spreads out very wide, and has many small islands. In passing the channels between these islands we had but from 3 to 5 feet water, pebbly bottom, current very rapid; passed these sandy flats in an hour, and found the river 150 yards broad, without obstruction, with 3½ fathoms depth, and a velocity of only 2 miles the hour. Here I take to be the head of navigation on this river. Passed the mouth of the Chipurana; the first musquitoes; much dew.
Do. 26 6 p.m. 78
Do. 27 6 a.m. 74 76 . . . Eastward Light breeze; foggy; saw light-colored porpoises; a small seal; got turtle-eggs; cumulus clouds; sun 102.
Do. 27 Noon . . . . . . . . . N. and E.
Do. 27 7 p.m. 75 . . . . . . Calm. Clear; heavy dew; no rocks or stones since passing the pongo.
Do. 28 6 a.m. 70 78 . . . Calm. Clear; started at 6; arrived at Yurimaguas at 8¾; left at 11½.
Do. 28 4 p.m. 87 . . . . . . . . . Current 2¼ miles the hour; large sand islands in the river.
Do. 28 7 p.m. 82 . . . . . . Calm. Clear; much dew.
Do. 29 6 a.m. 70 79 . . . Calm. Clear.
Do. 29 8 a.m. 76 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze;cirrus clouds. Stopped at 5 p.m.on a sand beach on the right bank. This beach stretches out into the river and occupies nearly its whole bed, leaving a narrow channel between it and the left shore, where I found but 5 feet water, though there is probably more depth very close in shore. The beach belongs to what is an island when the river is full, but the right-hand channel is now dry. At 6 p.m.fresh squall of wind and rain from the northward and eastward.
Do. 29 Noon 84 . . . . . . Northward. Cumulus clouds; sun 110.
Do. 29 6 p.m. 82 . . . . . . N. and E.
Huallaga 30 6 a.m. 72 . . . . . . N. and W. Light breeze; stratus clouds.
Sta. Cruz 30 Noon 85
Do. 30 8 p.m. 80 . . . . . . . . . Heavy dew.
Huallaga 31 6 a.m. 76 . . . . . . Calm. Cloudy and misty.
Do. Sept. 1 6 a.m. 74 80 . . . Calm. Misty.
Do. 1 Noon 87 . . . . . . N. and E. Heavy clouds and rain both in the northeast and southwest with an occasional spit at us.
Do. 1 2 p.m. 85 . . . . . . N. and E.
Laguna 2 8 a.m. 74 . . . . . . . . . Rain all the morning in showers.
Do. 2 4 p.m. 83 . . . . . . . . . At night clear; much dew.
Do. 3 6 a.m. 75 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy; left Laguna at 9¼ a.m.; arrived at mouth of Huallaga at 4 p.m.; it flows into the Marañon in a southeast direction. There are several islands at the the mouth. The channel runs near the left bank and has 7¼ fathoms.
Do. 3 10 a.m. . . . 81
Do. 3 4 p m. 80 82
Amazon 4 6 a.m. 74 80 . . . N. and E. Light breeze; cloudy; shores of Amazon low; water very muddy; many shovel-nosed porpoises in the river. At noon heavy clouds; squally appearances, with rain.
Do. 4 Noon 75 . . . . . . Northward.
Do. 5 6 a.m. 74 80 . . . Eastward Light breeze; cloudy and misty; current 2 miles per hour.
Do. 5 3 p.m. 84 . . . . . . Calm Cumulus clouds; saw several small seals.
Do. 5 6 p.m. 80 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; clear.
Do. 6 6 a.m. 74 80 . . . N. and E. Clouded up at 2 a.m.; squall of wind and rain from the northward and eastward, with thunder and lightning; cleared up at 4; at 2½ p.m. sharp squall of wind and rain.
Do. 6 2½ p.m. 76 . . . . . . N. and E.
Do. 7 6 a.m. 72 80 . . . S. and E. Foggy; sun shone out at 7 a.m.
Do. 7 Noon 84 . . . . . . N. and E. Light breeze; cumulus clouds; at 3 p.m. squall of wind and rain from the northward and eastward.
Do. 8 6 a.m. 74 80 . . . Calm. At 4½ a.m. squall of wind, rain, thunder and lightning, from the eastward.
Do. 8 Noon 82 . . . . . . S. and E. Heavy cumulus clouds in the north.
Do. 8 4 p.m. 74 . . . . . . N. and E. Squall of wind and heavy rain, with thunder and lightning.
Do. 9 6 a.m. 72 80
Do. 9 1 p.m. 82 . . . . . . N. and E. Light breeze; cumulus clouds.
Nauta 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In afternoon heavy clouds, with thunder in the west; clear night.
Do. 10 6½ a.m. 71 . . . 71 Northward Light breeze; thin clouds.
Do. 11 6½ a.m. 74 . . . . . . . . . Thin cirrus clouds.
Do. 11 Noon 84 . . . 81 . . . Heavy cumulus clouds; hot sun.
Do. 12 6 a.m. 76 . . . 73 . . . Thin cirrus clouds; misty about the horizon.
Do. 12 Noon 84 . . . 81 Eastward Heavy cumulus clouds; powerful sun; shower of rain at 2 p.m.
Do. 13 7 a.m. 74 . . . 73 . . . Light clouds and mist; soon dissipated by the sun; showers of rain at 2 p.m. and at 7.
Do. 14 6½ a.m. 73 . . . 72 Calm Cloudy.
Do. 14 Noon 84 . . . 83 . . . Cumulus clouds; two squalls, with showers, in the afternoon—one from southward and the other, and strongest, from northward and eastward.
Do. 15 7 a.m. 76 . . . . . . Westward The first perfectly clear morning we have seen since entering the Amazon; at 1 p. m. cumulus clouds; shower at 2½.
Do. 15 1 p.m. 86 . . . 82
Do. 16 9 a.m. 82 . . . . . . . . . Rain; river rose 2 inches since 6 p. m. yesterday.
Do. 17 9 a.m. 78 . . . . . . . . . Clear; river rose 10 inches in the last 24 hours.
Do. 17 1 p.m. 87 . . . 80½ . . . Cumulus clouds, with thunder.
Do. 17 9½ p.m. 75 . . . . . . . . . Rain.
Do. 18 9 a.m. 75 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; cirrus clouds; river rose 10 inches.
Do. 19 11 a.m 82 . . . 76 Calm Clear all night; river rose 5 inches from 6 p. m. yesterday to 8 a. m.; light cirro-cumulus clouds.
Do. 20 9½ a.m. 81 . . . 77 S. and E. Clear.
Do. 20 3 p.m. 89 . . . 79 Southward Cumulus clouds round the horizon.
Do. 20 9 p.m. 78 . . . . . . Calm Light clouds.
Do. 21 9 a.m. 81 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy.
Do. 21 8 p.m. 76 . . . . . . . . . Lightning; heavy squall of wind and rain from southward and eastward; much rain during the night; river rose 2½ inches in the 24 hours.
Do. 22 9 a.m. 77 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy; river rose 5 inches.
Do. 23 9 a.m. 78 . . . 75 S. and E. Light breeze; clear last night; river rising.
Do. 23 3 p.m. 88 . . . 79 . . . At 4 p. m. strong squall of wind from southward and eastward.
Do. 23 9 p.m. 74 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy.
Do. 24 10 a.m. 81 . . . 74 Eastward Light breeze; cloudy; river rose 3½ inches.
Do. 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Left Nauta at 12¼; shores of the river low and thickly covered with trees; heavy cumulus clouds; showers of rain. At 1¼ entered the Ucayali; ¼ mile wide; low green banks; 2 fathoms' depth close to the left bank; current 2 miles per hour.
Ucayali 26 6 a.m. 76 83 . . . Calm Light cirrus clouds.
Do. 26 Noon 82 . . . . . . S. and E. Cumulus clouds; hot sun.
Do. 26 5½ p.m. 78 . . . . . . N. and E. Squall of wind and rain.
Do. 27 6 a.m. 78 . . . . . . Calm Misty; rained all night.
Do. 27 Noon 82 83 . . . . . . At 1 rain squall from northward and eastward.
Do. 27 3 p.m. 80 . . . . . . N. and E. Moderate breeze; cumulus clouds; current 2 miles.
Do. 28 8 a.m. 78 82 . . . Calm Cloudy, with rain.
Do. 28 Noon 76 . . . . . . Northward Moderate breeze.
Do. 28 6 p.m. 79 . . . . . . N. and E. Current 1½ mile.
Do. 29 6½ a.m. 74 81 . . . Calm Cloudy; had moderate breeze from northward nearly all night.
Do. 29 3 p.m. 81 . . . . . . N. and E. Moderate breeze; rain shower.
Do. 29 4 p.m. . . . . . . . . . S. and W. Fitful breeze; heavy nimbus clouds in all directions.
Do. 30 6 a.m. 76 . . . . . . N. and W. Light breeze; cloudy.
Do. 30 3 p.m. . . . . . . . . . N. and E. Squall of wind and heavy shower.
Do. 30 6 p.m. 77 82 . . . N. and E. Moderate breeze; stratus clouds; cumuloni in southwest.
Do. Oct. 1 6½ a.m. 76 . . . . . . . . . Misty morning.
Do. 1 1 p.m. 88 . . . . . . S. by E. Fresh breeze; wind changed to northward and eastward; in a squall of heavy rain; thunder and lightning.
Do. 2 10 a.m. 77 82½ 76 Calm Cloudy.
Do. 2 Noon . . . . . . . . . N. and E. Heavy shower.
Do. 3 8 a.m. 75 81 . . . Calm Thin clouds; light cirro-cumulus clouds; hot all day.
Do. 3 5 p.m. 86
Do. 4 6 a.m. 78 81 . . . . . . Clear all night; much dew.
Do. 4 3 p.m. 87 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; small cumulus clouds round the horizon; sun 103½.
Do. 5 7 a.m. 70 . . . . . . Calm Clear; river rose 6 inches from 8½ p.m. to 5 this morning; clear all night.
Do. 5 2 p.m. 88 84 . . . Calm Cumulus clouds; sun 108; current 2¼ miles.
Do. 6 7 a.m. 78 83 . . . Southward Light breeze; light cirro stratus clouds.
Do. 6 12½ 85 . . . . . . Eastward Cumulus clouds; at 2 p.m. squall of wind and rain; at 3 wind changed to southwest; steady rain; current 2½ miles.
Do. 6 5 p.m. 76 . . . . . . Southward
Do. 7 6 a.m. 78 . . . . . . S. and E. Cloudy.
Do. 7 2 p.m. 84 . . . . . . N. and E. Light breeze; sun 106; river ½ mile broad; rising fast; trunks of trees beginning to come down the stream.
Do. 8 6 a.m. 77 82 . . . . . . At 2½ p.m. squall of wind, shifting suddenly to all points and settling at southwest; heavy nimbus clouds.
Do. 8 2 p.m. 85
Do. 9 4½ p.m. 84 . . . . . . Calm Cirro-cumulus clouds; river rose 2 inches last night.
Do. 10 6 a.m. 76 80 . . . Calm Thick mist; river fell last night.
Do. 10 9 a.m. 78 . . . . . . Calm Cumulus clouds; sun oppressive.
Do. 10 4 p.m. 87 . . . . . . Calm Clear; current 3¼ miles; much dew.
Do. 11 5 a.m. . . . . . . . . . N. and W. Light breeze; partial stratus clouds.
Do. 11 1 p.m. 85 . . . . . . N. and E. Rain showers; at 2½ fresh wind from the northward, with rain; sharp lightning in the northeast; at night clouds round the horizon; distant lightning and thunder in the north and north-west.
Do. 12 7 a.m. 79 83 . . . Westward Light breeze; cloudy.
Do. 12 1 p.m. 83 . . . . . . Northward Squall of wind and rain; at 2 calm; heavy rolling thunder in the northwest; at 3 fresh breeze from northward and westward; more rain.
Do. 13 6 a.m. 76 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy.
Do. 13 Noon. 80 . . . . . . S. and E. Moderate breeze, with showers; thunder.
Do. 13 3 p.m. 79 . . . . . . N. and W. Moderate breeze; thunder.
Do. 13 6 p.m. 78 . . . . . . N. and E. Light breeze; thick clouds.
Do. 14 7 a.m. 74 80 . . . Southward Light breeze; cirrus clouds.
Do. 14 2½ p.m. 84 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy.
Do. 14 6 p.m. 82 . . . . . . Westward Light breeze; heavy clouds in the west; saw the hills about Sarayacu.
Do. 15 7 a.m. 78 . . . . . . Southward Light breeze; thin clouds; river commenced its regular rise; stopped to breakfast at Tierra Blanca; night cool and cloudy; southerly wind.
Do. 16 6 a.m. 69 . . . . . . Southward Cloudy; smart cool breeze.
Do. 16 Noon. 75 . . . 72 S. and E. Cumulus stratus clouds.
Do. 16 5½ p.m. 80 . . . . . . Southward Light breeze; stratus clouds; opposite mouth of river Catalina.
Do. 17 7 a.m. 78 80 . . . Southward Light breeze; cirrus clouds; warm and close night.
Do. 17 Noon. 80 . . . 78 Southward Light breeze; cirrus clouds overhead; cumuli around the horizon.
Do. 17 6 p.m. 83 . . . . . . N. and W. Light air; stratus clouds. The sky of the Ucayali is frequently very soft, rich, and beautiful, after sunset.
Do. 18 6 a.m. 78
Do. 18 11 a.m. 82 . . . . . . N. and E. Moderate breeze; cumulus clouds; rain shower in southwest. Entered the caño of Sarayacu. It is about 15 or 20 feet wide and quite deep. About a mile from the entrance, the caño, or arm of the river, receives a small stream, which runs about a mile per hour. The water is clear; its temperature 78, with the air at 84. It is obstructed with the roots and branches of trees, and we had to drag our canoes 2 or 3 miles up the stream to Sarayacu.
Sarayacu 19 8½ a.m. 76 . . . 74 Calm Large, watery, but light clouds.
Do. 19 Noon. 82 . . . 79½ S. and E. Light breeze.
Do. 19 5 p.m. 82 . . . . . . N. and W. Moderate breeze; shower of rain—large drops.
Do. 20 9 a.m. 76½ . . . 76 Calm Cloudy; at noon light rain.
Do. 20 3 p.m. 80 . . . 78 Calm Clear overhead; cirro-cumulus clouds around the horizon.
Do. 20 9 p.m. 76 . . . . . . Calm Cirro-cumulus clouds; rain during the night.
Do. 21 9 a.m. 78 . . . 76½ S. and W. Light air; cumulus clouds.
Do. 21 Noon. 80½ . . . 78 Southward Cumulus clouds, with light rain showers.
Do. 21 3 p.m. 84 . . . 80 Southward Cumulus clouds.
Do. 21 6 p.m. 82 . . . 81 Calm Clear.
Do. 22 Noon. 84½ . . . 81½ N. and E. Heavy cumulus clouds; thunder in the west.
Do. 22 3 p.m. 79½ . . . . . . N. and E. Gusts of wind, with heavy rain clouds.
Do. 22 6 p.m. 78 . . . . . . Calm Clear overhead; cirro stratus clouds in the horizon.
Do. 23 9 a.m. 74½ . . . . . . Calm Rain.
Do. 23 Noon. 78 . . . 77½ Calm Clouds, with occasional showers.
Do. 24 9 a.m. 77 . . . 77 Calm Rain all the morning.
Do. 24 Noon. 78 . . . . . . Calm Cumulus clouds in the horizon.
Do. 24 3 p.m. 79 . . . . . . S. and W. Fresh breeze, with thunder; shower coming up.
Do. 25 9 a.m. 74 . . . 73½ Eastward Light breeze; stratus clouds; heavy thunder storm, with rain, lasting about an hour in the afternoon.
Do. 26 10 a.m. 76 . . . 74½ S. and W.
Do. 27 9 a.m. 77 . . . . . . Calm Cirro-cumulus clouds. River of Sarayacu has risen 7 feet since our arrival; rose, last night, 10 inches.
Do. 27 Noon. 78½ . . . 77 S. and W.
Do. 27 3 p.m. 79 . . . 77 Calm Cumulus clouds in the horizon.
Do. 28 9 a.m. 78 . . . 76½ Calm First clear night since our arrival in Sarayacu. Left Sarayacu at 10½ a.m. The river of Sarayacu is quite full, but we met with some obstructions from the thick grass and water growth, and from the branches of small trees overhanging the stream. Found the Ucayali much swollen, and nearly covered with drift-wood. Depth here in mid-stream 8 fathoms.
Do. 28 6 p.m. 82 78 77½ N.and E.
Ucayali 29 9 a.m. 82 79 81 N. and E. Moderate breeze; thin cirrus clouds.
Do. 29 Noon 82 . . . . . . N. N. W. Moderate breeze; cumulus clouds about the horizon.
Do. 29 6 p.m. 79 . . . . . . N. and E. Heavy clouds; rain coming up.
Do. 30 7 a.m. 76 . . . . . . N. and E. Light breeze; cirro-stratus clouds.
Do. 30 Noon 82 78½ 79½ N. and E. Cumulus clouds; thunder.
Do. 30 3 p.m. 84 . . . . . . E. S. E. Moderate breeze. At 3½ wind changed to northeast, and brought up rain.
Do. 30 5 p.m. 77 . . . . . . N. and E. Fresh cool wind, with rain.
Do. 31 7 a.m. 78 . . . . . . S. and E. Light air; cirro-stratus clouds.
Do. 31 Noon 81 79 80 Northward Moderate breeze; cirro-cumulus clouds.
Do. 31 3 p.m. 82 . . . . . . Calm Heavy rain clouds, with thunder, in the northwest.
Do. 31 6 p.m. . . . . . . . . . Northwest Light rain; sharp lightning in the northwest.
Do. Nov. 1 3 p.m. 76 . . . . . . S. and E. Rain all day; examined a pole planted at the village of Guanache as we went up on October 7th; found that the river had risen 9 feet 7 inches in the interim, though it fell a little between October 7th and 15th.
Do. 2 7 a.m. 72 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; light, moist, misty clouds low down; cirro-stratus clouds above; 72° is the least we have yet had the mercury in the Montaña.
Do. 2 9 a.m. 73 . . . 73 Eastward
Do. 3 7 a.m. 76 . . . 75 N. and W. Cirro-stratus clouds; current 3 miles the hour.
Do. 3 3 p.m. 83 . . . . . . N. and W. Fresh breeze and rain squall.
Do. 4 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . Northward Fine breeze; clear sky; entered the Marañon.
Do. 4 10 a.m. 83 79 80½ . . . Had 3 hours from mouth of Ucayali to Nauta.
Amazon 5 5½ p.m. . . . . . . . . . Calm Clear; sailed from Nauta; sounded in mid-stream off mouth of Ucayali; 6 and 7 fathoms; hard sand; river 1½ mile wide below island of Omaguas.
Omaguas 6 9 a.m. 81 . . . . . . Calm
Amazon 6 11 a.m. . . . . . . . . . N. and E. Moderate breeze; cumulus clouds; ¾ of a mile broad; anchored near mid-stream in 14 fathoms water, and found 2½ miles current; shores of the river thickly wooded with apparently small trees.
Do. 6 Noon 86 81 83 N. and E.
Do. 6 3 p.m. 87 . . . 82
Do. 6 6 p.m. 84½ . . . . . . Westward Light breeze; heavy cumulo-stratus clouds in the northwest.
Iquitos 7 9 a.m. 82 . . . . . . . . . Cumulus clouds about the horizon; cirrus overhead.
Amazon 7 Noon 86 82 80½ N. and E. Moderate breeze; cumulus clouds.
Do. 7 3 p.m. 87 . . . . . . N. and E. River at Tinicuro contracts (within its true banks) to ½ a mile; I had no bottom with 25 fathoms; stopped at Pucallpa.
Do. 8 3 p.m. 85 82 . . . N. and E. Moderate breeze; cumulus clouds; mouth of Napo 150 yards broad; gentle current; soundings across the mouth 6 and 7 fathoms; current in the Amazon, just below mouth of Napo, 1¾ mile.
Do. 8 6 p.m. 84
Do. 9 9 a.m. 80 . . . 77½ N. and E. Moderate breeze; cumulus clouds; arrived at Pebas.
Pebas, or Eche-
nique		 10 9 a.m. 76 . . . 75½ Eastward Light breeze; cumulo-stratus clouds, threatening rain; squall of rain, thunder, and lightning, from the westward, last night.
Eche-
nique		 10 Noon 79½ . . . . . . Southward Light breeze; clouds breaking up into cumuli; heavy shower in the afternoon.
Do. 10 9 p.m. 77 . . . . . . . . . Thunder clouds in the north, but settling down.
Do. 11 9 a.m. 77 . . . 76 S. and E. Moderate breeze; cumulus clouds; clearing up; wind and rain from northward last night.
Do. 11 6 p.m. 76 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy.
Do. 11 10 p.m. 74
Do. 12 8 a.m. 76 . . . . . . Calm A few cirrus clouds.
Do. 12 Noon 82 . . . 80 Eastward Moderate breeze; much rain during the night.
Do. 13 9 a.m. 75 . . . 75 Calm Lowering cumulo-stratus clouds.
Do. 13 Noon 80 . . . . . . Calm Thin clouds.
Do. 13 6 p.m. 77½ . . . . . . Westward Moderate breeze.
Do. 13 9 p.m. 76 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy.
Do. 14 Noon 81 . . . 78 N. and E. Moderate breeze; cumulo-stratus clouds.
San José de los Yaguas 16 3 p.m. 83 . . . 79 Northward Cumulus clouds. The atmosphere here seems drier than on the banks of the river. We had few musquitoes, through the padre says there are plenty here generally. This little village is about 12 miles ENE of Echenique. The atmosphere seemed particularly clear at night.
Do. 17 10 a.m. 78 . . . 76
Echenique 19 9 a.m. 73 . . . 72 Westward Moderate breeze.
Do. 19 Noon 76 . . . . . . Westward Light air; cloudy.
Do. 19 7 p.m. 76 . . . . . . Calm Cirro-stratus clouds.
Do. 20 7 a.m. 73 . . . . . . Calm Cirrus clouds; the Amazon has fallen considerably during the last two or three days.
Do. 20 9 a.m. 76 . . . 76 S. and E.
Do. 20 6 p.m. 82 . . . . . . Westward Light breeze; heavy rain during the night.
Do. 21 3 p.m. 80 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; clear overhead; cumulus clouds about the horizon.
Do. 21 10 p.m. 75 . . . . . . Calm Clear; lightning in the west.
Do. 22 9 a.m. 75 . . . . . . N. and W. Light breeze; clear.
Do. 22 Noon 83 . . . 77 N. and E. Fresh breeze.
Do. 22 6 p.m. 82½ . . . . . . Northward Light breeze; at 9 p.m. thermometer 78°; calm.
Do. 23 9 a.m. 77 . . . 74½ Calm Clear.
Do. 23 3 p.m. 86½ . . . 80½ N. and E. Fresh breeze; cumulus clouds.
Do. 23 6 p.m. 82½ . . . . . . Calm Clear.
Do. 23 10 p.m. 79 . . . . . . Calm Clear.
Do. 24 10 a.m. 79 . . . 77½ Eastward Light breeze; clear.
Do. 24 3 p.m. 85 . . . . . . Westward Moderate breeze, after a shower of rain.
Do. 24 6 p.m. 77 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy, after squall of wind and heavy rain from northeast.
Do. 24 10 p.m. 76 . . . . . . Calm Rain.
Do. 25 10 a.m. 75 . . . . . . Northward Light breeze; stratus clouds; much heavy rain during the night.
Do. 25 4 p.m. 80½ . . . 77 N. and E. Light breeze; clear.
Do. 26 9 a.m. 76 . . . . . . Calm Light rain. Very heavy rain during the night. At 1½ p.m. sailed from Echenique. This little town is situated on a small stream called Ambiyacu, about ¼ of a mile from its mouth, and 2 miles up the main stream of the Amazon from Pebas. There is an abundance of water (5, 6, and 7 fathoms) from the mouth of the river to the town. The Amazon, below Pebas and above Sancudos islands, is a mile wide, has 11 fathoms of depth, and a current of 2½ miles per hour.
Amazon 26 3 p.m. 77 . . . . . . S. and E.
Do. 26 6 p.m. 76 . . . . . . S. and E.
Old Cochi-
quinas		 27 Noon 80½ . . . 79 Calm Cloudy. The banks of the river here are abrupt, and 25 feet above the water, formed principally of a black, hard clay that looks like coal.
Amazon 27 3 p.m. 85 . . . . . . Calm Clear overhead; cumulus clouds about the horizon.
Do. 28 4½ a.m. 73
Do. 28 9 a.m. 81 . . . 79 S. and W. Moderate breeze; cumulo-stratus clouds.
Do. 28 Noon 86½ . . . . . . S. and E. Light breeze; clear overhead; cumulus clouds about the horizon.
Do. 28 3 p.m. 90 . . . . . . Calm Thunder clouds coming up from northeast; most of the rain passed to the northward; had some wind. At 6¼ arrived at Moromoroté.
Do. 28 6 p.m. 82 . . . 78½ Eastward
Do. 29 9 a.m. 80 . . . 78½ N. and E. Light breeze; cumulus clouds round the horizon; clear overhead.
Do. 29 4 p.m. 84
Caballo-cocha 30 9 a.m. 79 . . . 77½ Calm Cirro-cumulus clouds.
Do. 30 Noon 80 . . . . . . . . . Sun shining through thin clouds.
Do. 30 3 p.m. 83 . . . . . . Westward Light breeze; cumulo-stratus clouds; heavy rain all night.
Do. Dec. 1 Noon 76 . . . . . . . . . Light rain.
Do. 1 3 p.m. 79 . . . 76 Westward Light breeze; cloudy.
Do. 1 6 p.m. 75 . . . . . . Calm Stratus clouds; partly clear; much rain during the night.
Do. 2 9 a.m. 76 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy. Sailed from Caballo cocha at 2½ p.m.; arrived at Loreto at 7½. River much divided by islands, which appear to be of recent formation, and which change their size and shape with every great rise of the river.
Amazon 4 6½ a.m. 76 . . . . . . N. and E. Cold wind; rain. Sailed from Loreto.
Do. 4 9 a.m. 81 81 80 Calm Clear; cumulus clouds about the horizon.
Do. 4 Noon 84 . . . . . . N. and E. Light air; sun very hot.
Do. 4 3 p.m. 86 . . . . . . N. and E. Light air; cumulus clouds. Arrived at Tabatinga.
Tabatinga 5 Noon 84 . . . . . . N. and E. Moderate breeze; showery. River here straight and narrow, (½ a mile;) no islands.
Do. 6 9 a.m. 79 . . . 79 Calm Cloudy; rain all the morning. Left Tabatinga at 1½ p.m.
Amazon 7 6 a.m. 75 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy. River 1½ mile wide; 11 fathoms deep in the middle, and with a current of 2¾ miles per hour.
Do. 7 9 a.m. 78 82 76 Calm
Do. 7 Noon 80 . . . . . . Calm Between 9 and noon there has been a breeze from northward and eastward, with light rain.
Do. 7 3 p.m. 76½ . . . . . . Northward Fresh breeze; blowing in squalls; quite a sea in the river.
Do. 7 6 p.m. 75 . . . . . . Northward Light air; squally appearances; severe squall during the night from the eastward.
Do. 8 9 a.m. 75 79 74 S. and E. Light breeze; stratus clouds; rainy morning; rain at intervals all day.
Do. 9 6 a.m. 74½ . . . . . . Eastward Moderate breeze; light rain.
Do. 9 1 p.m. 80 81 78 Calm Cloudy; banks of the river generally low, though there are reaches where the banks are 30 or 40 feet high, and of white or red clay.
Do. 9 3 p.m. 82 . . . . . . Calm
Do. 9 9 p.m. . . . . . . . . . . . . Heavy rain from southward and eastward, with much thunder and lightning. At 4¼ entered the mouth of the Iça, a fine looking river of ½ a mile width at the mouth, though opening into a sort of estuary of a mile. Found 23 fathoms of depth in the middle, and a current of 3 miles the hour. The Amazon has islands in this estuary curtaining the mouth of the Iça to the southward.
Do. 10 6 a.m. 75 . . . . . . Northward Light breeze; light cirrus clouds. Went ½ mile up the Tunantins river to the village; river 75 yards broad, and has 5, 4, and 3 fathoms up to the town, except at the mouth, where there is a bar of but 1, running well out in to the Amazon.
Do. 10 9 a.m. 80 . . . 78 N. and E. Light air; cirro-cumulus clouds.
Do. 10 3 p.m. 81 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; heavy threatening clouds in the northwest.
Do. 11 6 a.m. 77 . . . . . . Westward Light breeze; cumulo-stratus clouds.
Do. 11 Noon 82 82 80 Calm Cirro-cumulus clouds; at 2 squall of wind from northward and eastward, with shower.
Do. 11 3 p.m. 80 . . . . . . Calm Clear overhead; cumulus clouds about the horizon.
Do. 12 6 a.m. 77 . . . . . . Northward Light breeze; cirro-stratus clouds. The heads of the islands are generally bluff, and they tail down to low sandy points. There are many evidently new islands in the river. At 2 p.m. air 85, sun 111; heavy squall brewing in the east; came on, with rain in large drops from the northeast; fresh breeze.
Do. 12 3 p.m. 82 . . . . . . Calm.
Do. 12 6 p.m. 81 . . . . . . N. and E.
Do. 13 6 a.m. 76 . . . . . . N. and E. Moderate breeze; cirro-stratus clouds; quite cool.
Do. 13 9 a.m. 76½ 80 77 S. and E. Light air; cirro-stratus clouds; went into Fonteboa.
Do. 13 3 p.m. 85 . . . . . . N. and E. Light breeze; cumulo-stratus clouds.
Do. 14 6 a.m. 75 . . . . . . S. and E. Light air; sun shining white through the mist.
Do. 14 9 a.m. 79 81 78 S. and E. Moderate breeze; cumulus clouds; at 10 entered mouth of Juruá; ½ a mile wide at the mouth; 11 fathoms deep; current 1½ mile the hour; bottom fine white and black sand; temperature of water 82.
Do. 14 3 p.m. 77 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze, with light rain.
Do. 15 9 a.m. 76 . . . . . . S. and W. Moderate breeze, with cold rain.
Do. 15 3 p.m. 83 . . . . . . Calm Heavy rain, with thunder passing from south of us to the westward.
Do. 16 6 a.m. 75 . . . . . . S. and W. Light breeze; cirro-stratus clouds.
Do. 16 9 a.m. 77 81 76 Calm Cloudy; entered mouth of the Japurá at 3 p.m.; temperature of its water 85; ½ a mile up found 9½ fathoms, at the mouth 7; current ¾ of a mile; clear night.
Do. 16 Noon 80 . . . . . . Calm.
Do. 17 6 a.m. 74 . . . . . . S. and E. Fresh breeze; cloudy; cold.
Do. 17 9 a.m. . . . . . . . . . Calm Light rain; entered the river Teffé; 150 yards broad; water clear, dark-green color; very little current.
Egas 18 3 p.m. 80 . . . 78½ N. and E. Light breeze; light cirrus clouds; cumuli about the horizon.
Do. 19 9 a.m. 81 . . . 78½ N. and E. Light breeze; a little hazy.
Do. 19 3 p.m. 84 . . . . . . Eastward Moderate breeze; cumulus clouds; sun very hot.
Do. 20 9 a.m. 80½ . . . 77 Eastward Moderate breeze; clear.
Do. 20 3 p.m. 84 . . . . . . Eastward Moderate breeze; cumulus clouds.
Do. 21 9 a.m. 82 . . . 78½ Eastward Light breeze; clear.
Do. 21 3 p.m. 87 . . . . . . Eastward Moderate breezes.
Do. 22 Noon 86 . . . 82 N. and E. Moderate breeze; cumulus clouds.
Do. 22 3 p.m. 86½ . . . . . . Calm Cumulus clouds.
Do. 23 9 a.m. 83 . . . 80½ Eastward Moderate breeze; clear; most of the afternoons and evenings here are calm and warm.
Do. 23 3 p.m. 87 . . . . . . Eastward Light air; heavy cumulus clouds in the horizon; thunder.
Do. 24 9 a.m. 83½ . . . 80 Eastward Light breeze; cumulo-stratus clouds.
Do. 24 3 p.m. 83½ . . . . . . Eastward Heavy shower, with one sharp flash of lightning; thermometer at 2½, 88.
Do. 25 9 a.m. 79½ . . . . . . Eastward Moderate breeze; continuous rain. In the long route from Tabatinga to Egas, I had got ahead of the rains. They are now catching up.
Do. 25 3 p.m. 80 . . . . . . Calm Clearing up.
Do. 26 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze, with rain squalls.
Do. 26 3 p.m. 80 . . . 78 Eastward Moderate breeze; cirro-cumulus clouds.
Do. 27 10 a.m. 79 . . . 78 Calm Cloudy.
Do. 27 3 p.m. 82 . . . . . . Calm Thunder storm brewing in the northeast.
Do. 28 10 a.m. 78 . . . 78 Eastward Moderate breeze; cloudy; left Egas at 2½ p.m., in the rain.
Amazon 29 6 a.m. 75 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; cloudy.
Do. 29 Noon 83 82 79 Eastward Moderate breeze; cirrus clouds; cumuli in the horizon.
Do. 29 3 p.m. 83 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; clear; fresh breeze from the eastward all night; clear, except a bank of light white clouds in the eastern horizon, breaking off and rising in fleecy flocculi, with cumulus clouds in the northwest.
Do. 30 6 a.m. 78 . . . . . . . . . Light cirro-cumulus clouds moving from east and northeast.
Do. 30 9 a.m. 78 82 78 Eastward Breeze light; clear overhead.
Do. 30 3 p.m. 86 . . . 79 Eastward Light breeze; cumulus clouds; at 6 sharp squall of wind and heavy rain from the northward; at 8 arrived at mouth of Lake Coari; light breeze from the northward; heavy clouds, with sharp lightning and thunder in that direction.
Lake Coari 31 6 a.m. 78 . . . . . . Calm Light breeze. The water of Lake Coari is clear, and of a brown color. A quarter of a mile inside of the canal that connects the lake with the river we found 9 fathoms of depth, with ¾ of a mile current; muddy bottom. The bottom near the shore, in 2 fathoms water, is of sand, mixed with red clay. Thunder and lightning in the north in the early part of the night.
Amazon 31 3 p.m. 84 82½ 80½ Eastward
1852
Do. Jan. 1 6 a.m. 76 . . . . . . Eastward Moderate; light cirrus clouds overhead; cirro-cumuli about the horizon.
Do. 1 9 a.m. 79 82 77 Eastward Fresh breeze; quite a sea in the river.
Do. 1 3 p.m. 82 . . . . . . Eastward Fresh. Passed the mouth of the Codajash. At 8 p.m. calm; nearly clear.
Do. 2 6 a.m. 76 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; stratus clouds.
Do. 2 9 a.m. 77 80½ 76 Eastward Fresh breeze. This breeze sets in strong about 9 o'clock; generally continues until 4 or 5, when it goes down until 9 p.m., when it freshens up again, and blows till 2 or 3 in the morning.
Do. 2 3 p.m. 82 . . . . . . Westward
Do. 3 6 a.m. 76 . . . . . . Eastward Moderate breeze; stratus clouds.
Do. 3 9 a.m. 78 81 78 Eastward Light breeze; cirro-stratus clouds.
Do. 3 3 p.m. 84 . . . 82 N. and E. Fresh breeze; clear overhead; cumuli about the horizon. This breeze sets in now between 10 and 11, (higher up the river it commenced at 9,) and lasts till 5 p.m.; it gets up again about midnight and lasts till daybreak. Passed the mouth of river Purus; about ¾ of a mile wide; depth 13 fathoms; current about ¾ of a mile per hour; temperature of the water 84½.
Do. 4 6 a.m. 77 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; clear.
Do. 4 9 a.m. 82 82 78½ Eastward Light breeze; clear overhead; cumuli about the horizon. Breeze freshened at 10, and hauled more to the northward.
Do. 4 3 p.m. 83 . . . . . . N. and E. Fresh breeze; cumulus clouds, thickening and blackening into nimbi. At 3½ sharp squall of wind and rain from the eastward; after the squall the wind fell. At 5 heavy thunder clouds in the south and east; cirrus clouds overhead.
Do. 5 6 a.m. 77 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze, with occasional spits of rain; fresh breeze from the eastward, set in at 9 and continued till 4. Entered the mouth of the Rio Negro at 5 p.m.; 2 miles wide; 17½ fathoms deep in mid stream.
Do. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . Eastward Moderate breeze; blowing in squalls, with rain. At 5½ a.m. arrived at Barra.
Barra 7 9 a.m. 78 . . . 77 Calm Rain during last night.
Do. 7 3 p.m. 80½ . . . . . . Eastward Moderate breeze; cloudy.
Do. 8 9 a.m. 80 . . . 78 Calm Cloudy and showery.
Do. 8 3 p.m. 82 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze, (has been fresh;) light cirrus clouds; sun out hot.
Do. 9 9 a.m. 79 . . . 78 Eastward Light air, with occasional showers.
Do. 10 9 a.m. 78 . . . . . . Eastward Moderate breeze; rain all the morning.
Do. 10 3 p.m. 80 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; clouds rolled up into cumuli.
Do. 12 9 a.m. 79 . . . 78 Calm Showery.
Do. 12 3 p.m. 80 . . . . . . Eastward Light air; heavy rain cloud in the north; rain all the evening.
Do. 13 9 a.m. 79 . . . 77 S. and E. Light air; misty morning, with showers of rain.
Do. 13 3 p.m. 80 . . . . . . . . . Heavy cumuli in the northward and eastward.
Do. 14 9 a.m. 80 . . . 79 Calm Cloudy.
Do. 14 3 p.m. 80 . . . . . . . . . Showery.
Do. 15 9 a.m. 79 . . . 77 Eastward Light air.
Do. 15 3 p.m. 81 . . . . . . Eastward Moderate breeze; cumulus clouds.
Do. 16 9 a.m. 78 . . . 77 N. and E. Moderate breeze; cloudy; thick rain clouds gathering in northeast.
Do. 16 3 p.m. 80 . . . . . . N. and E. Moderate breeze; no rain; cloudy at night.
Do. 17 9 a.m. 79 . . . 77 . . . Heavy and continued rain all the early part of the morning; showery all day.
Do. 17 3 p.m. 79 . . . . . . N. and E. Light breeze; clouds breaking up into cumuli.
Do. 18 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . N. and E. Moderate breeze; cloudy in the morning; smart shower in the afternoon.
Do. 19 9 a.m. 78 . . . 76½ . . . Cloudy morning; clear in the afternoon and early part of the night.
Do. 20 9 a.m. 78 . . . . . . Calm Stratus clouds.
Do. 20 3 p.m. 85 . . . 77½ N. and E. Light breeze; cumulus clouds. Substituted a light gauze covering to the bulb of the thermometer for the thick cotton one it before had, and, instead of dipping it in the water, merely dampened it with a brush.
Do. 21 9 a.m. 79 . . . 75½ Calm.
Do. 22 3 p.m. 82 . . . 78 N. and E. Moderate breeze; cumulus clouds; rainy morning; showery in the afternoon.
Do. 23 9 a.m. 79 . . . 76 Calm Cloudy; occasional light showers.
Do. 23 3 p.m. 82 . . . . . . N. and E. Moderate breeze; cirro-cumulus clouds.
Do. 24 9 a.m. 76 . . . 73 Calm Showery.
Do. 24 3 p.m. 82 . . . . . . Calm Cumulus clouds; rain during the latter part of the night.
Do. 25 9 a.m. 78 . . . . . . . . . Cloudy and sultry all the morning.
Do. 25 3 p.m. 82 . . . 78 Eastward Light breeze; cumulus clouds; clear at night.
Do. 26 9 a.m. 79 . . . 76 Calm Sultry; thin stratus clouds.
Do. 26 3 p.m. 80 . . . . . . . . . Clouds rolled up into cumuli.
Do. 27 9 a.m. 77 . . . . . . . . . Heavy rain from 4 a.m. to noon.
Do. 27 3 p.m. . . . . . . . . . . . . Sun out between the clouds; hot. At 5 squall of wind and rain from northward and eastward, with thunder and lightning; rain nearly all night.
Do. 28 9 a.m. 77 . . . 76 Calm Rainy morning.
Do. 28 3 p.m. 79 . . . . . . . . . Light stratus clouds; pleasant afternoon.
Do. 29 9 a.m. 77 . . . . . . . . . Thin cirro-stratus clouds; damp morning.
Do. 29 3 p.m. 82½ . . . 78½ Eastward Moderate breeze; cirro-cumulus clouds; at 6 smart rain squall from northeast.
Do. 30 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy; cirro stratus.
Do. 30 3 p.m. 84½ . . . 79 Westward Light breeze; stratus clouds in the west; cumuli in the east and northeast.
Do. 31 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . Calm Thin stratus clouds; light rain occasionally.
Do. 31 3 p.m. 78 . . . 75½ Calm. Cloudy; showery all the forenoon, with cool damp wind from southward and westward.
Do. Feb. 1 9 a.m. 76 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy; thin stratus clouds.
Do. 1 3 p.m. 80 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; cirrus clouds.
Do. 2 9 a.m. 79½ . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; cirrus clouds; generally clear.
Do. 2 3 p.m. 83 . . . 79 Calm Cumulus clouds gathering thick in northward and eastward; much heavy rain during the night, with thunder and lightning.
Do. 3 9 a.m. 77 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy.
Do. 3 3 p.m. 78½ . . . 76 N. and E. Light breeze; clouds breaking up into light cumuli.
Do. 4 9 a.m. 77 . . . . . . Calm Clear; fresh pleasant breeze from the eastward, with hot sun, nearly all day; calm, with cirro-cumulus clouds gathering in the evening.
Do. 5 9 a.m. 78 . . . . . . Calm Clear.
Do. 6 9 a.m. 77½ . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; clear.
Do. 6 3 p.m. 82 . . . 79 S. and E. Light breeze; rain clouds gathering in the southeast; at 4 squall of wind and heavy rain.
Do. 7 3 p.m. 81½ . . . 78½ S. and E. Light breeze; cumulus clouds.
Do. 8 9 a.m. 78 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; stratus clouds.
Do. 8 3 p.m. 79½ . . . 79 . . . Shower of rain from southward and eastward, wind afterwards changing to the northward.
Do. 9 9 a.m. 76 . . . . . . Calm Clear; light cumuli around the horizon, breaking off into cirri.
Do. 9 3 p.m. 81 . . . 78 . . . Cumulo stratus clouds; has been rain between 9 and 3.
Do. 10 9 a.m. 79½ . . . . . . Calm Cumulus clouds; sun hot.
Do. 10 3 p.m. 83½ . . . . . . Northward Light air; rain up the river, in the west; at 4 squall of wind and rain from the eastward.
Do. 11 9 a.m. 80 . . . . . . N. and E. Moderate breeze; cirro-cumulus clouds; showers during the forenoon.
Do. 11 3 p.m. 83 . . . 79 N. and E. Cumulus clouds, with cirrus haze overhead.
Do. 12 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . Calm Cirro-cumulus clouds; rain squall from the northward all the forenoon after 10.
Do. 12 3 p.m. 78 . . . . . . Calm Rain all day.
Do. 13 9 a.m. 78 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy; very pleasant day; rain during the night.
Do. 14 9 a.m. 78 . . . . . . Southwardly Light breeze; cumulo-stratus clouds.
Do. 14 3 p.m. 78 . . . . . . Calm Rainy; heavy rain during the night.
Do. 15 9 a.m. 77 . . . . . . Northward Light air; pleasant morning; at 3 p.m.calm; light drizzle; thermometer 79.
Rio Negro 18 8 a.m. 80 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy; sailed from Barra at ½ to 9 a.m.; very little current in the river.
Do. 18 Noon. 86 . . . . . . Eastward Fresh breeze; current not sufficiently strong to carry us, with the aid of our 5 paddles, against the breeze; so we had to stop till the breeze went down; dropping rain; thunder.
Do. 18 3 p.m. 77 83½ . . . S. and E. Light air; current of the Amazon 1½ mile the hour.
Amazon 19 9 a.m. 82½ . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; saw the mark of high water about 8 feet above the present level.
Do. 19 3 p.m. 81½ . . . 80 N. and E. Light breeze; stratus overhead and to the westward; cumuli in the east.
Do. 20 6 a.m. 76½ . . . 75 Calm Stratus clouds; rain nearly all night, with distant lightning to the eastward.
Do. 20 9 a.m. 77½ 82 . . . S. and E. Moderate breeze, with light rain squalls; at 12½ squalls ceased; wind came out from northward and westward light.
Do. 20 3 p.m. 77 . . . 77 N. and W. Fresh breeze; stopped at mouth of the Madeira.
Do. 21 6 a.m. 75 81 . . . Eastward Moderate breeze; cirro-stratus clouds; mouth of the Madeira about 2 miles broad; depth 11 fathoms; current 3½ miles the hour.
Do. 21 11 a.m. 80 . . . . . . Eastward . . . Stopped a few hours at Serpa; high-water mark 12 feet above the present level.
Do. 21 3 p.m. 83½ . . . 79 Eastward Cumulus clouds.
Do. 21 6 p.m. 80 . . . . . . Eastward Squally, and rainy appearances.
Do. 21 9 p.m. 78½ . . . . . . Calm Light rain.
Do. 22 6 a.m. 78 . . . 76 N. and E. Moderate breeze; patches of blue sky, with all sorts of clouds.
Do. 22 9 a.m. 76 82 . . . N. and E. Fresh breeze; stratus clouds; quite a high sea; had to stop several hours on account of it.
Do. 22 6 p.m. 80 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; cirro-cumulus clouds.
Do. 22 Mid. 77 . . . . . . Eastward Cool damp breeze.
Do. 23 6 a.m. 76 . . . 75 Eastward Light breeze; stratus clouds.
Do. 23 9 a.m. 76 . . . . . . N. and E. Squally, with light rain; stopped at 1 p.m.on account of heavy squall of wind from the northward and eastward, with high sea; current of the Amazon 3¼ miles; it has increased very much since the entrance of the Madeira.
Do. 23 9 p.m. 80 . . . . . . Calm
Villa Nova 24 9 a.m. 76
Amazon 25 6 a.m. 77 . . . 76 Northward Light air; stratus clouds; rain till 8½.
Do. 25 9 a.m. 78 . . . . . . Northward Light air; cirro-cumulus clouds.
Do. 25 3 p.m. 85 . . . 80 Calm Cirro stratus clouds; rain nearly all night; wind from northward and eastward, with thunder.
Obidos 26 10 a.m. 81 . . . . . . . . . Rain all the afternoon and nearly all night.
Do. 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . N. and E. Moderate breeze; very pleasant day; rain most of the night.
Do. 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rain nearly all the morning and all night.
Do. 29 6 p.m. 79 . . . . . . Southward Rainy morning; sailed from Obidos; smart rain during the night.
Amazon Mar. 1 6 a.m. 77 . . . . . . S. and E. Light air; rainy. Entered the Tapajos by a creek 100 yards wide, 5 fathoms deep, and 3 miles long. Tapajos 1¼ mile wide at Santarem; dark water; deep. Heavy rain from 10 p.m.to 1 a.m.
Santarem 2 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . S. and E. Moderate breeze; stratus clouds; pleasant day.
Do. 2 3 p.m. 82 . . . . . . . . . Heavy rain during the night.
Do. 3 9 a.m. 78 . . . . . . S. and E. Squalls of wind; rain all the early morning.
Do. 3 3 p.m. 81 . . . . . . Eastward Moderate breeze; clouds and rain down the river.
Do. 4 9 a.m. 78 . . . . . . S. and E. Rainy morning.
Do. 4 3 p.m. 82 . . . 79 . . . Cirrus clouds floating about.
Do. 5 9 a.m. 78 . . . . . . S. and E. Light breeze; cloudy; heavy rain and strong wind from the eastward all last night; from 10 to 3 fresh wind from the northward and eastward, veering to the eastward, with heavy rain.
Do. 5 3 p.m. 81 . . . . . . . . . Rain again during the night.
Do. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cloudy; showery morning; moderate breeze from the eastward, subsiding into calm, with heavy showers; clear and pleasant afternoon and evening, with light breeze from the westward. The afternoons are mostly clear.
Do. 7 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . N. and E. Light breeze; drizzly morning, with showers.
Do. 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pleasant day; heavy rain all the afternoon.
Do. 9 9 a.m. 79½ . . . . . . Calm Cumulo-stratus clouds.
Do. 9 3 p.m. 82½ . . . 79 N. and E. Light air; a few cirrus clouds.
Do. 10 9 a.m. 78½ . . . . . . . . . Raining till noon.
Do. 10 3 p.m. 80 . . . 78 Calm Cumulo-stratus clouds; rain during the night.
Do. 11 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy; drizzly.
Do. 11 3 p.m. 79 . . . 77½ . . . Cloudy; pleasant night.
Do. 12 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . Eastward Cumulo-stratus clouds; occasional showers; moderate and pleasant breeze.
Do. 12 3 p.m. 80½ . . . 79 N. and E. Light breeze; cirro-stratus clouds; rain during the night.
Do. 13 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . S. and E. Moderate breeze; cumulus clouds; nearly clear all day.
Do. 13 3 p.m. 84½ . . . 81 Eastward Light breeze; cumulus clouds.
Do. 14 9 a.m. . . . . . . . . . N. and E. Light breeze; rainy morning; pleasant day.
Do. 14 3 p.m. 82½ . . . 79½ Eastward Light breeze; cirro-cumulus clouds; at 8 p.m.squall of wind, rain, thunder, and lightning, from northeast; much heavy rain during the night.
Do. 15 9 a.m. 77½ . . . . . . . . . Rain all the morning.
Do. 15 Noon. 78 . . . . . . . . . Raining.
Do. 16 3 p.m. 82 . . . 79 N. and E. Moderate breeze; light cirro-cumulus clouds.
Do. 17 9 a.m. 80 . . . . . . Southward Cool, pleasant breeze; cumulo stratus clouds; hot and close afternoon; heavy squalls of wind, rain, thunder, and lightning, from the northward and eastward.
Do. 18 9 a.m. 78½ . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; rainy morning; breeze freshened up, and blew all the forenoon from northward and eastward.
Do. 18 3 p.m. . . . . . . 82 Calm Close and hot all the afternoon; squall of wind and rain, with thunder and lightning during the night.
Do. 19 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . N. and E. Rainy morning; clearing gradually.
Do. 19 3 p.m. 82 . . . 80½ N. and E. Light air; light cirro-stratus clouds; from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. heavy rain squalls, with very sharp lightning and thunder.
Do. 20 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy, but breaking away.
Do. 20 3 p.m. 81½ . . . 80 Eastward Light breeze; cirro-cumulus clouds.
Do. 21 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy, stratus; close and calm all day; at sunset misty, smoky atmosphere.
Do. 22 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . Northward Light breeze; squally, with occasional showers, during the day.
Do. 22 3 p.m. 76½ . . . 75 N. and E. Fresh breeze; cumulo-stratus clouds; raining.
Do. 23 9 a.m. 78 . . . . . . N. and E. Light breeze; cirro-stratus; pleasant day.
Do. 23 3 p.m. 80½ . . . 78½ N. and E. Light breeze; cirro-stratus.
Do. 24 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . Eastward Moderate breeze; cirro-stratus clouds above; light watery cumuli flying, with the wind beneath.
Do. 24 3 p.m. 82 . . . 79½ Eastward Light breeze; sun hot; pleasant day.
Do. 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Showery all day; breeze from northward, northward and eastward, and eastward; sun hot.
Do. 26 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . N. and E. Light breeze; pleasant, though warm day.
Do. 26 3 p.m. 82 . . . 78½ Eastward Moderate breeze; cirrus clouds.
Do. 27 3 p.m. 83 . . . 80½ Northward Light breeze; cumulus clouds; sun hot.
Do. 28 3 p.m. 85 . . . 80 . . . Moderate breeze from eastward all day; cirro-cumulus clouds; sun hot. Left Santarem at 7 p.m.
Amazon 28 Mid. . . . . . . . . . . . . Squall of wind and rain from northward and eastward, with thunder and lightning; frequent showers during the night.
Do. 29 6 a.m. 79 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy.
Do. 29 9½ a.m. 82 . . . . . . N. and E. Moderate breeze; cumulus clouds.
Do. 29 3 p.m. 83 . . . 79½ N. and E. Light air; cirro-cumulus clouds.
Do. 29 6 p.m. 80 . . . . . . Northward Light air; at 6½ a fine breeze sprung up from the northward and westward, and arrested the clouds that were flying over the moon from the eastward, banking them up. Lightning in the northeast. The easterly bad weather was too strong; the westerly breeze fell, and we had heavy rain from the eastward. Took shelter in a patch of grass on the right bank at 7 p.m. Started at 8; weather looking dirty, we stopped again at 9; had furious squall of wind, with thunder and lightning, from northeast.
Do. 30 6 a.m. . . . . . . . . . . . . Heavy rain.
Do. 30 9 a.m. 78 . . . . . . . . . Rain all the morning. High land of Monte Alegre opposite, accounting for the bad weather.
Do. 30 3 p.m. 81 . . . 78 Calm Cirro-stratus clouds.
Do. 31 6 a.m. 77 . . . . . . N. and E. Light breeze; cirro-stratus clouds; cumuli, threatening rain, in east and southeast.
Do. 31 9 a.m. 80 . . . . . . N. and E. Moderate breeze; cirro-cumulus clouds.
Do. 31 3 p.m. 83 . . . 80 Calm Cumuli about the horizon; cirrus clouds overhead.
Do. 31 6 p.m. 80 . . . . . . N. and E. Fresh breeze; cumulo-stratus clouds, threatening rain. We have found cumulus clouds and rain over all the chains of hills we have passed to-day; and this is generally the case.
Do. Apr. 1 6 a.m. 78 . . . . . . N. and E. Light air; sun rising clear.
Do. 1 9 a.m. 81 . . . . . . N. and E. Moderate breeze; cumulus clouds.
Do. 1 3 p.m. 80 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze, and rainy.
Do. 1 6 p.m. 80 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; stratus clouds; rain during the night.
Garupá 2 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . Calm Cirro-cumulus clouds; noticed the tide first at Gurupá; it fell about 2 feet during the 3 hours we were there.
Amazon 2 3 p.m. 83 . . . 79 Calm Cumulo-stratus about the horizon, threatening bad weather.
Do. 3 6 a.m. 76 . . . . . . Calm Cirro-stratus clouds. We are now navigating in narrow channels between islands, near the right bank of the Amazon.
Do. 3 9 a.m. 82 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; stratus clouds, breaking up into cumuli; heavy squall of wind and rain from the eastward between 12 and 1 p. m.; rain, in very large drops.
Do. 3 3 p.m. 77 . . . . . . Calm Rainy.
Do. 4 6 a.m. 77 . . . . . . Calm Stratus clouds; find the flood tide so strong now as to compel us to stop whilst it is running.
Do. 4 9 a.m. 82 . . . . . . N. and E. Light air; stratus, breaking into cumuli; at 11 passed Breves.
Do. 4 3 p.m. 85½ . . . 82 Eastward Light air; heavy cumulus clouds round the horizon; distant thunder.
Do. 5 6 a.m. 78 . . . . . . Calm Light cirro-stratus clouds.
Do. 5 9 a.m. 80 . . . . . . Eastward Light air; cumulo-stratus clouds.
Do. 5 3 p.m. 81 . . . . . . N. and W. Light breeze; cumulus clouds; dirty, disagreeable night; wind from southward and eastward; cold rain.
Do. 6 6 a.m. 76 . . . . . . N. and W. Light breeze; cloudy, stratus.
Do. 6 9 a.m. 77½ . . . . . . N. and E. Moderate breeze; cumulo-stratus clouds.
Do. 6 3 p.m. 83 . . . 80 Eastward Fresh breeze; cumulus clouds.
Do. 7 6 a.m. 78 . . . . . . Calm Clear; a few watery-looking cumuli about the horizon.
Do. 7 9 a.m. 84 . . . . . . Calm Heavy cumuli about the horizon; sun very hot.
Do. 7 3 p.m. 86½ . . . . . . S. and E. Light breeze; cumulus clouds.
Do. 7 6 p.m. 82 . . . . . . Calm Clear, except in the west; rainy night, with thunder and lightning; wind from the eastward.
Do. 8 6 a.m. . . . . . . . . . Northward Light breeze; raining hard. At 8 started to cross Limociro bay, wind blowing fresh; thick mist and rain; smart sea running; lying at an island in Limociro bay.
Do. 8 9 a.m. 78 . . . . . . Northward Moderate breeze; still raining.
Do. 8 3 p.m. 81 . . . . . . N. and E. Moderate breeze, with squalls of wind and rain.
Do. 8 6 p.m. 79 . . . . . . N. and E. Moderate breeze; light, fleecy, and windy-looking clouds; crossed from the island to the western shore of Limociro bay, 5 miles.
Do. 9 6 a.m. 78 . . . . . . Calm Stratus clouds; entered again into the creeks and channels on the right bank of the Amazon.
Do. 9 3 p.m. 80 . . . . . . Calm Light stratus clouds.
Do. 10 6 a.m. 76 . . . . . . Calm Light stratus clouds, with an occasional sprinkle of rain; at town of Sta. Ana.
Do. 10 9 a.m. 79 78 . . . Calm Cloudy.
Do. 10 3 p.m. 78 . . . . . . N. and E. Light breeze; cumulo-stratus clouds; entered the river Moju.
Rio Moju 11 6 a.m. 76 . . . . . . Calm Stratus clouds.
Do. 11 9 a.m. 78 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; drizzly.
Do. 11 3 p.m. 78 . . . . . . S. and E. Fresh breeze; misty, with occasional light rain; arrived at Pará at 9½.
Pará 12 6 a.m. 76 . . . . . . Calm Thin stratus clouds, sun shining through them.
Do. 12 11 a.m. . . . . . . . . . N. and E. Fresh breeze set in, bringing rain shower.
Do. 12 3 p.m. 80 . . . . . . . . . Pleasant, clear evening; barometer 29.730.
Do. 13 9 a.m. 81 . . . . . . Calm Misty morning; usual breeze from NNE., with rain set in at noon.
Do. 13 3 p.m. 82 . . . . . . . . . Clear evening; barometer 29.690.
Do. 14 8 a.m. 80 . . . . . . Calm Light cirro-cumulus clouds; breeze from NNE. during the day, with rain.
Do. 14 3 p.m. 83½ . . . . . . . . . Barometer 29.665.
Do. 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . S. and W. Light breeze; misty morning; wind set in from NNE. at 12, with clouds and rain; continued cloudy, with occasional light rain, till after 3.
Do. 15 3 p.m. 80½ . . . 75 Eastward Barometer 29.685.
Do. 16 9 a.m. 81 . . . . . . Eastward Moderate breeze; barometer 29.735; at 12 breeze from ENE., with rain squalls.
Do. 16 3 p.m. 81½ . . . 76½ ENE. Cumulo-stratus clouds; thunder; barometer 29.675.
Do. 17 9 a.m. 82½ . . . 77½ NE. Light air; cirro-cumulus clouds; barometer 29.732.
Do. 17 3 p.m. 84½ . . . 78½ NE. Fresh breeze; cumulo-stratus clouds; barometer 29.640.
Do. 18 9 a.m. 81½ . . . 77½ NE. Light breeze just set in; light flying cumuli.
Do. 18 3 p.m. 81½ . . . 77 NNE. Moderate breeze; cumulo-stratus clouds; occasional showers of rain.
Do. 19 9 a.m. 83 . . . 78 Eastward Light air; watery-looking cumuli moving southwest.
Do. 20 9 a.m. 78 . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze, and cloudy; cirro-stratus; heavy rain squalls all the forenoon; pleasant afternoon and evening.
Do. 21 9 a.m. 79 . . . 76½ Eastward Light air; cirro-cumulus clouds.
Do. 21 3 p.m. 81½ . . . 77½ N. and E. Moderate breeze; heavy cumulus clouds.
Do. 22 3 p.m. 85½ . . . 79 NNE. Moderate breeze; cumulo-stratus clouds.
Pará 23 3 p.m. 79½ . . . 77 Variable Light winds; showery; calm in the morning; at 11 the breeze set in from the northward and eastward, with showers.
Do. 24 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy all the morning.
Do. 24 3 p.m. 80 . . . 75 Westward Light air; cloudy, stratus.
Do. 25 9 a.m. 79½ . . . . . . Calm Light cirrus clouds overhead; cumuli about the horizon; during the forenoon moderate breeze from the northwest, changing about 2 p.m.to northward.
Do. 25 3 p.m. 80 . . . 76
Do. 26 9 a.m. 79 . . . . . . Calm Cloudy, cirro-stratus; pleasant morning.
Do. 27 9 a.m. 75½ . . . . . . WNW. Cool breeze, with light rain; breeze gradually hauled to the northward and eastward, and the weather changed to pleasant.
Do. 28 9 a.m. 79½ . . . 75 Calm Cirrus clouds overhead; cumuli about the horizon; pleasant weather.
Do. 28 3 p.m. 84 . . . 75½ N. and E. Moderate breeze; light cirri overhead.
Do. 29 9 a.m. 80½ . . . . . . NE. Light breeze; cumulus clouds round the horizon, breaking off and rising up as cirro-cumuli.
Do. 29 3 p.m. 82 . . . 77 NW. Moderate breeze; heavy clouds in the northwest; light spits of rain from passing clouds.
Do. 30 9 a.m. 80 . . . 76 Northward Cirro-stratus clouds; sun oppressive.
Do. 30 3 p.m. 80½ . . . 76½ NW. Moderate breeze; blowing in squalls from NNE. at 2, to NW. at 3; cumulo-stratus clouds, with spits of rain.
Do. May 1 9 a.m. 77 . . . . . . Northward Moderate breeze, with light clouds and rain.
Do. 1 3 p.m. 82 . . . 76 NNW. Moderate breeze; cumulus clouds.
Do. 2 9 a.m. 79 . . . 75 NE During the morning moderate breeze from WSW., (with thin stratus clouds,) hauling round, by west and north to northeast; at 1 clouds breaking up into thin cumuli.
Do. 2 3 p.m. 85½ . . . 77½ WNW. Clear overhead; cumuli about the horizon.
Do. 3 9 a.m. 80½ . . . . . . Eastward Light breeze; stratus clouds.
Do. 3 3 p.m. 80 . . . . . . Calm Showery, with thunder and lightning.
Do. 4 9 a.m. 80 . . . 77 N. and E. Light breeze; cirro-cumulus clouds.
Do. 4 3 p.m. 80 . . . 77 NNE. Moderate breeze, (has been fresh, with rain;) cloudy, cumulo-stratus.
Do. 5 6 a.m. 78 . . . . . . Calm Misty.
Do. 5 9 a.m. 80½ . . . 76½ N. and E. Light breeze; cirro-cumulus clouds.
Do. 5 3 p.m. 84 . . . 78½ Northward Moderate, but unsteady and uncertain breeze; heavy rain clouds in northeast and east.
Do. 6 9 a.m. 80 . . . 77 Southward Light air; cirro-cumulus clouds; very heavy rain between 5 and 8 p.m., with sharp lightning and thunder.
Do. 7 9 a.m. 80 . . . 77 S. and E. Light breeze; light cirro-cumulus clouds.