Folkways / A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals

725. The sex relation and position of women. In such a period the sex relation is sure to be degraded and the position of woman is sure to be compromised. They can only be defined by the restraints which are observed or enforced. When all restraints are set aside sensuality is set free. Women were not suppressed. They took their place by the men and only demanded for themselves a liberty equal to that assumed by the men. The opinion has been expressed that Isabella d'Este "may be regarded as the most splendid realization of the Renaissance ideal of woman."2268 Vittoria Colonna has been more generally accorded that position. She is doubly interesting for her Platonic relation to Michael Angelo, who was fifteen years her senior,2269 and for her personal character. The title "bastard" was often worn with pride. In royal houses it happened often that the illegitimate branch took the throne on the failure of the other, so that the existence of the former was a recognized and useful fact, not a shameful one.2270 Although it was true that woman "occupied a place by the side of man, contended with him for intellectual prizes, and took part in every spirited movement," although many of them became celebrated for humanistic attainments, and were intrusted with the government of states,2271 yet it was not possible that they could maintain womanly honor and dignity side by side with the concubines and bastards of their husbands. The love of men for men was a current vice which was hardly concealed and which degraded the sex relation.2272 The individualism of the period is interpreted as a motive for making love to the wife of another, that is, to another fully developed individual.2273 Adultery also appealed to the love of intrigue and the appreciation of the imaginative element. Lewd stories and dramas were produced in great numbers in which the cunning and deception of adultery were developed in all imaginable combinations of circumstances. In real life a woman's relatives showed great ferocity in enforcing against her all the current conventions about her conduct. That was because she might bring disgrace and ridicule on them by marrying beneath her, or by a liaison which was known and avenged by her husband. The assassination of the husband in such cases was only a trifling necessity which might be called for.2274 A physician having married a widowed duchess, born a princess of Aragon, her brothers murdered her and her children and caused the physician to be assassinated by hired bravos.2275 In the comedies marriage was derided and marital honor treated with contempt. Downright obscenity was not rare. Some of the comedies would not now be tolerated anywhere before an audience of men only.2276 It seems trifling that objection was made to the nakedness of some figures in Michael Angelo's "Last Judgment." "As society became more vicious, it grew nice."2277

726. The cult of success. This deep depravation of all social interests by the elevation of success to a motive which justified itself has the character of an experiment. Amongst ourselves now, in politics, finance, and industry, we see the man-who-can-do-things elevated to a social hero whose success overrides all other considerations. Where that code is adopted it calls for arbitrary definitions, false conventions, and untruthful character.

727. Literature. There were several books published in the Renaissance period which aimed to influence the mores. In the middle of the fifteenth century was written Pandolfini's Governo della Famiglia. An old man advises his two sons and three grandsons on the philosophy and policy of life. He urges thrift and advises to stay far removed from public life. It is, he says, a "life of insults, hatreds, misrepresentations, and suspicions." He advises not to come into the intimacy of great nobles and not to lend them money. He has a low opinion of all women and would not trust a wife with secrets. Della Casa, in the first half of the sixteenth century, wrote Il Galateo, a treatise on manners and etiquette. He lays great stress on cleanliness of person and house, and he forbids all impropriety, for which he has a very positive code. Castiglione's Courtier inculcates what the age considered sound ideas on all social relations, rights, and duties. In the dialogue different views are put forward and discussed, from which it results that the views to be regarded as correct often lack point and definiteness. Symonds thinks that the type presented with approval differs little from the modern gentleman.2278 Cornaro wrote at the age of eighty-three a book called Discorsi della Vita sobria, which is said to set forth especially the diet by which the writer overcame physical weakness and reached a hale old age. When ninety-five he wrote another book to boast of the success of the first. He died in 1565, over a hundred years old.2279

728. Moral anarchy. The antagonism between a virtue policy and a success policy is a constant ethical problem. The Renaissance in Italy shows that although moral traditions may be narrow and mistaken, any morality is better than moral anarchy. Moral traditions are guides which no one can afford to neglect. They are in the mores and they are lost in every great revolution of the mores. Then the men are morally lost. Their notions, desires, purposes, and means become false, and even the notion of crime is arbitrary and untrue. If all try the policy of dishonesty, the result will be the firmest conviction that honesty is the best policy. The mores aim always to arrive at correct notions of virtue. In so far as they reach correct results the virtue policy proves to be the only success policy.

LIST OF BOOKS CITED

Full titles of all books cited are given below in the alphabetical order of the authors' names or of the leading word of the title. Numbers after the title are the pages in the present volume on which the book is cited or used as an authority.

• Aarbøger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed, 130
• Abdallatif, Relation de l'Egypte (trad. de Sacy) (Paris, 1810), 336
• Abel, C. W., Savage Life in New Guinea (London, 1902), 317
• Abercromby, J., The Pre- and Proto-historic Finns, Eastern and Western, with Magic Songs of the West Finns (2 vols. London, 1898), 485
• Achelis, H., Virgines Subintroductae (1 Cor. vii) (Leipzig, 1902), 295, 525, 526, 620
• Achelis, T., Die Ekstase in ihrer kulturellen Bedeutung (Berlin, 1902), 210
• Aelian, Variae Historiae, 318
• Aeneas Silvius. See Piccolomini
• Alanus ab Insulis, De Planctu Naturae (Migne, Patrol. Lat., V, 210), 369
• Alberi, E., Relazione degli Ambasciatori Veneti al Senato (Firenze, 1840): Letter of D. Barbaro, sent to England for the Accession of Edward VI (Series I, Tome II, 230), 257
• Alec-Tweedie, Mrs., Sunny Sicily (New York, no date), 458, 589
• Am Urquell, 137
• Ameer Ali, The Influence of Woman in Islam (Nineteenth Century, XLV, 755)
• American Anthropologist, 17, 121, 142, 149, 305, 315, 326, 339, 460, 485, 533
• American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature, 536
• American Journal of Sociology, 112
• Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum Gestarum (libri 18, out of 31), 418, 586
• Ammon, O., Die Gesellschaftsordnung und ihre natürlichen Grundlagen (Jena, 1896), 39, 475, 541
• d'Ancona, A., Le Origini del Teatro in Italia (2 tomes. Firenze, 1877 e 1891), 227, 445, 580-582, 591-595
• Andree, R., Die Anthropophagie (Leipzig, 1887), 329, 332
• Andree, R., Ethnographische Parallele und Vergleiche (2 Folgen. Leipzig, 1889), 326
• Angerstein, W., Volkstänze im Deutschen Mittelalter (2te Aufl. Berlin, 1874), 599
• l'Année Sociologique, 482. See Durkheim
• l'Anthropologie, 130, 146. See Bulletins
• Apostolic Constitutions. Die Syrischen Didaskalia übersetzt und erklärt von A. Achelis und J. Fleming (Leipzig, 1904) contains the "Two Ways," 316
• Appianus, Historia Romana, 281
• Apuleius, Metamorphoses, 364, 571
• Arabian Nights, 287, 434. See Lane
• Archiv für Anthropologie, 329, 447, 536-537, 543, 548-549, 563, 577-578
• Archiv für Kunde der Œsterreichischen Geschichtsquellen, 443
• Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, 525
• Ashton, J., Social Life in the Reign of Queen Anne (London, 1883), 523
• Athenæus, Deipnosophistorum libri, 15, 436, 529, 542
• Athenagoras, Apologia (on the resurrection of the dead), 390
• Augustine, Opera (Paris, 1635), 290, 348, 360-361, 390-391, 529, 542, 585
• d'Aussy. See Legrand
• Australian Association for the Advancement of Science: Fourth Meeting, at Hobart, Tasmania, January, 1892 (Sydney, 1892), 187, 204, 264, 314, 317, 330, 334, 382, 459, 461
• d'Avenel, G., Histoire Economique de la Propriété, des Salaires, des Denrées, et de tous les Prix en général, depuis l'an 1200 jusqu'en l'an 1800 (2 tomes. Paris, 1894-1898), 165-166, 298
•  
• Babelon, E. C. F., Les Origines de la Monnaie (Paris, 1897), 154
• Bancroft, H. H., The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America (New York, 1875-1876), 271, 324, 337, 422, 543, 548, 553, 586
• Barthold, F. W., Die Geschichte der Hansa (Leipzig, 1862), 370, 524
• Barthold, F. W., Jürgen Wüllenweber von Lübeck (Räumer, Histor. Taschenbuch, VI), 524
• Barton, G. A., Semitic Origins (New York, 1902), 535, 557, 563
• Bastian, A., Die Deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste (Jena, 1874), 459
• Bebel, A., Die Frau (Zurich, 1883), 346
• Becke, L., Pacific Tales (New York), 441, 460, 630
• Becker, W. A., und Hermann, K. F., Charikles (3 Bände. Leipzig, 1854), 204, 390, 488
• Beloch, J., Die Bevölkerung der Griechisch-Römischen Welt (Leipzig, 1886), 105, 279
• Beloch, J., Griechische Geschichte (4 Bände. Strassburg, 1904), 106-107, 199, 279, 468, 565
• Bender, H., Rom und Römisches Leben im Alterthum geschildert (Tübingen, 1880), 280
• Bent, J. T., The Sacred City of the Ethiopians (London, 1893), 459
• Bergel, J., Die Eheverhältnisse der alten Juden im Vergleiche mit den Griechischen und Römischen (Leipzig, 1881), 398, 409
• Berlin Museum, 427, 432-433, 435, 438, 446, 459
• Bernardin, N-M., La Comédie Italienne en France, 1570-1791 (Paris, 1902), 602
• Bethe, E., Die Geschichte des Theaters im Alterthume (Leipzig, 1896), 447
• de Bethencourt, J., Le Canarien livre de la Conquête et Conversion des Canaries (1402-1422) (ed. G. Gravier Rouen, 1874), 121, 339
• Bijdragen tot de Taal-Land-en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië, 187, 273, 298-300, 314, 335, 358, 383, 484
• Binet, A., La Suggestibilité (Paris, 1900), 21
• Biot, E. C., De l'Abolition de l'Esclavage ancien en Occident (Paris, 1840), 298-299
• Bishop, Mrs. (Isabella Bird), Among the Thibetans (New York, 1894), 353, 441
• Bishop, Mrs., Korea and her Neighbors (New York, 1898), 453
• Blair, W., Slavery amongst the Romans (Edinburgh, 1833), 284, 319
• Bock, C., Reis in Oost-en Zuid-Borneo (s'Gravenhage, 1887), 274
• Bodin, J., De Republica libri sex (7^a ed. Frankfort, 1641), 291, 301
• Boggiani, G., I Caduvei (Roma, 1895), 272
• Boissier, G., La Religion Romaine d'Auguste aux Antonins (2 tomes. Paris, 1874), 101, 199, 566
• Bourquelot, Foires de Champagne (Acad. de Belles Lettres et d'Inscriptions, 1865), 298
• Bousset, D. W., Die Religion des Judenthums im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (Berlin, 1903), 295, 340, 515
• Bridges, T., Manners and Customs of the Firelanders (A Voice for South America, XIII, 201-214), 272
• Brinton, G., Nagualism (Philadelphia, 1894), 271, 338
• Brunache, P., Le Centre de l'Afrique (Paris, 1894), 268, 334, 339, 433, 437-438
• Bücher, K. W., Die Aufstände der Unfreien Arbeiter (Frankfurt, 1874), 280-281, 283
• Buchholz, E. A. W., Homerische Realien (3 Bände. Leipzig, 1871-1885), 278
• Budge, E. A. W., The Gods of the Egyptians (Chicago, 1904), 433
• Buhl, F. P. W., Die Socialen Verhältnisse der Israeliten (Berlin, 1899), 154, 277
• Bühler, G., The Laws of Manu (trans.) (Oxford, 1886), 356, 384, 388, 544
• B[ulletins] et M[émoires] de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris (Paris, 1901): Art. by Guyot on Les Indigènes de l'Afrique du Sud, based on the Report of the South African Committee (Pres. J. Macdonell) on the Natives of South Africa (Series V, Tome II, 362), 112, 368
• Burchard, J., Diarium sive verum urbanarum commentarii, 1483-1506 (ed. Thusane) (3 tomes. Paris, 1885), 256
• Burckhardt, J., Griechische Kulturgeschichte (3 Bände. 2te Aufl. Stuttgart, 1898), 105-107, 109-110, 468, 487
• Burckhardt, J., Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien (Basel, 1860), 22, 249, 592, 598, 601, 627, 643-645, 650, 652-653
• Burckhardt, J. L., Arabic Proverbs (London, 1830), 448, 455, 544
• Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, Annual Reports, 14, 17, 25, 125, 127, 129-130, 139, 152, 186, 270-271, 317, 325, 337, 383, 442, 453, 485, 497, 501, 512, 515, 518, 533
• Burnaby, A., Travels through the Middle Settlements of North America in 1759 and 1760 (London, 1775), 528
• Burrows, G., The Land of the Pigmies (London, 1898), 453
• Büttner, C. G., Das Hinterland von Walfischbai und Angra Pequena (Heidelberg, 1884), 188
•  
• Cambridge History of Modern Europe, (ed. by A. W. Ward and G. W. Prothero) (New York, 1902, etc.), 531
• Cameron, V. L., Across Africa (2 vols. London, 1877), 145
• Campbell, H., Differences in the Nervous Organization of Man and Woman (London, 1891), 343-344
• Cantacuzene, J., Romana Historia (Bonn, 1832), 264
• Carey, B. S., and Tuck, H. N., The Chin Hills (Rangoon, 1896), 186, 273
• Carmichael, M., In Tuscany (3rd ed. New York, 1902), 216, 623-624
• Cartwright, J., Isabella d'Este, Marchioness of Mantua, 1474-1539 (2 vols. New York, 1903), 598, 650-651
• Castiglione, B., The Book of the Courtier [1528] (trans. by L. E. Opdyke) (New York, 1903), 651, 653
• Cato Major, De Agri Cultura, 280-281, 289
• Cator, Dorothy, Everyday Life among the Head-hunters (New York, 1905), 305
• Cayley-Webster, H., Through New Guinea and the Cannibal Countries (London, 1898), 150
• Cellini. See Symonds
• Celestina. See Mabbe
• Century Magazine, 193, 441, 462
• Ch. Br. R. A. S. = China Branch, Royal Asiatic Society
• Chandler, F. W., Romance of Roguery: I. The Picaresque Novel in Spain (New York, 1899), 320, 597
• Charles, R. H., The Book of Enoch (trans.) (Oxford, 1893), 431
• Charles, R. H., The Book of Jubilees or the Little Genesis (trans.) (London, 1902), 431
• Christian, F. W., The Caroline Islands (London, 1899), 139, 151, 423
• Chrysostom, Opera (Migne, Patrol. Graeca, XLVII-LXIV. Homily on Matthew in LVIII, 591), 294
• Churchman, The, 456
• Cibrario, G. A. L., Della Politica Economia del Medio Evo (2ª ed. 3 tomes) (Torino, 1841-1842), 300
• Cicero, Orations, 405;
  • Tusculan Disputations, 570
• Clement, K. J., Das Recht der Salischen Franken (Berlin, 1876), 495
• Clement, P., Jacques Cœur et Charles VII, France au XV siècle (Paris, 1853), 443
• Cockayne, O., Hali Maidenhad (Early English Text Society, London, 1866), 621
• Codrington, R. H., The Melanesians (Oxford, 1891), 149, 272, 314, 317, 325, 334, 339, 438, 533
• Cook, K. R., The Fathers of Jesus: a Study of the Lineage of the Christian Doctrines and Traditions (2 vols. London, 1886), 294-295, 379, 615-616
• Corpus Juris Canonici (Colon. Munat., 1717), 348, 404, 406, 410
• Corpus Juris Civilis (Lipsiae, 1858), 403
• Corpus Poeticum Boreale, the Poetry of the Old Northern Tongue (Oxford, 1883), 296-297
• Coryate, T., Crudities (New York, 1905), 444
• Cranz, D., Historie von Grönland bis 1779 (Leipzig, 1780), 323
• Crawford, J., History of the Indian Archipelago (2 vols. London, 1820), 149
• Crawley, A. E., Sexual Taboo (JAI, XXIV, 116, 219), 116, 219, 430, 452, 459
• Creighton, M., Historical Essays and Reviews (New York, 1902), 647, 650
• Cunningham, A., Ladak (London, 1854), 352
• Cunow, H., Verwandtschaftsorganization der Australneger (Stuttgart, 1894), 497
• Curr, E. M., The Australian Race (Melbourne, 1886), 316, 421, 436
• Curtius Rufus, Quintus, De Rebus Gestis Alexandri, 236
• Cyprian, Epistolae, 525
•  
• Daniel, H. A., Codex Liturgicus Ecclesiae Universae in Epitomen Redactus (Lipsiae, 1851), 226
• Darmsteter, J., Translation of the Zend Avesta (Oxford, 1880), 418, 486, 512-513, 558
• Darinsky (Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft, XIV), 368, 454
• Darwin, Charles, Descent of Man (New York, 1886), 138, 357-358
• Dasent, Sir G. W., The Story of Burnt Njal (New York, 1900), 642
• Dawson, J., Australian Aborigines in the Western District of Victoria (Melbourne, 1881), 316, 325, 332
• Degroot, J. J. M., The Religious System of China (Leyden, 1892), 318
• Denecke, A., Entwickelungsgeschichte des gesellschaftlichen Anstandsgefühls in Deutschland (Dresden, 1891), 460, 462, 469
• Deutsch, S. M., Peter Abälard (Leipzig, 1883), 228
• Dezobry, C. L., Rome au Siècle d'Auguste (4^me ed. 4 tomes.) (Paris, 1875), 283
• Dialogue of the Exchequer. See Henderson
• Dill, S., Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius (London, 1904), 55, 284-289, 379, 571
• Dill, S., Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire (2nd ed. London, 1899), 290
• Dio Cassius Coccejanus, Historia Romana, 208
• Dio Chrysostom, Orations, 199, 287, 290
• Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, 281, 286-289, 336, 390
• Dionysus Halicarnessensis, Antiquitatum Romanorum quae supersunt, 281
• Dozy, R., Musulmans d'Espagne, 711-1110 (4 tomes. Leyde, 1861), 301-302, 335
• Drumann, W. K. A., Die Arbeiter und Communisten in Griechenland und Rom (Königsberg, 1860), 280
• Dubois, J. A., Mœurs Institutions et Ceremonies des Peuples de l'Inde (2 tomes. Paris, 1825), 457, 545, 548, 558, 586
• Du Camp, M., Paris dans la Seconde Moitié du dixneuvième Siècle (Paris, 1873-1875), 190
• Du Cange, C. du Fresne, Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis (Paris, 1840-1850), 590
• Dulaure, J. A., Paris et ses Monuments (Paris, 1865), 370, 444
• Durkheim, E., La Prohibition de l'Inceste et ses Origines (l'Année Sociologique, Tome I. Paris, 1898), 482
• Duveyrier, H., Les Touaregs du Nord (Paris, 1864), 339, 423, 427, 456
• van Duyl, C. F., Beschavingsgeschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Volk (Groningen, 1895), 97
•  
• l'École d'Anthropologie de Paris, Revue de, 368
• Economics of Aristotle (?), 359
• Economicus of Xenophon, 360
• Edda, the, 175, 488
• Ehrenreich, P., Völkerkunde Brasiliens (Veröffentlichungen des Berliner Museums, Band II), 122, 139
• von Eicken, H., Geschichte und System der mittelalterlichen Weltanschauung (Stuttgart, 1887), 370, 642
• Ellis, A. B., The Ewe-speaking Peoples (London, 1890), 268, 501, 512, 534
• Ellis, A. B., The Tshi-speaking Peoples (London, 1887), 268-269, 317, 512
• von Elsberg, R. A., Elizabeth Bathory (die Blutgräfin) (Breslau, 1904), 235
• Endemann, W., Studien in der Romanischkanonischen Wirthschafts--und Rechtslehre (2 Bände. Berlin, 1883), 288, 404
• Erasmus, D., Colloquia (Rotterdam, 1664), 578
• Erasmus, D., Colloquy of the Beggars [Franciscans] (Opera, I, 739), 190
• Erasmus, D., Libellus Aureus de Civilitate Morum Puerilium (Aboae, 1670), 200, 430-431, 458
• Erman, A., Aegypten und Aegyptisches Leben im Alterthume (Tübingen, 1885), 447
• Estrup, H. F. J., Samlede Skrifter (Kjøbenhavn, 1842), 296
• Ethnography of India. See Risley
• Ethnological Society of London, Journal of the (New Series), 484
• Euripides, 613
• Evans, J., British Coins (London, 1864), 143
• Evarnitzky, D. I., The Zaporoge Kossacks (in Russian) (2 vols. St. Petersburg, 1888), 335
• Eyre, E. J., Expeditions into Central Australia in 1840-1841 (2 vols. London, 1845), 316, 325
•  
• Farnell, L. R. (Archiv für Religionsgeschichte, VII), 541
• Farnell, L. R., The Cults of the Greek States (2 vols. Oxford, 1896), 358, 542
• Farr, W., Vital Statistics (London, 1885), 534
• Fauriel, C. C., The Last Days of the Consulate (London, 1885), 304
• Fawcett, F., On Basivis (JASB, II, 322), 534
• Felkin. See Wilson
• Finsch, O., Ethnologische Erfahrungen (Wien, 1893), 339, 436, 441
• Finsch, O., Samoafahrten (Leipzig, 1888), 188, 272
• Fioretti di San Francisco (Torino, 1882), 216
• von Fircks A., Bevölkerungslehre und Bevölkerungspolitik (Leipzig, 1898)
• First Three English Books about America, The (Arber. Birmingham, 1885), 315
• Flade, P., Das Römische Inquisitionsverfahren in Deutschland bis zu den Hexenprocessen (Leipzig, 1902), 241, 250-251
• Forbes, H. O., The Kubus of Sumatra (JAI, XIV, 121), 329, 435
• Foureau, F., D'Alger au Congo par le Tchad (Paris, 1902), 147
• Freeman, E. A., Western Europe in the Eighth Century (New York, 1904), 298
• Freeman, E. A., Western Europe in the Fifth Century (New York, 1904), 103, 290
• Freie Wort, Das, 204
• Freisen, J., Geschichte des kanonischen Eherechts (Tübingen, 1888), 399, 400, 402, 406, 409
• Friedberg, E., Das Recht der Eheschliessung (Leipzig, 1865), 82, 405, 407-413
• Friedberg, E., Verlobung und Trauung (Leipzig, 1876), 412
• Friedländer, L., Sittengeschichte (3 Bände. Leipzig, 1862-1871), 365, 390, 408-409, 411-413
• Friedmann, M., Ueber Wahnideen im Völkerleben (Wiesbaden, 1901), 21, 211, 219, 633
• Fries, T. M., Grönland dess Natur och Innevånare (Upsala, 1872), 14
• Fritsch, G., Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrikas (Breslau, 1872), 29, 260, 269, 315, 326, 339, 422, 434, 437, 512, 526
• Funck-Brentano, T., La Science Sociale; subtitle, le Suicide (Paris, 1897), 21
• Furnival, F. J., Child-marriages, Divorces, etc., 1561-1566 (Early English Text Society, No. 108) (London, 1897), 386
•  
• Gaii, Institutiones (Berlin, 1884), 488
• Galton, F., Hereditary Genius (New York, 1870), 39, 42-43, 486, 611
• Gallon, F., Human Faculty (New York, 1883), 60, 111, 191, 262
• Garnier, R. M., The English Landed Interest (London, 1892-1893), 304
• Gauthiez, P., Lorenzaccio, 1514-1548 (Paris, 1904), 93, 647-649, 652
• Gehring, H., Süd-Indien (Gütersloh, 1899), 384, 512
• Geiger, W., Ostiranische Kultur (Erlangen, 1882), 486, 513
• Geijer, E. G , Svenska Folkets Historia (Stokholm, 1851), 154, 297, 499, 502
• Geiseler, Oster-Inseln (Berlin, 1883), 325
• Gibbon, E., Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 219, 237, 358, 572
• Gjessing, Traeldom i Norge (Annaler for Nordisk Oldkyndighed, 1862, p. 85), 297
• Globus, der, 5, 12, 23, 81, 110, 129, 131, 135, 146-147, 154, 267-268, 271, 273, 303, 315, 317, 325-326, 329, 331-333, 335-337, 345, 351, 367-368, 432, 437-439, 442, 453-454, 460-462, 512, 516-518, 526-527, 538, 543, 549, 554-555, 558, 639
• de Gobineau, J. A., La Renaissance (Paris, 1877), 646
• Goetz, W., Ideale des Heiligen Francis (Histor. Vierteljahrschrift, VI), 216
• von Goetzen, G. A., Durch Afrika von Ost nach West (Berlin, 1895), 148, 262-264
• Gomme, G. L., Ethnology in Folklore (New York, 1892), 326, 335, 526
• Goodrich-Frear, A., Inner Jerusalem (New York, 1904), 425, 456
• Gower, J., Vox Clamantis (London, 1850), 369
• Gozzi, Memoirs of (trans. by J. A. Symonds) (2 vols. London, 1890), 602-603
• Graetz, H., Geschichte der Juden (Leipzig, 1888-1897), 616
• Graphic, the London, 358
• Gregorovius, F., Lucrezia Borgia (trans. by J. L. Garner) (New York, 1903), 199, 586, 648, 651-652
• Grimm, J. L. C., Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer (Cited D. R. A.) (2te Ausg. Göttingen, 1854), 297-298, 322, 385, 406, 413
• Grimm, J. L. C., Teutonic Mythology (trans. by Stallybrass) (4 vols. London, 1883), 11, 586
• Grinnell, G. B., Cheyenne Woman Customs (American Anthropologist, IV), 315
• Grinnell, G. B., Pawnee Hero Stories and Folktales (New York, 1899), 115-116, 121, 132, 134, 141
• Grupp, G., Kulturgeschichte der Römischen Kaiserzeit (Münden, 1903), 282, 285, 379, 445, 584
• Gubernatis, A., Usi Nuziali in Italia e presso gli altri Popoli Indo-Europei (2^a ed. Milano, 1878), 489
• Guhl und Koner, Das Leben der Griechen und Römer (5te Aufl. Berlin, 1882), 514
• Gumplowicz, L., Grundriss der Sociologie (Wien, 1885), 51, 262-263
• Gumplowicz, L., Sociologie und Politik (Leipzig, 1892), 134
• Gunkel, H., Zum religionsgeschichtlichen Verständniss des Neuen Testaments (Göttingen, 1903), 104
•  
• Haeckel, E., Aus Insulinde (Bonn, 1901), 358, 425
• Hagelstange, A., Bauernleben im Mittelalter (Erfurt, 1897), 413
• Hagen, B., Unter den Papuas (Wiesbaden, 1899), 127, 187, 437, 500, 641
• Haimensfeld, M. G., editor of the Collectio Constitutionum Imperialium (Frankfurt, 1615)
• Hale, H., The Iroquois Book of Rites (Philadelphia, 1883), 235
• Hall, H., Society in the Elizabethan Age (London, 1887), 228
• Hamilton, The Panis, Canadian Indian slavery in the eighteenth century (Toronto, 1897), 271
• Hanoteau, A., et Letourneux, A., La Kabylie (2^e ed. 3 tomes. Paris, 1893), 318, 456, 489, 507, 517
• Hansen, J., Zauberwahn Inquisition und Hexenprocess im Mittelalter (Leipzig, 1900), 218, 237, 241, 247, 257
• Hardy, T., Tess, 166
• Harnack, A., Die Pseudoclementinischen Briefe de Virginitate und die Entstehung des Mönchthums (Sitzungsberichte der k. Preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaften, XXI, 1891), 525, 617-618
• Harnack, A., Dogmengeschichte (3te Ausg. 3 Bände. Leipzig, 1894), 222, 255, 585, 619
• Harper, R. F., The Code of Hammurabi (Chicago, 1904), 539
• von Hartmann, K. R. E., Phänomenologie des sittlichen Bewusstseins (Berlin, 1879), 60
• Hartmann (Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde, XI, 247), 641
• Hastings, J., Dictionary of the Bible (New York, 1898), 515, 554, 565, 615
• Hatch, E., Griechenthum und Christenthum (trans.) (Freiburg, 1892), 617-619
• Hauréau, B., Bernard Délicieux et l'Inquisition Albegeoise, 1300-1320 (Paris, 1877), 217
• Hauri, J., Der Islam in seinem Einfluss auf das Leben seiner Bekenner (Leyden, 1881), 301, 303, 353, 363-364, 386
• Hausrath, A., Peter Abälard (Leipzig, 1893), 228
• von Haxthausen, A., Transkaukasia (2 Bände. Leipzig, 1856), 323, 485, 502
• Hearn, L., Japan (New York, 1904), 73, 91, 94, 123, 276, 394, 440, 446, 502, 609
• Hefele, C. J., Conciliengeschichte (Freiburg, 1858), 443, 589
• Heimskringla. See Laing
• Heisterberg, B., Die Entstehung des Colonats (Leipzig, 1876), 292-293
• Henderson, E. F., Translation of Select Documents of the Middle Ages (London, 1892), contains the Dialogue of the Exchequer, 392
• Herodianus, 292
• Herodotus, 26, 105, 109-110, 326, 331-333, 355, 372, 430, 445, 468, 486, 535, 538, 551, 557
• Heusler, A., Deutsches Privatrecht (2 Bände. Leipzig, 1885), 380
• Heyck, E., Die Mediceer (Leipzig, 1897), 651
• Heyd, W., Levanthandel im Mittelalter (2 Bände. Stuttgart, 1879), 299
• Heydemann, Phlyakendarstellungen (Jahrbuch des k. Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, 1886), 260
• Heyer, F., Priesterschaft und Inquisition (Berlin, 1877), 237, 257
• Hiekisch, C., Die Tungusen (St. Petersburg, 1879), 14, 84, 461
• Hildebrands Zeitschrift. See Jahrbücher
• Hildreth, R., History of the United States (New York, 1849), 49, 304
• Hoensbroech, Graf von, Das Papstthum (Band I. Leipzig, 1901)
• Holm, G., Angmagslikerne (Kjøbenhavn, 1887), 383, 422, 433, 441
• Holub, E., Sieben Jahre in Süd-Afrika, 1872-1879 (2 Bände. Wien, 1881), 139, 269, 325, 438
• Holub, E., Von der Capstadt ins Land der Maschukalumbe, 1883-1887 (2 Bände. Wien, 1890), 264, 269
• Holzmann, A., Indische Sagen (2 Bände. Stuttgart, 1854), 204, 365, 388, 457, 640-641
• Hontan. See Lahontan
• Hopkins, E. W., The Religions of India (Boston, 1895), 224, 318, 393, 484, 486, 546, 553
• Horn, F. W., Mennesket i den forhistoriske Tid (Kjøbenhavn, 1874), 130
• Hostmann, F. W., De Beschaving van Negers in Amerika (Amsterdam, 1850), 270
• Howitt, A. W., Native Tribes of South Eastern Australia (London, 1904), 131
• Hubbard, G. G., The Japanese Nation (Smithsonian Report, 1895), 110, 667
• Humbert, A., Japan and the Japanese (New York, 1874), 90, 318, 440
• Hutchinson, H. N., The Living Races of Mankind (New York, 1902), 432
•  
• Ibn Batuta. See Batuta
• Ibrahim Ibn Jakub, Sklavenlände (Geschichtschreiber der Deutschen Vorzeit, XXXIII)
• von Ihering, R., The Evolution of the Aryan (trans.) (London, 1897), 326
• Inderwyck, F. A., The King's Peace (London, 1895), 257
• International Archiv für Ethnologie, 335
• International Congress of Anthropologists (Chicago, 1893), 126
• Iphigenia among the Taurians, 467
• Iphigenia in Aulis, 14
• Isidore of Seville, Sententiae (in Part IV of Institutiones Theologicae Antiquorum Patrum of Cardinal Tomasius), 291
•  
• Jackson, A. V. W., Zoroaster (London, 1899), 620
• Jaeger, C., Ulms Leben im Mittelalter (Stuttgart, 1831), 530
• Jahrbücher des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, 432, 447
• Jahrbücher fur Nationalökonomie und Statistik, gegründet von B. Hildebrand, 293
• JAI = Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain, 4, 122, 125-127, 130, 138-151, 157, 182, 187, 264-268, 272-275, 314-317, 322-335, 339, 351, 353, 377, 382, 387, 390, 422-423, 433-442, 452-461, 484, 497, 501, 526, 546, 586
• Janssen, J., Geschichte des Deutschen Volkes (8 Bände. Freiburg, 1892-1894), 241, 254-255, 370-371, 444, 531
• JASB = Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay, 27, 153, 188, 318, 332, 353, 389, 516-517, 546
• Jastrow, M., Religion of the Assyrians and Babylonians (in the supplementary volume of Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible)
• Jastrow, I., and Winter, G., Zeitalter der Hohenstaufen, 1125-1273 (2 Bände. Stuttgart, 1897-1901), 222, 249
• Jenks, E., Law and Politics of the Middle Ages (New York, 1898), 407
• Jewish Encyclopedia (New York, 1905), 234, 487, 517, 614, 616
• Johnston, Sir H., The Uganda Protectorate (2 vols. New York, 1902), 436-439
• Jolly, J., Les Seconds Mariages (Paris, 1896), 392-393
•  
• Jolly, J., Recht und Sitte der Indo-Aryer (Strassburg, 1896), 153, 384-385, 389, 393
• Jolly, J., Ueber die Rechtliche Stellung der Frauen bei den alten Indern (Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, 1876), 384, 388
• Josephus, F., Opera (Berlin, 1885-1895), 4, 615
• Journal of the Ethnological Society, 339
• Journal of Philology, 488
• Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 545
• Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, 384
• Julius Capitolinus, Life of Marcus Aurelius (in Scriptores Aug. Historiae) (Lipsiae, 1865), 292
• Julleville, L. Petit de, La Comédie et les Mœurs en France au Moyen Age (Paris, 1886), 471-472, 593, 598, 600
• Junker, W., Reisen in Afrika, 1875-1886 (3 Bände. Wien, 1875-1886), 147-148, 265, 266, 269, 453, 459, 461, 484, 516
• Justi, F., Geschichte des alten Persiens (Berlin, 1879), 486
• Juvenal, Satires, 208, 286, 318, 378, 379
• Juynboll, T. W., Mohammedaansche Wet volgens de leer der Sjafi-itische School (Leiden, 1903), 301
•  
• Keane, A. H., Ethnology (Cambridge, 1896), 139
• Keller, A. G., Homeric Society (New York, 1902), 390, 452, 465, 487, 517
• Kingsley, M. H., Travels in West Africa (New York, 1897), 147, 269, 326, 337
• Kingsley, M. H., West African Studies (New York, 1899), 145, 147, 269, 339, 345, 630
• Klein, J. L., Geschichte des Dramas (Leipzig, 1866), 582, 588, 591
• Klose, H., Togo (Berlin, 1899), 267
• Klugmann, N., Die Frau im Talmud (Wien, 1898), 399
• Knight, Mrs. S. K., Journey from Boston to New York in 1704 (New York, 1825), 304
• Kohler, J., Zur Urgeschichte der Ehe (Stuttgart, 1897), 393
• Kohler und Peiser, Aus dem Babylonischen Rechtsleben, 277, 388
• Kolb [or Kolben], P., Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope (Mayor's Voyages, IV), 327
• Kostomaroff, H., Domestic Life and Mores of the Great Russians in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (in Russian) (3rd ed. St. Petersburg, 1887), 489
• Krasinski, Cossacks of the Ukrain (London, 1848), 527
• Krauss, Volksglaube und Religiöser Brauch der Süd-Slaven (Münster, 1890), 518
• von Kremer, A., Kulturgeschichte des Orients unter den Chalifen (2 Bände. Wien, 1875-1877), 14, 302, 430, 455, 517
• Krieger, M., Neu-Guinea (Berlin, 1899), 13, 314, 317, 358, 432, 500
• Kubary, J., Die Socialen Einrichtungen der Pelauer (Berlin, 1885), 151, 358, 422, 454
• Kubary, J., Nukuoro (Hamburg, 1900), 314, 317
• Kubary, J. S., Der Karolinen Archipel (Leiden, 1895), 123, 151, 317, 340, 516, 533
• Kugler, B., Die Kreuzzüge (Berlin, 1880), 642
•  
• Lacroix, P., Manners, Customs, and Dress during the Middle Ages and during the Renaissance Period (London, 1876), 250, 599
• Lacroix, P., et Seré, F., Le Moyen Age et la Renaissance (5 tomes. Paris, 1848-1851), 522
• Lafitau, J. F., De Zeden der Wilden van Amerika, from the French (Amsteldam, 1751), 129
• de Lahontan, Baron L. A., Nouveaux Voyages dans l'Amérique Septentrionale (2 tomes. A la Haye, 1703; new edition by R. G. Thwaites, from the English edition of 1703, Chicago, 1905), 526
• Laing, S., The Heimskringla or Sagas of the Norse Kings, from the Icelandic of Snorre Sturlason (4 vols. London, 1889), 488
• Lane, E. W., Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians (2 vols. London, 1842), 353, 387, 434, 458, 505, 518, 587
• Lane, E. W., The Thousand and One Nights (London, 1841), 517
• von Langsdorff, G. H., Voyages and Travels in Various Parts of the World, 1803-1807 (Carlisle, 1817), 485
• Lazarus (in Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie, I), 4, 60
• Lea, H. C., A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (3 vols. New York, 1888), 213-218, 237-238, 240-241, 243-244, 245-248, 250-259, 470, 489, 524, 526, 611, 622
• Lea, H. C., Sacerdotal Celibacy (Philadelphia, 1867), 225-229, 375, 391-392, 526, 617, 620, 623-624, 644
• Lecky, W. E. H., History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne (3rd ed. New York, 1877), 47, 208, 218-219, 225, 235, 238-239, 291, 318-319, 361-362, 377, 390, 402, 415, 443, 498, 569, 583, 613-614
• Lecky, W. E. H., History of Rationalism in Europe (New York), 523
• Lefèvre, Les Phénomènes de Suggestion et d'Autosuggestion (Paris, 1903), 21
• Lefèvre, A., Race and Language (New York, 1894), 137-138
• Legrand d'Aussy, P. J., Fabliaux ou Contes Fables et Romans du XII^me et du XIII^me Siècle (Paris, 1829), 441
• Lehmann, K., Verlobung und Hochzeit (München, 1882), 408
• Leland, C. G., and Prince, J. D. Kuloskap the Master (New York, 1902), 11
• Lenient, C., La Satire en France au Moyen Age (Paris, 1883), 233, 255, 460, 590, 592, 594-595
• Lewin, T. H., Wild Races of Southeastern India (London, 1870), 272-273, 322, 435, 461, 484
• Libri-Carrucci, G. B., Sciences Mathematiques en Italie depuis la Renaissance (Paris, 1835), 300
• Lichtenberger, H., Le Poème et la Légende des Nibelungen (Paris, 1891), 370, 488, 641
• Lichtenstein, H., Reisen im Südlichen Afrika, 1803-1806 (2 Bände. Berlin, 1811-1812), 25
• Ling Roth. See Roth
• Lintilhac, E., Théâtre Sérieux du Moyen Age (Paris, no date), 581, 592, 596
• Lippert, J., Kulturgeschichte der Menschheit (2 Bände. Stuttgart, 1887), 131, 186, 309, 318, 322-323, 324, 329, 336, 401, 499
• Little, W. J. K., St. Francis of Assisi (New York, 1897), 624
• Livingstone, D., Travels in South Africa (2 vols. New York, 1858), 112, 188, 264, 439
• Livy, 280-282
• Lloyd, A. B., In Dwarf Land and Cannibal Country (New York, 1899), 330
• Lope de Vega, 596
• Lorris, G. de, and Meung, J. de, The Romant de la Rose (trans. by F. S. Ellis) (London, 1900), 623
• Lubbock, J., Prehistoric Times (London, 1872), 126-127
• Lucian, De Dea Syria, 537, 542, 556, 614
• Lucian, Demonax, 580
• Lucianus Samosatensis (Rostok, 1860) [I, Part II, 68, "End of the Wanderer"]
• Lucius, P. E., Der Essenismus (Strassburg, 1881), 445, 615-616
• Lumholtz on the Tarahumari (Scribner's Magazine, October, 1894), 120
• Lund, T., Norges Historie (Kjobenhavn, 1885), 442
•  
• Mabbe, J., Celestina, or the Tragicke-Comedy of Calisto and Melibe, englished from the Spanish of Fernando de Rojas (London, 1894), 596
• Machiavelli, Mandragore, 646. See Rousseau
• Macrobius, Saturnalia, 290
• Madras Government Museum, 352-353, 367, 385, 440
• Magnin, C., Histoire des Marionettes (Paris, 1862), 589, 593, 597
• Magnin, C., Les Origines du Théâtre Moderne (Paris, 1838), 564, 568-569, 575-581, 584, 591
• Magnin, C., Théâtre de Hrotsvitha (Paris, 1845), 591
• Mahaffy, J. P., Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty (London, 1899)
• Mahaffy, J. P., Social Life in Greece (London, 1874), 236, 326
• Mahaffy, J. P., The Greek World under Roman Sway (New York, 1890), 475, 614
• Maine, Sir H. S., Ancient Law (New York, 1871), 261
• Maine, Sir H. S., Early Law and Custom (New York, 1883), 323
• Mantegazza, P., Gli Amori degli Uomini (Milano, 1886), 440, 484
• Manu, 55, 85. See Bühler
• March, O. S. von der, Völkerideale (Leipzig, 1901), 466
• Marco Polo. See Yule
• Margry, P., Les Navigations Françaises (Paris, 1867), 299
• Marquardt, J., und Mommsen, T., Römische Alterthümer (Band I, Die Magistratur) (Leipzig, 1876), 292
• Marsden, W., Sumatra (London, 1811), 273, 419
• von Martius, C. F. P., Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas zumal Brasiliens (3 Bände. Band I, Ethnographie Brasiliens) (Leipzig, 1867), 13-14, 138-139, 152, 272, 315, 323, 325, 332, 334, 336, 439, 460, 483, 501
• Martins, J. P. Oliveira, As Raças humanas e a Civilisação Primitiva (Lisboa, 1881), 334, 544
• Martins, J. P. Oliveira, Civilisação Iberica (Lisboa, 1885), 258
• Masi, E., Storia del Teatro Italiano nel Secolo XVIII (Firenze, 1891), 601, 603
• Mason, O. T. (Amer. Anthropologist, IX), 299
• Mason, O. T., The Origin of Invention (New York, 1895), 120-121, 126, 129
• Maspero, G., Peuples de l'Orient Classique (3 tomes. Paris, 1899), 10, 234, 236, 378, 397, 465, 485, 536, 541, 553-555, 562
• Masson, C., Balochistan (London, 1844), 526
• de Maulde la Clavière, A. K., Les Femmes de la Renaissance (Paris, 1898), 199, 200, 460
• Maurer, F., Völkerkunde Bibel und Christenthum (Leipzig, 1905), 502, 514, 539
• Mauthner, F., Kritik der Sprache (3 Bände. Stuttgart, 1901-1902), 134-135, 138
• Mayer, F. M., Geschichte Oesterreichs (2 Bände. Leipzig, 1901), 93, 223
• McCabe, J., St. Augustine and his Age (London, 1903), 585
• Medhurst, Laws of Marriage Affinity and Inheritance in China (China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, IV), 275
• Meltzer, C., Geschichte der Karthager (2 Bände. Berlin, 1896), 148
• Meyer, E., Geschichte des alten Aegyptens (Berlin, 1887), 438
• Michael, E., Geschichte des Deutschen Volkes (2 Bände. Freiburg, 1899), 205, 213, 216, 246, 624
• Middendorff, A. F., Reisen in Siberien in 1843-1844 (4 Bände. St. Petersburg, 1847-1875), 441
• Migne, J. P., Patrologia Latina, 361, 369, 529, 572;
  • Patrol. Graeca, 294
• Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 329
• Molmenti, P. G., La Storia di Venezia nella Vita Privata (Torino, 1885), 300, 350, 352, 599
• Monier-Williams, Sir M., Brahmanism and Hinduism (New York, 1891), 27, 92, 224, 385, 389, 457, 459, 517, 544-547, 637, 641
• More, Sir T., Utopia (trans.) (London, 1899), 303-304
• Moreau-Christophe, L. M., Du Droit à l'Oisiveté (Paris, 1849), 283, 293
• Morgan, L. H., Ancient Society (New York, 1877), 481
• Müller, D. H., Die Gesetze des Hammurabi (Wien, 1903), 234, 486
• Müntz, E., Leonardo da Vinci (from the French) (New York, 1898), 650
• Muratori, L. A., Dissertazioni sopra le Antichità Italiane (Vol. I, 267, Dissertazione XV, Delle Manumissioni de' servi) (Firenze, 1833), 290
• Muratori, L. A., Rerum Italicarum Scriptores Mediolani, 1723-1738 (see Vol. IX, 134, on the cruelties of Ezzelino da Romano), 524
•  
• Nachtigal, G., Sahara und Sudan (2 Bände. Berlin, 1879-1881), 264, 268, 437, 516
• Nadaillac, Marquis de, Prehistoric America (trans.) (New York, 1884), 271
• Nansen, F., Eskimo Life (trans.) (London, 1893), 325
• Nassau, R. H., Fetichism in West Africa (New York, 1904), 305, 322, 331
• National Museum of the United States, Reports of the, 122, 129, 153, 270, 323
• Nekrassow, N. A., Poems (2 vols. 6 ed. St. Petersburg, 1895) (in Russ.). (In the second volume the poem "Who Lives Happily in Russia?"; German version in the Universal Bibliothek, 2447)
• Nelson on the Eskimo (Bureau of Ethnology, XVIII, Part I), 383
• Neumann, K., Geschichte Roms während des Verfalls der Republik (2 Bände. Breslau, 1881-1884), 281
• Nieuwenhuis, A. W., In Centraal Borneo (2 tomes. Leiden, 1900), 428, 446
• Nilsson, S., Les Habitants Primitifs de la Scandinavie (Paris, 1868), 122
• Nineteenth Century, 388
• Nivedita (Margaret E. Noble), Web of Indian Life (New York, 1904), 22, 73, 91, 275, 366, 457, 546-547
• Novara Reise. See Wüllestorff
•  
• Oliphant, L., The Earl of Elgin's Mission to China and Japan (London, 1859), 549
• Opdyke. See Castiglione
• Otto, W., Priester und Tempel im Hellenischen Aegypten (Leipzig, 1905), 541
•  
• Pallas, P. S., Voyages en Russie (5 tomes. Paris, 1793), 485
• Pandolfini, A., Trattato del Governo della Famiglia (Milano, 1902), 653
• Parkinson, R., Die Ethnographie der nordwestlichen Salomo Inseln (Museum zu Dresden), 150, 479
• Pater, W. H., Marius the Epicurean (London, 1885), 610
• Patrick, Psychology of Language (Expletives) (Psychological Review, VIII, 113), 196
• Patursson, S. O., Sibirien i vore Dage (Kjøbenhavn, 1901), 445
• Paulitschke, P., Ethnographie Nordost Afrikas (2 Bände. Berlin, 1896), 145, 268, 315, 326, 339, 439, 459, 502, 516
• Peel, C. V. A., Somaliland (London, 1900), 147
• Pellison, M., Roman Life in Pliny's Time (trans.) (Meadville, Pennsylvania, 1897), 352
• Pereiro, A. C., La Isla de Ponape (Manila, 1895), 442
• Perelaer, M. T. H., Ethnographische Beschrijving der Dyaks (Zaltbommel, 1870), 274-275, 314, 339, 484
• Peschel, O., The Races of Man (New York, 1876), 434
• Petermann's Mittheilungen, 382
• [Peters, S.], A History of Connecticut (London, 1781), 528
• Petri, E., Anthropologie (in Russ.) (St. Petersburg, 1890), 548
• Petri, E., Exceptiones Legum Romanorum (in Appendix to Vol. II of Savigny, F. C., Röm. Recht im Mittelalter, Heidelberg, 1834), 409
• Petrie, W. M. Flinders, Race and Civilization (Smithson. Report, 1895), 189, 630
• Pfeil, J., Studien aus der Südsee (Braunschweig, 1899), 127, 152, 272, 314, 454, 497
• Philo Judæus, The Contemplative Life, 294
• Philology, The Journal of (Cambridge, England), 488
• Piccolomini, Ænæas Silvius (Pope Pius II), Die Geschichte Kaiser Friedrichs des Dritten (übersetzt von Ilgen) (Leipzig, 1899), 409
• Pickering, W. A., Formosa (London, 1898), 318
• Pietschmann, R., Die Phönizier (Berlin, 1899), 9, 10, 224, 487, 542, 555-556
• Pike, L. O., Crime in England (London, 1873-1876), 392
• Pinkerton, J., Collection of Voyages (17 vols. 1808-1814), 268
• Pischon, C. N., Der Einfluss des Islam auf das Leben seiner Bekenner (Leipzig, 1881), 204, 260, 302, 454, 517
• Pliny, Naturalis Historia, 104, 175, 199, 208, 319, 365, 512
• Plutarch, Lives of Illustrious Men, 378
• Pöhlmann, R., Die Uebervölkerung der Antiquen Grossstädte (Leipzig, 1884), 103
• Politisch-Anthropologische Revue, 385
• Pollock, Sir F., and Maitland, F. W., English Law (Cambridge, 1895), 411
• Polyptique de l'Abbé Irminon (ed. Guerard) (Paris, 1844), 320
• Pommerol, J., Une Femme chez les Sahariennes (Paris), 189, 269, 422, 427
• Porphyrius, De Abstinentia, 26, 339
• Portman, L., Vacation Studies (New York, 1902), 113
• Powers, S., The Tribes of California (Washington, 1877), 120, 129, 152-153, 324, 442, 501, 512, 533
• Prescott, W. H., The Conquest of Peru (Philadelphia, no date), 486
• Preuss, Die Feuergötter (Mitt. der Anthrop. Gesellschaft in Wien, XXXIII, 156), 135, 337, 538, 554, 577
• Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archeology, 535
• Proksch, O., Die Blutrache bei den vorislamischen Arabern und Mohammeds Stellung zu ihr (Leipzig, 1899), 505, 507
• von Prschewalsky, N., Reisen in der Mongolei, 1870-1873 (Jena, 1881), 154
• Prutz, H., Kulturgeschichte der Kreuzzüge (Berlin, 1883), 443
• Przewalsky, H. M., Travels in Central Asia (in Russ.) (St. Petersburg, 1883; also 1900), 352
• PSM = Political Science Monthly
• Puini, C., Le Origine della Civiltà (Firenze, 1891), 153, 437
• Pullan, L., History of the Book of Common Prayer (New York, 1900), 406
•  
• Quintus Curtius Rufus. See Curtius
•  
• Ralston, W. R. S., Songs of the Russian People (London, 1872), 368
• Ranke, J., Der Mensch (Leipzig, 1894), 127, 129, 368
• RAS = Royal Asiatic Society
• Ratzel, F., Anthropogeographie (Stuttgart, 1882-1891), 24
• Ratzel, F., History of Mankind (trans. of Völkerkunde) (New York, 1896), 14, 26, 121-127, 322, 430, 438
• Ratzel, F., Völkerkunde (3 Bände. Leipzig, 1885), 182, 188, 226, 263-265, 268, 272, 316-322, 336, 432, 442
• von Räumer, F. L. G., Historisches Taschenbuch (Leipzig, 1te Folge, 1830-1839), 301, 524
• Reclus, E., Primitive Folk (New York, 1891), 332
• Regnard, P., Les Maladies epidémiques de l'esprit (Paris, 1887), 23, 210, 219
• Reich, H., Der Mimus (Berlin, 1903), 11, 239, 448-449, 572-580, 582, 587, 589, 601
• Reichel, O. J., Canon Law: I. Sacraments (London, 1896), 379
• Renan, E., Averroes et l'Averroisme (Paris, 1861), 217, 246, 249, 253
• Rerum Script. Ital. See Muratori
• Retzius, G., Finska Kranier (Stokholm, 1878), 444
• Revue de l'École d'Anthropologie de Paris, 368
• Rheinisches Museum, 410
• Ridgeway, W., The Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight Standards (Cambridge, 1892), 142-143, 153-154
• Risley, H. H., Census of India, 1901: I, Ethnographic Appendices (Calcutta, 1903), 312, 499
• Rockhill, W. W., Mongolia and Thibet in 1891-1892 (Washington, 1894, and Smithsonian Report for 1892, p. 659), 224, 338
• Rockhill, W. W., trans. of William of Rubruck's Journey to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253-1255 (Hakluyt Society, 2nd Series, No. 4. London, 1900), 332, 388, 423, 488
• Rodbertus, Die agrarische Entwickelung Roms unter den Kaisern (Hildebrand's Jahrbücher, II, 206, and following articles), 293
• Rogers, R. W., Babylonia and Assyria (New York, 1901), 9
• Rohde, E., Psyche (2te Ausg. Freiburg, 1898), 514, 567, 612
• Rohlfs, G., Reise durch Nord-Afrika von Tripoli nach Kuka (Gotha, 1868), 264
• de Rojas. See Mabbe
• Romaunt de la Rose, 216, 369. See Lorris
• Rosenbaum, J., Die Lustseuche (Halle, 1892), 542
• von Rosenberg, S. B. H., Reistochten naar de Geelvinkbaai op Nieuw Guinea, 1869-1870 ('s Gravenhage, 1875), 314
• Rossbach, A., Römische Hochzeits- und Ehe-Denkmäler (Leipzig, 1871), 405
• Rossbach, G. A. W., Die Römische Ehe (Stuttgart, 1853), 282, 409, 488
• Rossbach, J. J., Geschichte der Familie (Nordlingen, 1859)
• Roth, H. Ling, Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo (New York, 1896), 142, 149, 269, 274, 314, 339, 436, 526
• Roth, H. Ling, The Aborigines of Tasmania (London, 1890), 125, 438
• Roth, W. E., The Northwest Central Queensland Aborigines (Brisbane, 1897), 433
• Rothe, T., Nordens Staatsverfassung vor der Lehnszeit (aus dem Dänischen. Leipzig, 1784-1789, 296)
• Rousseau, J. B., Œuvres (IV, 305, trans. of Machiavelli's "Mandragore") (Paris, 1820)
• Rubruck. See Rockhill
• Rudeck, W., Geschichte der oeffentlichen Sittlichkeit in Deutschland (Jena, 1897), 184, 316, 320, 443, 475-478, 527, 530
• Russian Ethnography: The Peoples of Russia (published by the Journal "Nations and Peoples," St. Petersburg, 1878) (in Russ.), 323, 326, 454, 456
•  
• de Saint Genois, J., Sur des Lettres Inédites de Jacques de Vitry écrites en 1216 (in Nouv. Mém. de l'Acad. Roy. de Belgique, XXIII, 1849), 215-216, 622-623
• Salviani Opera Omnia (Vindobonae, 1883) (Corpus Script. Ecclesiast., VIII), 365, 529, 557, 559, 583-586
• Sarassin, P. and F., Die Weddahs (Wiesbaden, 1893), 357, 484
• Sarpi, Fra Paolo, Della Inquisizione di Venezia (in Vol. IV of his Opere), 230, 258-259
• Savigny. See Petri
• Schaafhausen, Menschenfresserei und das Menschenopfer (Archiv für Anthropologie, IV, 245), 329
• von Schack, A. F., Dramatische Literatur und Kunst in Spanien (Frankfurt, 1854), 595
• Schallmeyer, W., Vererbung und Auslese (Jena, 1903), 91, 440, 475, 549, 631
• Scheltema, J., Volksgebruiken der Nederlanders bij het Vrijen en Trouwen (Utrecht, 1832), 527
• Scherillo, M., La Commedia dell'Arte in Italia (Torino, 1884), 598, 601, 603
• Scherr, J., Deutsche Frauenwelt (Leipzig, 1898), 196, 369, 442, 530, 590, 595
• Scherr, J., Deutsche Kultur- und Sittengeschichte (Leipzig, 1879), 82, 184, 222, 255, 522, 530-531, 571
• Schmidt, C., La Société Civile dans le Monde Romain et sa Transformation par le Christianisme (Strassbourg, 1853), 280, 289, 290, 572, 581, 583-584
• Schmidt, E., Ceylon (Berlin, 1897), 273, 357, 440
• Schoemann, G. F., Griechische Alterthümer (Berlin, 1897), 356
• Schomburgk, R., Britisch Guiana in 1840-1844 (Leipzig, 1847), 131, 139, 182, 382, 501
• Schotel, G. D. J., Het Oud-Hollandsch Huisgezin der Zeventiende Eeuw (Haarlem, 1867), 527
• Schotmüller, K., Untergang des Templer-Ordens (Berlin, 1887), 23, 241, 257, 470
• Schrader, E., The Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples (trans.) (London, 1890), 326, 553
• Schultz, A., Das Höfische Leben zur Zeit der Minnesinger (Leipzig, 1879-1880), 369, 442, 469, 522-523, 531
• Schultz, A., Deutsches Leben in XIVten und XVten Jahrhundert (Cited D. L.) (Leipzig, 1892), 184, 369-370, 422, 444, 599
• Schultze, Psychologie der Naturvölker, 136, 140
• Schurz, H., Entstehungsgeschichte des Geldes (Deutsche Geographische Blätter, XX, Bremen, 1897), 142, 144-154
• Schwaner, C. A. L. M., Borneo (Amsterdam, 1853), 188, 274, 383, 459
• Schweinfurth, G., The Heart of Africa (trans.) (New York, 1874), 147, 188, 302, 305, 439, 441, 462, 516
• Scientific American, 130
• Scribner's Magazine, 142, 441, 461
• Scripta Historica Islandorum: II. Historiae Olavi Trygvii (Hafniae, 1827), 543
• Seeck, G., Untergang der antiquen Welt (Berlin, 1895), 103-107
• Selenka, E., Der Schmuck des Menschen (Berlin, 1900)
• Semon, R., In the Australian Bush (New York, 1899), 435-436
• Semper, K., Die Palau Inseln (Leipzig, 1873), 143, 151-152, 422-423, 436
• Seneca, De Ira, 283, 319;
  • Letters, 360, 379;
  • Opera, 319
• Serpa Pinto, Como eu atravassei Africa (London, 1881), 269, 337, 533
• Seuberlich. See Nekrassow
• Sibree, J., jr., The Great African Island (London, 1880), 484, 512, 516
• Sieroshevski, V. L., Jakuty (in Russ.) (St. Petersburg, 1896), 326, 434, 461, 485
• Sieroshevski, V. L., Twelve Years in the Country of the Yakuts (Polish version of the last with revision and additions) (Warsaw, 1900), 422, 495
• Simkhovitsch, W. G., Die Feldgemeinschaft in Russland (Jena, 1898), 89
• Simrock, K., Das Nibelungen Lied (Stuttgart, 1890), 370
• Smith, A. H., Chinese Characteristics (New York, 1894), 73
• Smith, W. Robertson, Kinship and Marriage in early Arabia (Cambridge, 1885), 488
• Smith, W. Robertson, Religion of the Semites (London, 1894), 10, 26, 107, 333, 336, 340, 438, 449-450, 455-456, 459, 495, 505, 512, 517, 537, 540, 542, 551, 554-555, 567-568
• Smithsonian Institute, Reports of the, 126-130, 152, 189, 270, 317, 324, 364, 442, 453, 485, 498
• Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 122
• Smyth, R. B., The Aborigines of Victoria (Melbourne, 1878), 121, 124, 128, 316, 330, 333, 339, 501
• Snouck-Hurgronje, C., De Atjehers (Leyden, 1894-1895), 314, 533
• Snouck-Hurgronje, C., Mekka (Haag, 1889), 353, 364
• Snyder, W. L., The Geography of Marriage (New York, 1889), 479
• Sohm, R., Trauung und Verlobung (Weimar, 1876), 412
• Southey, R., History of Brazil (London, 1822), 120, 332
• Spencer, B., and Gillen, F. J., Native Tribes of Central Australia (New York, 1899), 316, 323, 436, 497
• Spencer, H., Principles of Sociology (New York, 1905), 8
• Spiegel, F., Eranische Alterthumskunde (Leipzig, 1871-1878), 326
• Spix, J. B., und Martius, C. F. P., Reise in Brasilien, 1817-1820 (München, 1831), 139, 271, 315, 331, 439, 608
• Sprenger, A., Die Alte Geographie Arabiens (Berlin, 1875), 424
• Sprenger, F. J., Malleus Maleficarum (Venici, 1576)
• Stammler, C., Stellung der Frauen (Berlin, 1877), 81, 83, 392, 407
• Starcke, C. N., The Primitive Family (New York, 1889), 482, 489
• von den Steinen, K., Naturvölker Zentral Brasiliens (Berlin, 1894). Shingu Tribes (Berlin Mus., 1888), 120, 122, 131, 427, 432
• Steinmetz, S. R., Endo-Kannibalismus, Mitt. Anthrop. Ges. in Wien., XXVI, 329
• Stengel, P., Die Griechischen Kultusalterthümer (München, 1898), 613
• Stevens, H. V., Frauenleben der Orang Belendas, etc. (Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, XXVIII, 163), 435
• Stieda, L., Die Infibulation (Wiesbaden, 1902), 448
• Stiles, H. M., Bundling in America (Albany, 1869), 528
• Stoll, O., Suggestion und Hypnotismus in der Völkerpsychologie (Leipzig, 1904), 20, 118
• Strabo, Geographica, 318
• Strange, Sir W. T., Hindu Law (London, 1830), 384
• Strauss, A., Die Bulgaren (Leipzig, 1898), 367
• Strong, J. C., Wakeenah and her People (New York, 1893), 271
• Stubbs, W., Constitutional History of England (Oxford, 1874), 83
• Stubbs, W., Select Charters (Oxford, 1874), 83
• Stuhlmann, F., Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika (Berlin, 1894), 226, 268, 318, 329
• Suetonius, De XII Caesaribus, 234, 292
• Surtees Society (Vols. LIX and LX), Manuale et Processionale ad usam insignis Ecclesiae Eboracensis (Edinburgh, 1875), 411
• Susemihl, F. K. E., Geschichte der Griechischen Literatur in der Alexandriner Zeit (Leipzig, 1891-1892), 450
• Symonds, J. A. See Gozzi
• Symonds, J. A., The Catholic Reaction (London, 1886), 47, 118, 258-259, 601, 645, 648
• Symonds, J. A., The Renaissance in Italy (London, 1875), 217, 231, 643, 647-653
• Symonds, J. A., trans. of the Life of B. Cellini (New York, 1888), 648-649
•  
• Tacitus, Germania, 319;
  • Annals, 283, 319, 378, 577
• Temesvary, R., Volksbräuche und Aberglaube in der Geburtshilfe (Leipzig, 1900), 316, 518
• Tertullian, de Anima, 100;
  • Apologia, 378;
  • de Spectaculis, 570;
  • ad Nationes, 570
• Thayer, W. M., Marvels of the New West (Norwich, Conn., 1888), 327
• Thomae Aquinatis Opera Omnia jussu impensaque Leonis XIII, P. M. (Rome, 1892), 160, 193, 226, 243, 247, 595;
  • also Opuscula Omnia (Paris, 1534), 299
• Thomson, J., Illustrations of China (London, 1873), 434
• Tiele, C. P., Geschichte der Religion im Alterthume (Gotha, 1896), 81, 486, 550, 555, 563
• Times, The New York, 208, 218, 235, 326
• Todd, J. H., Life of St. Patrick (Dublin, 1864), 526, 620
• Tornauw, Das Moslimische Recht (Leipzig, 1855), 455
• Trevelyan, G. M., England in the Age of Wycliffe (New York, 1899), 531
• Two Ways, The, 316. See Apostolic Constitutions
• Tylor, E. B., Anthropology (New York, 1881), 120, 187
• Tylor, E. B., Early History of Mankind (London, 1865), 125
•  
• Ueberweg, F., History of Philosophy (trans.) (New York, 1873), 613
• Uhland, Geschichte der Dichtung und Sage (Stuttgart, 1865), 204, 370, 641
• Umschau, Die, 91, 189, 358, 425, 483, 531
•  
• Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium libri novem, 364, 378, 541, 569
• Vambery, H., Sittenbilder aus dem Morgenlande (Berlin, 1877), 303, 426, 455
• Vanutelli, L., e Citerni, C., L'Omo (Milano, 1899), 145, 303, 322, 437
• de Varnhagen, F. A., Historia Geral do Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, 1854-1857), 272
• Venetian Ambassadors. See Alberi
• Veth, P. J., Borneo's Wester-Afdeeling (Zaltbommel, 1856), 421, 501
• Vinogradoff, P. G., Villainage in England (Oxford, 1892), 298
• Vissering, W., On Chinese Currency (Leiden, 1877), 153
• Vitry. See Saint Genois
• Volkens, G., Der Kilimandscharo (Berlin, 1897), 148, 317, 339
•  
• Wachsmuth, Bauernkriege (Räumer, Hist. Taschenbuch, V), 83, 297
• Waitz, F. T., Anthropologie (1859-1872), 139, 317, 432
• Wallon, H. A., L'Esclavage dans l'Antiquité (Paris, 1847), 282-283, 289, 292
• Weinhold, K., Die Deutschen Frauen in dem Mittelalter (Wien, 1882), 154, 204, 295, 319-320, 327, 370, 409-410, 412-413, 434, 442-443, 469, 488, 526, 529
• Wellhausen, J., Die Ehe bei den Arabern (Göttingen, 1893), 320, 358, 363, 391, 488
• Wellhausen, J., Skizzen und Vorarbeiten (Berlin, 1887), 429, 504-506, 562, 620
• Wellsted, J. R., Travels in Arabia (London, 1837), 535
• Westerhout, R. A., Het Geslachtsleven onzer Voorouders in de Middeleeuwen (Amsterdam, no date), 530
• Westermarck, E., Human Marriage (London, 1891), 357, 481
• Whitmarsh, H. P., The World's Rough Hand (New York, 1898), 333
• Whitney, W. D., Language and the Study of Language (New York, 1867), 134-136, 139
• Wiklund, K. B., Om Lapparna i Sverige (Stockholm, 1899), 14
• Wilken, G. A., Huwelijks- en Erfrecht bei de Volken van Zuid Sumatra (Bijdragen tot T. L. en V.- kunde van Indie, XL), 273
• Wilkins, D., Concilia Magnae Britanniae et Hiberniae, 446-1717 (London, 1737), 299, 401, 408, 411-412
• Wilkins, W. J., Modern Hinduism (London, 1887), 27, 62, 69, 224, 318, 340, 388, 442, 545, 588
• Williams, S. W., The Middle Kingdom (New York, 1883), 275, 518
• Wilson, C. T., and Felkin, R. W., Uganda and the Egyptian Sudan (London, 1882), 424, 436, 438-439
• Wilutsky, P., Mann und Weib (Breslau, 1903), 382, 498
• Winckler, H., Die Gesetze Hammurabis (Leipzig, 1902), 234, 277, 385
• Winter, E. See Jastrow, J.
• Wisen, T., Om Qvinnan i Nordens Forntid (Lund, 1870), 402
• Wissowa, G., Religion und Kultus der Römer (München, 1892), 568
• Wobbermin, G., Beeinflussung des Urchristenthums durch das Mysterienwesen (Berlin, 1896), 567
• Woodford, C. M., A Naturalist among the Headhunters (London, 1890), 150, 187, 325
• Wüllestorff und Urbair, Reise der Novara um die Erde, 1857-1859 (Wien, 1861-1865), 316
• Wundt, W., Ethik (Stuttgart, 1892), 424
•  
• Xenophon, Economicus, 360;
  • Symposium, 587
• Xiphilin, The History of Dio Cassius abridged (trans. by Dr. Manning) (London, 1704), 208
•  
• Yriarte, C., La Vie d'un Patricien de Venise (Paris, 1874), 149, 189, 259
• Yule, H., Mission to Ava in 1855 (London, 1858), 488
• Yule, H., The Book of Ser Marco Polo (London, 1903), 149
•  
• Zappert, G., Das Badewesen (Archiv für Kunde oesterreichischer Geschichtsquellen, XXI), 443
• de Zarate, A. Gil, Literatura Española (Madrid, 1874), 596
• Zay, E., Histoire Monétaire des Colonies Françaises (Paris, 1892), 145
• Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 25, 269, 314, 332, 435, 440
• Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft, 368, 454
• Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie, 4
• Zeitschrift für Volkskunde, 82
• Zimmer, H., Altindisches Leben (Berlin, 1879), 315, 326, 353, 388, 428, 486