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Fire-making Apparatus in the U. S. National Museum

Chapter 20: Footnotes
By Walter Hough
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About This Book

The study surveys traditional techniques and tools for producing fire, classifying methods into reciprocating drills, sawing, plowing, and percussion, and detailing variants such as simple two-stick drills, multi-part and weighted implements, and use of pyrite or flint. It examines materials and construction, stressing the role of dry, friable woods, vascular plant stems, and prepared tinder, and explains the mechanics of friction, powder formation, and ignition. Museum specimens illustrate regional types, workmanship, and functional adaptations, and the author considers how small technical traits persist and serve as useful markers in ethnographic comparison.

Footnotes

[1]Lafitau.—Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains. Paris 1724. II p. 242, 243.
[2]Schweinfurth. The Heart of Africa. New York, 1874. I, p. 257.
[3]Swan.—Northwest Coast, p. 248.
[4]Bancroft.—Native Races. I., p. 237.
[5]Kane.—Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians. London, 1859.
[6]Smithsonian Report. 1885. Pt. ii, p. 723.
[7]American Antiquarian. Mendon, Illinois, September, 1886. VIII, p. 283.
[8]Smithsonian Report. 1865. p. 367.
[9]Dr. Matthews’s mountain chant of the Navajos, in the fifth annual report (1883-’84) of the Bureau of Ethnology, gives some very striking ceremonial uses of fire. No ethnologist should fail to read this important contribution to science.
[10]The Aborigines of Hispaniola. J. Anthrop., Inst. Gt. Britain and Ireland, XVI, p. 282.
[11]G. Benzoni.—History of the New World. Hakluyt Society, XXI, p. 151.
[12]Smith.—The Natural Inhabitants of Virginia. English Scholars’ Library. No. 16, p. 68.
[13]Beverley.—History of Virginia. 1722. 197, 198.
[14]Loskiel.—History of the Mission of the United Brethren. London, 1794. p. 54.
[15]Benj. Hawkins’ Sketch of the Creek Country. 1798-’99. 68-72, cited in Pickett’s History of Alabama. I, p. 108.
[16]Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. 1883-’84. p. 518.
[17]The George Catlin Indian Gallery. Smithsonian Report. 1885. II, p. 456.
[18]Schoolcraft.—Indian Tribes. 1851-60. III, Pl. 28.
[19]Smithsonian Report. 1885. II, p. 315.
[20]Sir Daniel Wilson.—Prehistoric Man. II, p. 375.
[21]Darwin.—Narrative of the voyage of the Beagle. III, p. 458. Cited in Early History of Mankind. p. 241.
[22]Dr. Emil Hassler.—In Jahrbuch Mittelschweiz. Commerciel. Gesellsch. Arau, Zweiter Band. 1888. 114, 115.
[23]Harper’s Monthly Magazine. Nov. 1853. VII, p. 745.
[24]Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan. 1878, vi. Pt. II, p. 223.
[25]J. Anthrop. Inst. Great Britain and Ireland. 1885. XV, p. 10.
[26]Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh. Session of 1883-’84. p. 309.
[27]Schweinfurth.—The Heart of Africa. New York, 1874. I, 531, 532.
[28]J. G. Wood.—The Natural History of Man. I, p. 101.
[29]Mason.—Throwing-sticks in the National Museum. Smithsonian Report. 1884. II, p. 279.
[30]Nordenskiöld.—Voyage of the Vega. London, 1881. II, p. 121.
[31]Seebohm.—Siberia in Asia. p. 109.
[32]Trans. Ethnol. Soc. London, 1861. p. 140.
[33]Hind.—Labrador. I, p. 149.
[34]Danish Umiak Expedition to Eastern Greenland, 1888. p. 28. Plate XIV contains the figure.
[35]Danish Umiak Expedition. Preliminary Report, p. 208. This seems scarcely what would be inferred from the development of these inventions.
[36]Hakluyt Society. III, p. 104.
[37]Die amerikanische Nordpol-Expedition. Leipzig. p. 358.
[38]Nordenskiöld.—Voyage of the Vega. London, 1881. II, 121, 122.
[39]Nordenskiöld.—Voyage of the Vega. London, 1881. II, 120, 121.
[40]D. D. Daly.—Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc. 1888. p. 10.
[41]Capt. T. H. Lewis.—Hill tribes of Chittagong. Calcutta, 1869. p. 83.
[42]The American Anthropologist. Washington, 1888. I, No. 3, p. 294.
[43]J. G. Wood.—The Natural History of Man. II, p. 502.
[44]R. Brough Smith.—The Aborigines of Victoria. London, 1878. I, p. 393.
[45]W. Powell.—Wanderings in a Wild Country, p. 206.
[46]R. Brough Smith.—The Aborigines of Victoria. London, 1878. I, p. 394.
[47]Dawkins.—Early Man in Britain. London. p. 210.
[48]Loc. cit., p. 258.
[49]J. Anthrop. Inst. Great Britain and Ireland. VII, p. 83.
[50]Lafitan.—Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains. p. 272. An earlier account is found in Le Jeune, Relation de 1634, p. 24. Quebec, 1858.
[51]J. Anthrop. Inst. Great Britain and Ireland, v, p. 225.
[52]Extracted from an article by the author in Proceedings U. S. National Museum, XI, 1888,181-4.
[53]Smithsonian Report. 1860. p. 326.
[54]Die amerikanische Nordpol-Expedition. Leipzig, 1879. p. 358.
[55]Kane.—Arctic Explorations. I, p. 379.
[56]Parry.—Second Voyage. London, 1824. p. 504.
[57]Bancroft.—Native Races of the Pacific States. I, p. 91.
[58]Keller.—Swiss Lake Dwellings. Pl. xxviii, fig. 29.
[59]Sir J. W. Dawson gives an interesting account of the strike-a-light flints used in Egypt in 1844, in Modern Science in Bible Lands, p. 30.
[60]See figure in D. Bruce Peebles’s address on Illumination, in Trans. Roy. Scottish Society of Arts, Edinburgh, XII., part I, p. 96.
[61]Nordenskiöld.—Voyage of the Vega, II, p. 122.
[62]The George Catlin Indian Gallery. Smithsonian Report. 1885. II, p. 456.
[63]See figure in Jour. Anthrop. Inst. Great Britain, XVI, 1886, p. 67.
[64]See figure in Jahrbuch Mittelschweiz. Commercial. Gesellsch, Arau, Zweiter Band, 1888, pp. 114-115.
[65]From photograph.

Transcriber’s Notes

  • Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.
  • Corrected a few palpable typographical errors.
  • The “List of Specimens” was not consistent with figure captions; there was no obvious fix, and none was attempted.
  • Added one section heading, “3. Iroquois Weighted Drill” to make section headings (but not section order) consistent with the introductory classification.
  • In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.